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The Far East: people and culture

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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Государственное образовательное учреждение

Высшего профессионального образования Хабаровский государственный педагогический университет

Хабаровск

2005

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СБОРНИК ТЕКСТОВ ПО РЕГИОНОВЕДЕНИЮ ДЛЯ 1 – 2 КУРСОВ

ФАКУЛЬТЕТА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

 

PART ONE THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST.............................................

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HISTORY................................................................................................................

 

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TEXT 1. DISCOVERING LIFE ALONG THE AMUR RIVER ...................................

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TEXT 2. GENNADYI

IVANOVICH NEVELSKOI ................................................

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TEXT 3. EROPHEY

KHABAROV .........................................................................

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NATURE................................................................................................................

 

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TEXT 4. FAR EAST OF RUSSIA .............................................................................

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TEXT 5. THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE KHABAROVSK TERRITORY ...

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TEXT 6. THE AMUR RIVER....................................................................................

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CITY AND ITS PEOPLE..............................................................................

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TEXT 7. THE CITY OF KHABAROVSK .................................................................

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TEXT 8. THE ARCHITECTURE OF KHABAROVSK ..............................................

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TEXT 9. THE KHABAROVSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY ..................

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MUSEUMS...........................................................................................................

 

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TEXT 10. THE HISTORY OF THE REGIONAL MUSEUM ......................................

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TEXT 11. THE REGIONAL MUSEUM .....................................................................

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TEXT 12. THE KHABAROVSK MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS.....................................

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TEXT 13. THE KHABAROVSK ARBORETUM.......................................................

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INDEGENOUS PEOPLE............................................................................

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TEXT 14. THE PECULIARITIES OF RUSSIAN FAR EASTERN ETHNIC CUISINE

..................................................................................................................................

 

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TEXT 15. NANAI CLOTHES.................................................................................

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PART TWO PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES ......................................

107

TEXT 16. CHINA........................................................................................................

 

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TEXT 17. JAPAN.......................................................................................................

 

116

TEXT 18. KOREA......................................................................................................

 

124

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PART ONE

THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST

HISTORY

TEXT 1.

DISCOVERING LIFE ALONG THE AMUR RIVER

I am on a trail to discover tigers in the taiga of the Amur region in North Eastern Russia. But instead of tigers, I discover life along the Amur River. The Amur tiger is a beast whose survival skills in the harsh wilderness of the Russian Far East are legendary. Revered by the native Nanai and Ul'chi peoples as a protector of the precious ginseng plant, tigers were traditionally never hunted. But tigers in the wild are rare now. Rapacious poachers in the last 100 years have almost wiped out the species.

The natural habitat of the Amur tiger is the Sikhote-Alin range, southeast of Khabarovsk, a gracious art deco city on the Amur River. This river is the longest un-dammed waterway in the world.

Together with a team of Russian and international experts and journalists, I am highly privileged to cruise the Amur River from the north of Khabarovsk for an eight day round trip, nearly reaching the river mouth at Nikolaevsk –on- the Amur.

The Amur River is not very spectacular, but hugely majestic. Its treelined banks appear to have been stolen from an impressionist painting. At times, the trees wander off into a vast wilderness where time and space seem equally infinite – which could indeed be a metaphor for Russia as a whole.

Travelling along the river, we are awed by the Komsomolskaya Nature Reserve where the Gorin River meets the Amur. The reserve is a stunning area of wetlands, attracting migrating birds – cranes, hawks and eagles. One of

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these, the broad-shouldered sea eagle is a prominent shamanic symbol used by the local Nanai people.

We take a detour to cruise the Gorin River. Along the meandering river live a few families of Nanai, a tribe that was immortalized in the movie "Dersu Uzala". We pass a lone sentry post and stop to visit Valentin and Tamara Geike, a Nanai couple who show us their extensive collection of shamanic paraphernalia, including "the seven", a kind of voodoo doll that is said to be an embodiment of a being from the spirit world.

I don't know why, but I can't help asking if Valentin Geike is himself a shaman. No, he replies, with an enigmatic smile that makes me wonder whether or not his reply is entirely true. In fact, rumor has it that another member of the Geike clan, Mingo Geike, is a renowned shamanic healer. Her husband, Nicolai Beldi, claims to be a descendant of the Amur tiger. Then Tamara Geike delivers a compelling rendition of Nanai folk songs. Her voice sounds strangely attenuated, with heart-rending twangs rounding off each line of the verse. The chant calls forth stories that seem to have been dragged from the distant past, a song that is from the soul of time itself.

Our boat now makes a beeline towards Bogorodskoye, a typical town on the Amur River. But even in this isolated river port, there is plenty of activity. A character talks on a mobile phone, while another strides purposefully with a briefcase and smartly dressed women bargain for the latest fashions. Local culture is also showcased in the town's Ul'chi museum, featuring an intriguing range of crafts. But where do the startling geometric motifs come from? These designs are described as shamanic symbols, used in traditional healing rituals. The patterns consist of intricate swirling whirls and intertwining ribbons of the kind found in Tibetan paintings.

Some of the answers come in the nearby town of Bulava on the Mulanska River, a tributary of the Amur. Bulava is an unmistakably Ul'chi and Nanai town, populated mostly by Ul'chi and Nanai descendents. At the wharf, Ul'chi

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fishers are busy with a rich catch of salmon. And the town's folkloric troupe, Giva, is internationally recognized. It tours the USA and other countries, performing stave fights, courting dances and tender love songs of the Ul'chi.

One of Russia's newest national parks, the Bolonsky Reserve, just upstream from the industrial city of Komsomolsk-on the-Amur, has been opened to visitors only since 1998. This stunning area of lakes, islands and wetlands attracts millions of migratory birds. Over 250 species pass through and make nests in the wetlands. Among the nesting birds are such endangered species as the Oriental White Stork, the Japanese and Hooded Cranes and the Mandarin Duck.

Bolon Lake is a 60 km long expense at the center of the reserve fed by the Simmi and Kharpi Rivers. In turn, the lake's overflow drains into Lake Amur. This area has long been sacred to the indigenous Nanai people of the region, who live in villages and the large town of Grievniye on the lake-shore. Lake Bolon is a superb place to visit. The wind may blow fiercely, while raucous crow-like birdcalls shatter the air, but underneath is an all-pervading silence that gives the lake an aura of eternity. In the wetlands, a huge variety of birds take to the air for our gaze, as if on cue.

The little town of Troitskoye, the Nanai "capital”, comes as a delight. Troitskoye is home to one of Russia's finest ethnographic museums as well as the Aboriginal Cultural Research Centre. The Nanai elders are eager to share their culture with us, giving a dance performance.

After a night of local music and dance we head back to Khabarovsk. Sadly, this voyage of discovery is by now nearly over. The whole trip has been a superb introduction to the natural and ethnographic richness of the Amur River.

Indeed, we haven't seen any tigers in the taiga! I've seen stuffed specimens in museums, tiger figurines, posters, t-shirts and tiger-striped uniforms, but not a single live specimen. Maybe, I'm starting to think, the Siberian tiger is just a myth, like the Loch Ness Monster. But then I catch up

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with a latter-day Amur tiger, in the form of the journalist Yuri Nikolaevich Starstev. As voluble as he is enthusiastic, he brims over with optimism for the future of this region. "When the tunnels from Cape Lazarev (near Mariinsk) to Sakhalin Island and then on to Hokkaido are completed", he says, "it will be possible to travel by train all the way from Tokyo to London". If and when this vision is realized, the whole of Russia could be opened up as never before.

But somehow, I can't help thinking that somewhere in the taiga, real Amur tigers await far return to the glorious days of the past when their ancestors roamed the taiga amidst legends and reverence.

By G. Simmons (Asiana, July 2002)

Assignments from the text “Discovering life along the Amur River”

I. Find synonyms for these adjectives:

1.

all-pervading

a. unkind

 

 

2.

endangered

b. honoured

 

 

3.

harsh

c. greedy

 

 

4.

heart-rending

d. impressive

 

 

5.

indigenous

e. enormous

 

 

6.

intricate

f.

striking

 

 

7.

latter-day

g. roundabout

 

 

8.

meandering

h. famous

 

 

9.

rapacious

i.

touching

 

 

10.renowned

j.

amazing

 

 

11.revered

k. complicated

 

 

12.spectacular

l.

aboriginal

 

 

13.startling

m. fantastic

 

 

14.stunning

n. universal

 

 

15.superb

o. modern

 

 

16.vast

p. talkative

 

 

 

 

 

 

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17.voluble

II. Match words on the left with definitions on the right:

1.

wilderness

a. one that heals

2.

poacher

b. an unfounded or false notion

3.

paraphernalia

c. a person descended from another or from a common stock

4.

healer

d. one who kills or takes wild animals (as game or fish)

5.

descendant

 

illegally

6.

myth

e. a fixed intent look

7.

wharf

f.

an area essentially undisturbed by human activity together

8.

ancestor

 

with its naturally developed life community

9.

gaze

g. a structure built along the shore of navigable waters so

 

 

 

that ships may lie alongside to receive and discharge

 

 

 

cargo and passengers

h.a progenitor of a more recent or existing species or group

III.Find antonyms:

1.

to wipe out

a.

to mince

2.

to awe

b.

to be cool

3.

to lay about

c.

to develop

4.

to stride

d.

to go straight

5.

to showcase

e.

to move forward

6.

to startle

f.

to be busy

7.

to intertwine

g.

to live settled

8.

to shatter

h.

to hide

9.

to head back to

i.

to keep safe

10.

to roam

j.

to despise

IV. Insert words from the box:

raucous, figurines, chant, rendition, ginseng, layout, briefcase, bank, make nests, hawks, habitats, an embodiment

1. Such a Far Eastern plant as … is famous all over the world.

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2.He still remembers the … his mother sang to him before saying "Good night".

3.From the ship's deck we could see small houses on the river … .

4.… were used for hunting.

5.Some shamanic … are said to be … of beings from spiritual world.

6.His voice was rather … .

7.Everybody liked Jane's … of that song.

8.… of the Amur tiger should be protected.

9.I can't find my … .

10.He is a … . He never helps his mother about the house.

11.Many migrating birds … in the wetlands of the Bolonsky Reserve.

V. Translate into English:

1.Охотники шли по следу тигра выше по течению от поселка.

2.Исчезающие виды не должны быть объектом охоты.

3.Мы даже испытали благоговение при виде этого величественного здания.

4.Ее переполнял энтузиазм. Она очень хотела совершить путешествие по реке.

5.Танцоры из фольклорной группы дали потрясающее представление.

6.Улов был просто шикарный.

7.Некоторые животные являлись священными для древних людей.

8.Мне выпала высокая честь прочитать вам лекцию. И я рад поделиться своими знаниями с вами.

9.Во время туров по Европе театр получил международное признание.

10.Ходят слухи, что какой-то знахарь (лекарь) из таежной деревушки лечит людей от всех болезней.

11.Да, это было славное время.

12.- Мой мобильный телефон сломан. - Поговори по моему.

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TEXT 2.

GENNADYI IVANOVICH NEVELSKOI

Gennadyi Ivanovich Nevelskoi was born on the 23rd of November 1813 in the Kostromskoi Region in an old noble family. His father, Ivan Alekseevich Nevelskoi, was a sailor. He served in the Baltic Fleet and retired with the rank of a lieutenant. His mother was Fedosija Timofeevna Polozova. Gennadyi Ivanovich Nevelskoi was the second child in the family. He had four sisters and a brother.

In his family the preference was given to the naval profession. There were a lot of sailors among his relatives, so his father wanted his son to follow his and his uncles‟ footsteps and to become a sailor. His father died when G.Nevelskoi was ten.

His uncles fulfilled his father’s last wish and prepared G.Nevelskoi for admission to the Marine Military School. He had a military education. From the very first days he showed himself to be more literate and well-read than many of his schoolmates. He was at the head of the class as far as study was concerned. But he was not cut out to be a guardsman as he had a short figure. His height was about 157 cm. However, he was a capable, considerate and hardworking young man. His intelligence, zeal and excellent knowledge of front-line exercises and drill regulations compensated for his non-guardsman appearance. After graduating from the Marine Military School he entered an officer class and finished it as a lieutenant in 1836.

Gennadyi I.Nevelskoi served in the Baltic Fleet under rear-admiral P.P.Litke till 1846. That year G.I.Neveskoi cruised around Europe. In 1847 he became the commander of the military vessel “Baikal”. He sailed on board that ship from Kronshtadt to PetropavlovskKamchatskyi across the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.

His wish was to explore the part of the Amur which didn‟t belong to

Russia. Gennadyi I. Nevelskoi applied to the governor-general of Eastern

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Siberia, N.N. Muraviev, for permission. The governor‟s attitude to it was favourable. He promised his support and wrote to St. Petersburg. But Gennadyi Ivanovich Nevelskoi set off on the expedition without waiting for the royal consent and the governor‟s sanction. The expedition left Petropavlovsk and reached Sakhalin from the north on May 30, 1849. Gennadyi Ivanovich Nevelskoi proved that Sakhalin was an island and the Amur River was suitable for navigation. But he barely avoided the penalty of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. However Nikolai I forgave the brave officer for his unsanctioned action. And in 1850 Gennadyi I.Nevelskoi returned to the Russian Far East.

On April 16, 1851 in Irkutsk he married Ekaterina Ivanovna Elanchinova. From then on his wife followed him in all his expeditions.

In 1853 Gennadyi I. Nevelskoi headed an expedition to Sakhalin. He declared that all explored territories in the PriAmurskyi region belonged to Russia.

In 1854 Gennadyi I.Nevelskoi was promoted to the rank of rearadmiral. Governor-general N.N. Muraviev marked his perfect execution of special Royal commands. His expeditions were conducted with paltry resources in uninhabited and distant places among native people. They entailed incredible hardship and great risk, vigilance and courage.

Gennadyi Ivanovich Nevelskoi gathered rich material about the nature and the population of the Priamurskyi region. He founded the first Russian settlements in the estuary of the Amur River and on Sakhalin. His expeditions extended the territory of Russia. The activity of Gennadyi I.Nevelskoi had great political and economical significance. The Far Eastern region was joined to Russia after two treaties with China were signed in 1858-1860.

In 1855 Gennadyi I.Nevelskoi was appointed the head of marine forces.

For two years he was busy preparing guidelines for ships‟ captains who intended to go to the Far East. At that time he began his book “Feats of Russian Marine Officers in the Extreme East of Russia”.

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