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GRAMMAR TRANSFORMATIONS

TYPES OF

GRAMMAR TRANSFORMATIONS

Grammar transformations are morphological or syntactical changes in translated units. They are subdivided into the following types:

Additions and omissions

Grammar substitution

Word order change

Sentence partitioning

Sentence integration

Grammar compensation

ADDITIONS AND OMISSIONS

Addition as a type of grammatical transformation can be met in cases of formal inexpressiveness of grammatical or semantic components in the language of the original text.

Он поднял руку. - He raised his hand.

As a type of grammatical transformation – omission is caused by grammatical redundancy of certain forms in two languages.

He is a student. – Он студент.

Grammar substitution

a grammar category of the translated unit is changed.

Thus a passive construction can be translated by an active voice verb form: Martin Heidegger is generally regarded as one of the most influential founders of existentialism. – Мартина Хайдеггера обычно считают одним из самых значительных основоположников экзистенциализма.

The reason for this transformation is stylistic: in English the passive voice is used much more often in neutral speech, whereas in Russian this category is more typical of the formal style.

There may be substitution of the noun number category, the singular by the plural or vice versa: Her hair is fair and wavy. – У нее светлые волнистые волосы.

This transformation is due to the structural difference between the English and Russian languages: in English the analyzed noun is Singularia Tantum, in Russian it is used in the plural.

Parts of speech, along with the parts of the sentence, can be changed: He is a poor swimmer. – Он плохо плавает, where the noun is substituted by the verb, the adjective by the adverb; simultaneously the predicative is substituted by the simple verb predicate.

The reason for this transformation can be accounted for by language usage preferences: English tends to the nominal expression of the state, Russian can denote the general state by means of the verb.

Word order change

Usually the reason for this transformation is that English and Russian sentences have different information structures, or functional sentence perspective:

A new press conference was held in Washington yesterday.

Вчера в Вашингтоне состоялась новая

пресс-конференция.

Sentence partitioning

The replacement of a simple sentence in the source text with a complex sentence (with some clauses), or a complex sentence with several independent sentences in the target text for structural, semantic or stylistic reasons:

I want you to undestand this transformation. –

Яхочу, чтобы вы поняли эту трансформацию. Моя машина не завелась, поэтому я не смогла заехать за вами. – My car wouldn’t start. Therefore, I couldn’t pick you up.

Sentence integration

It takes place when we make one sentence out of two or more, or convert a complex sentence into a simple one:

If one knows languages, one can come out on top. – Зная языки, можно далеко пойти.

In ancient Rome, garlic was believed to make people courageous. Roman soldiers, therefore, ate large quantities of it before a battle. – Перед боем римские воины съедали большое количество чеснока, поскольку в Древнем Риме полагали, что чеснок делает людей мужественными.

Grammar compensation

A deliberate change of the grammar category by some other grammar means.

Compensation takes place when a grammar category or form does not exist in the target laguage and, therefore, cannot produce the same impact upon the target text receptor.