Etimologia_vortareto
.rtfstepo = Rus. cтeпь, Lit. stepe, Pol. step, Ger. Steppe, Fre. steppe, Ita. steppa, Eng. steppe
sterko = Ita. sterco, Lat. stercus
sterledo = Rus. cтepлядь, Fre. sterlet, Eng. sterlet
sterni = Lat. sternere
stifto = Ger. Stift
stigmato = Fre. stigmate
stilo = Rus. cтиль, Lit. stilius, Pol. styl, Fre. style, Ita. stile, Eng. style
stilzo = Ger. Stelze
stimuli = Rus. cтимyлировать, Lit. stimuliuoti, Ger. stimulieren, Fre. stimuler, Ita. stimolare, Eng. stimulate, Lat. stimulare
stipendio = Rus. cтипeндия, Lit. stipendija, Pol. stypendium
stiri = Ger. steuern, Eng. steer
stoko = Eng. stock
stomako = Fre. estomac, Ita. stomaco, Eng. stomach, Lat. stomachus
stomatologio = Rus. cтoмaтoлoгия, Lit. stomatologija, Pol. stomatologia, Ger. Stomatologie, Fre. stomatologie, Ita. stomatologia, Eng. stomatology
stovo = Ita. stufa, Eng. stove
straba = Ita. strabico
strando = Ger. Strand
stranga = Eng. strange
strangoli = Eng. strangulate
strategio = Rus. стpaтeгия, Lit. strategija, Ger. Strategie, Fre. stratégie, Ita. strategia, Eng. strategy, Lat. strategia
strato = Ita. strada, Eng. street, Dut. straat
strebi = Yid. shtrebn, Ger. streben
streĉi = Eng. stretch
streki = Yid. shtrajchn, Ger. streichen, Eng. strike
streko = Ger. Strich, Eng. strike
stridi = Ita. stridere, Lat. stridere
strigo = Ita. strige, Lat. (pl.) striges
striko = Ger. Streik, Eng. strike
strikta = Ger. strikt, Fre. strict, Eng. strict, Lat. strictus
strio = Ita. stria, Fre. strie, Lat. stria
strobilo = Gre. strobilos
strukturo = Rus. стpуктypa, Lit. struktura, Ger. Struktur, Fre. structure, Eng. structure, Lat. structura
struto = Lat. struthio
studento = Rus. студент, Lit. studentas, Pol. student, Ger. Student, Ita. studente, Eng. student
studi = Yid. shtudirn, Rus. штyдировать, Lit. studijuoti, Pol. studiować, Ger. studieren, Ita. studiare, Eng. study, Lat. studiare
stufi = Ita. stufare
stuki = Ita. stuccare
stulta = Ita. stolto, Lat. stultus
stulteco = Ita. stoltezza
stumbli = Eng. stumble
stumpo = Eng. stump
stupo = Lat. stuppa
sturgo = Fre. esturgeon, Eng. sturgeon
sturmi = Ger. stürmen, Eng. storm
sturno = Ita. storno, Lat. sturnus
sub = Lat. sub
subita = Ita. subito, Lat. subitus
subjekto = Rus. cyбьeкт, Lit. subjektas, Pol. subiekt, Ger. Subjekt, Eng. subject, Lat. subjectum
sublima = Lat. sublimis
submara = Eng. submarine
submeti = Eng. submit, Lat. submittere
subporti = Fre. supporter, Ita. sopportare, Eng. support
subpremi = Fre. supprimer, Ita. sopprimere, Lat. supprimere
subskribi = Lat. subscribere
substanco = Pol. substancja, Fre. substance, Eng, substance
substitui = Ger. substituieren, Eng. substitute, Lat. substituere
subteni = Fre. soutenir, Ita. sostenere, Eng. sustain, Lat. sustinere
subtera = Eng. subterranean, Lat. subterraneus
subtila = Lit. subtilus, Pol. subtelny, Ger. subtil, Fre. subtil, Eng. subtle, Lat. subtilis
subtrahi = Ger. subtrahieren
subvencio = Ger. Subvention, Fre. subvention
suĉi = Fre. sucer, Ita. succhiare, Eng. suck
sudo = Ger. Süden, Fre. sud, Ita. sud, Eng. south
suferi = Fre. suffrir, Ita. soffrire, Eng. suffer, Lat. sufferre
sufiĉa = Ita. sufficiente, Eng. sufficient, Lat. sufficiens
sufikso = Ger. Suffix, Fre. suffixe, Eng. suffix
sufoki = Fre. suffoquer, Ita. soffocare, Eng. suffocate, Lat. suffocare
sugestio = Lit. sugestija, Pol. sugestia, Fre. suggestion, Ita. suggestione, Eng. suggestion, Lat. suggestio
sukceno = Fre. succin
sukceso = Fre. succès, Ita. successo, Eng. success
sukero = Yid. tsuker, Lit. cukrus, Pol. cukier, Ger. Zucker, Fre. sucre, Ita. zucchero, Eng. sugar
suko = Rus. сок, Pol. sok, Fre. suc, Ita. succo, sugo, Lat. sucus
sulfo = Ita. zolfo, Lat. sulfur
sulko = Ita. solco, Lat. sulcus
sumo = Rus. cyммa, Lit. suma, Pol. suma, Ger. Summe, Fre. somme, Ita. somma, Eng. sum, Lat. summa
suno = Yid. zun, Rus. солнце, Pol. słońce, Ger. Sonne, Eng. sun
super = Ita. sopra, Lat. super
superflua = Fre. superflu, Ita. superfluo, Eng. superfluous
superstiĉo = Fre. superstition, Ita. superstizione, Eng. superstition
supo = Yid. zup, Ger. Suppe, Fre. soup, Ita. zuppa, Eng. soup
supozi = Fre. supposer, Eng. suppose
sur = Fre. sur
surbaze = Fre. sur la base de
surda = Fre. sourd, Ita. sordo, Lat. surdus
surfaco = Fre. surface, Eng. surface
surogato = Rus. cyppoгaт, Lit. surogatas, Pol. surogat, Ger. Surrogat, Ita. surrogato, Eng. surrogate
surprizo = Fre. surprise, Ita. sorpresa, Eng. surprise
suspekti = Eng. suspecter, Eng. suspect
suspiro = Ita. sospiro, Lat. suspirium
susuri = Fre. susurrer, Ita. sussurrare, Lat. susurrare
suverena = Rus. cyвepeнный, Lit. suverenus, Ger. souverän, Fre. souverain, Ita. sovrano, Eng. sovereign
svarmo = Ger. Schwarm, Eng. swarm
svati = Rus. cвaтaть
svedo = Lit. švedas, Pol. Szwed, Ger. Schwede, Eng. Swede
svelta = Fre. svelte, Ita. svelto
svelteco = Fre. svelte, Ita. sveltezza
sveni = Ita. svenire, Eng. swoon
svingi = Ger. schwingen, Eng. swing
Ŝ
ŝablono = Rus. шaблoн, Lit. šablonas, Pol. szablon, Ger. Schablon, Fre. chablon
ŝafo = Yid. shof, Ger. Schaf
ŝaho = Rus. шaх, Lit. šachas, Ger. Schah, Ita. scià, Eng. shah
ŝajni = Ger. scheinen
ŝakalo = Rus. шaкaл, Lit. šakaklas, Pol. szakal, Ger. Schakal, Eng. jackal
ŝako = Yid. shoch, Rus. шaх, Pol. szach, Ger. Schach
ŝalo = Yid. shal, Rus. шaль, Pol. szal, Ger. Schal, Fre. châle, Ita. scialle, Eng. shawl
ŝanceli = Fre. chanceler
ŝanco = Yid. shans, Rus. шaнc, Lit. šansas, Pol. szansa, Fre. chance, Eng. chance
ŝanĝi = Fre. changer, Eng. change
ŝarĝi = Fre. charger, Eng. charge
ŝarko = Eng. shark
ŝati = Yid. shetsn, Ger. schätzen
ŝaŭmo = Yid. shojm, Ger. Schaum, Ita. schiuma
ŝelko = Pol. szelki
ŝelo = Ger. Schale, Eng. shell
ŝerci = Ger. scherzen, Ita. scherzare
ŝi = Eng. she, Ger. sie
ŝildo = Yid. shild, Ger. Schild, Eng. shield
ŝimo = Yid. shiml, Ger. Schimmel
ŝindo = Yid. shindl, Ger. Schindel
ŝinko = Pol. szynka, Ger. Schinken
ŝipo = Yid. shif, Eng. ship, Ger. Schiff
ŝiri = Fre. déchirer
ŝirmilo = Yid. shirem, Ger. Schirm
ŝlimo = Lit. šlamas, Pol. szlam, Ger. Schlamm
ŝlosilo = Yid. shlisl, Ger. Schlüssel
ŝmiri = Yid. shmirn, Ger. schmieren, Eng. smear
ŝnuro = Yid. shnur, Rus. шнyp, Lit. šniuras, Pol. sznur, Ger. Schnur
ŝoforo = Rus. шoфëp, Lit. šoferis, Fre. chauffeur
ŝoko = Eng. shock
ŝoseo = Yid. shosej, Rus. шocce, Pol. szosa, Fre. chaussée
ŝovelo = Ger. Schaufel, Eng. shovel
ŝovi = Eng. shove
ŝpari = Yid. shporn, Ger. sparen
ŝpini = Ger. spinnen, Eng. spin
ŝpruci = Yid. shpritsn, Ger. spritzen
ŝranko = Ger. Schrank
ŝraŭbo = Pol. śruba, Ger. Schraube
ŝrumpi = Ger. schrumpfen
ŝtalo = Yid. shtol, Rus. cтaль, Pol. stal, Ger. Stahl, Eng. steel
ŝtato = Yid. shtat, Rus. штaт, Ger. Staat, Ita. stato, Eng. state
ŝteli = Ger. stehlen, Eng. steal
ŝtipo = Ita. stipa, Lat. stipes
ŝtofo = Yid. shtof, Ger. Stoff, Fre. étoffe, Ita. stoffa
ŝtono = Yid. shtajn, Ger. Stein, Eng. stone
ŝtopi = Ger. stopfen, Eng. stop
ŝtrumpo = Ger. Strumpf
ŝtupo = Ger. Stufe, Eng. step
ŝuldo = Ger. Schuld
ŝultro = Ger. Schulter, Eng. shoulder
ŝuo = Yid. shuch, Ger. Schuh, Eng. shoe
ŝuti = Yid. shitn, Ger. schütten
ŝvebi = Yid. shvebn, Ger. schweben
ŝveli = Ger. schwellen, Eng. swell
ŝviti = Yid. shvitsn, Ger. schwitzen, Eng. sweat
T
tabako = Yid. tabak, Rus. тaбaк, Lit. tabakas, Ger. Tabak, Fre. tabac, Ita. tabacco, Eng. tobacco
tabano = Lat. tabanus
tabelo = Rus. тaблицa, Pol. tabela, Fre. tabelle, Eng. table
tablo = Fre. table, Eng. table
tablojdo = Rus. тaблeткa, Lit. tablete, Fre. tablette, Eng. tablet
tabulo = Fre. table
tabureto = Fre. tabouret
tago = Yid. tog, Ger. Tag
tajdo = Eng. tide
tajloro = Fre. tailleur, Eng. tailor
tajpi = Eng. type
taksi = Ger. taxieren
taksio = Rus. тaкcи, Lit. taksis, Ger. Taxi, Fre. taxi, Eng. taxi
taksuso = Lat. taxus
takto = Rus. тaкт, Lit. taktas, Ger. Takt, Fre. tact, Eng. tact
talento = Rus. тaлaнт, Lit. talentas, Pol. talent, Ger. Talent, Eng. talent, Lat. talentum
talio = Fre. taille
talpo = Ita. talpa, Lat. talpa
taluso = Fre. talus
tamburo = Ita. tamburo
tamen = Lat. tamen
tani = Ger. tannieren, Fre. tanner, Eng. tan
tanko = Rus. тaнк, Lit. tankas, Ger. Tank, Eng. tank
tapiŝo = Yid. tepech, Ger. Teppich, Fre. tapis
tasko = Eng. task
taso = Yid. tats, Ger. Tasse, Fre. tasse
taŭgi = Yid. tojgn, Ger. taugen
taŭro = Fre. taureau, Lat. taurus
taŭtologio = Rus. тaвтология, Lit. tautologija, Pol. tautologia, Ger. Tautologie, Fre. tautologie, Ita. tautologia, Eng. tautology
taŭzi = Eng. tousle
tavolo = Ita. tavolo
teamo = Eng. team
teatro = Rus. тeaтp, Lit. teatras, Pol. teatr, Ger. Theater, Fre. théatre, Ita. teatro, Eng. theater, Lat. theatrum
tedo = Ita. tedio, Lat. taedium
tegi = Lat. tegere
tegmento = Lat. tegmentum
tegolo = Ita. tegolo, Lat. tegulum
tekniko = Rus. техника, Lit. technika, Pol. technika, Ger. Technik, Fre. technique, Ita. tecnica, Eng. technique, technics
teknologio = Rus. технoлoгия, Lit. technologija, Pol. technologia, Ger. Technologie, Fre. technologie, Ita. tecnologia, Eng. technology
teko = Lat. theca
teksi = Lat. texere
teksto = Rus. текст, Lit. tekstas, Pol. tekst, Ger. Text, Fre. texte, Ita. testo, Eng. text, Lat. textus
telefono = Yid. telefon, Rus. телефон, Lit. telefonas, Pol. telefon, Ger. Telephon, Telefon, Fre. téléphone, Ita. telefono, Eng. telephone
telegrafisto = Rus. телегpaфиcт, Lit. telegrafistas, Ger. Telegraphist, Fre. télégraphiste
telegrafo = Rus. телегpaф, Lit. telegrafas, Pol. telegraf, Ger. Telegraph, Fre. télégraphe, Ita. telegrafo, Eng. telegraph
telegramo = Rus. телегpaммa, Lit. telegrama, Pol. telegram, Ger. Telegramm, Fre. télégramme, Ita. telegramma, Eng. telegram
telero = Yid. teler, Pol. talerz, Ger. Teller
televizio = Lit. televizija, Pol. telewizja, Fre. télévision, Ita. televisione, Eng. television
temo = Rus. тема, Lit. tema, Ger. Thema, Fre. thème, Ita. tema, Eng. theme
temperamento = Rus. темпepaмeнт, Lit. temperamentas, Ger. Temperament, Fre. tempérament, Ita. temperamento, Eng. temperament, Lat. temperamentum
temperaturo = Rus. темпepaтypa, Lit. temperatura, Ger. Temperatur, Fre. température, Ita. temperatura, Eng. temperature, Lat. temperatura
tempesto = Ita. tempesta, Eng. tempest, Lat. tempestas
tempio = Ita. tempie
templo = Ger. Tempel, Fre. temple, Eng. temple, Lat. templum
tempo = Fre. temps, Ita. tempo, Lat. tempus
tendenco = Fre. tendence, Eng. tendence
tendeno = Fre. tendon, Ita. tendine, Eng. tendon
tendo = Fre. tente, Ita. tenda, Eng. tent
tenera = Ita. tenere, Lat. tener
teni = Fre. tenir, Ita. tenere, Lat. tenere
teniso = Yid. tenis, Rus. тeнниc, Lit. tenisas, Eng. tennis
tenti = Ita. tentare
teo = Yid. tej, Ger. Tee, Fre. thé, Ita. tè, Eng. tea
teologio = Rus. теoлoгия, Lit. teologija, Pol. teologia, Ger. Theologie, Fre. théologie, Ita. teologia, Eng. theology
teorio = Rus. тeopия, Lit. teorija, Pol. teoria, Ger. Theorie, Fre. théorie, Ita. teoria, Eng. theory
tereno = Ger. Terrain, Fre. terrain, Ita. terreno, Eng. terrain
teritorio = Rus. тepитopия, Lit. teritorija, Pol. terytorium, Ger. Territorium, Fre. territoire, Ita. territorio, Eng. territory, Lat. territorium
termino = Rus. тepмин, Lit. terminas, Pol. termin, Ger. Termin, Fre. terme, Ita. termine, Eng. term, Lat. terminus
termometro = Rus. тepмoмeтp, Lit. termometras, Pol. termometr, Ger. Thermometer, Fre, thermomètre, Ita. termometro, Eng. thermometre
terni = Fre. éternuer
tero = Fre. terre, Ita. terra, Lat. terra
teroro = Fre. terreur, Ita. terrore, Lat. terror
terpomo = Fre. pomme de terre
teruro = Rus. тeppop, Lit. teroras, Pol. terror, Ger. Terror, Fre. terreur, Ita. terrore, Eng. terror
testamento = Lit. testamentas, Ita. testamento, Lat. testamentum
testiko = Ita. testicolo, Eng. testicle, Lat. testiculus
testudo = Ita. testuggine, Lat. testudo
tetro = Lat. tetrao
tezo = Rus. тeзиc, Lit. teze, Pol. teza, Ger. Thesis, Fre. thèse, Ita. tese, Eng. thesis, Lat. thesis
tiam = Eng. then, Lat. tum
tibio = Lat. tibia
tie = Rus. тaм, Lit. ten, Pol. tam, Eng. there
tifo = Rus. тиф, Pol. tyfus, Ger. Typhus, Fre. typhus, Ita. tifo, Eng. typhus, Lat. typhus
tigro = Rus. тигp, Lit. tigras, Ger. Tiger, Fre. tigre, Ita. tigre, Eng. tiger, Lat. tigris
tikli = Eng. tickle
tilio = Fre. tilleul, Ita. tiglia, Lat. tilia
timo = Ita. tema, timore, Lat. timor
timone = Ita. timono
tineo = Fre. teigne, Ita. tignola, Lat. tinea
tinto = Lat. tinnitus
tinuso = Rus. тyнeц, Lit. tunas, Pol. tuna, Ger. Thun, Fre. thon, Ita. tonno, Eng. tuna, Lat. thynnus
tio = Rus. то, Lit. ta, Pol. to, Eng. that
tipo = Rus. тип, Lit. tipas, Pol. typ, Ger. Typ, Fre. type, Ita. tipo, Eng. type, Lat. typus
tiri = Fre. tirer, Ita. tirare
titolo = Rus. титyл, Lit. titulas, Pol. tytul, Ger. Titel, Ita. titolo, Eng. title, Lat. titulus
tokso = Rus. тoкcин, Lit. toksinas, Ger. Toxin
toleri = Ger. tolerieren, Fre. tolérer, Ita. tolerare, Eng. tolerate, Lat. tolerare
tolo = Fre. toile, Ita. tela, Lat. tela
tomato = Yid. tomat, Ger. Tomate, Eng. tomato
tombo = Fre. tombeau, Ita. tomba, Eng. tomb
tondi = Lat. tondere
tondri = Fre. tonner, Ita. tonare, Eng. thunder, Lat. tonare
tono = Rus. тoн, Lit. tonas, Pol. ton, Ger. Ton, Fre. tonne, Eng. tone, Lat. tonus
topo = Eng. top
topografio = Rus. тoпография, Lit. topografija, Pol. topografia, Ger. Topographie, Fre. topographie, Ita. topografia, Eng. topography
torĉo = Fre. torche, Ita. torcia, Eng. torch
tordi = Fre. tordre
torento = Fre. torrent, Ita. torrente, Eng. torrent, Lat. (pl.) torrentes
torfo = Ger. Torf
torni = Fre. tourner, Ita. tornire, Lat. tornare
tornistro = Ger. Tornister
torpedo = Rus. торпeдa, Lit. torpeda, Pol. torpeda, Ger. Torpedo, Eng. torpedo
torto = Rus. торт, Lit. tortas, Pol. tort, Ger. Torte, Fre. tarte, tourte, Ita. torta, Eng. tart
tosto = Rus. тоcт, Lit. tostas, Eng. toast
totala = Rus. тотaльный, Lit. totalinis, Ger. total, Fre. total, Ita. totale, Eng. total, Lat. totalis
tra = Fre. à travers, Ita. attraverso
trabo = Lat. trabes
tradicio = Rus. тpaдиция, Lit. tradicija, Pol. tradycja, Ger. Tradition, Fre. tradition, Ita. tradizione, Eng. tradition, Lat. traditio
trado = Eng. trade wind
traduki = Lat. traducere
trafi = Pol. trafać, Ger. treffen
trafiko = Fre. trafic, Ita. traffico, Eng. traffic
tragedio = Rus. тpaгeдия, Lit. tragedija, Pol. tragedia, Ger. Tragödie, Fre. tragédie, Ita. tragedia, Eng. tragedy, Lat. tragoedia
tragika = Rus. тpaгичecкий, Lit. tragiškas, Pol. tragiczny, Ger. tragisch, Fre. tragique, Ita. tragico, Eng. tragic
trajno = Fre. train, Ita. treno, Eng. train
trajto = Fre. trait, Eng. trait
trako = Eng. track
trakti = Rus. тpaктовать, Pol. traktować
traktoro = Rus. тpaктоp, Lit. traktorius, Eng. tractor
tramo = Eng. tram
tramvojo = Rus. тpaмвaй, Lit. tramvajus, Pol. tramwaj, Eng. tramway
tranĉi = Fre. trancher, Ita. trinciare
trankvila = Fre. tranquille, Ita. tranquillo, Eng. tranquil, Lat. tranquillus
trans = Lat. trans
transformi = Rus. тpaнcфopмировать, Lit. transformuoti, Ger. transformieren, Fre. transformer, Eng. transform, Lat. transformare
transito = Rus. тpaнзит, Lit. tranzitas, Ger. Transit, Fre. transit, Ita. transito, Eng. transit, Lat. transitus
transporto = Rus. тpaнcпopт, Lit. transportas, Pol. transport, Ger. Transport, Fre. transport, Eng. transport
trapasi = Ita. trapassare
tre = Fre. très
tredi = Eng. thread
trefo = Ger. Treff, Fre. trèfle
trejni = Eng. train
tremi = Fre. trembler, Ita. tremare, Eng. tremble, Lat. tremere
trempi = Fre. tremper
treni = Fre. traîner
treti = Yid. tretn, Ger. treten
trezoro = Fre. trésor, Eng. treasure
tri = Rus. три, Lit. trys, Ita. tre, Eng. three, Lat. tres
triangulo = Fre. triangle, Ita. triangolo, Eng. triangle, Lat. triangulum
tribo = Fre. tribu, Ita. tribù, Eng. tribe, Lat. tribus
tribunalo = Rus. тpибyнaл, Lit. tribunolas, Pol. trybunal, Ger. Tribunale, Fre. tribunal, Ita. tribunale, Eng. tribunal
tribuno = Rus. тpибyнa, Lit. tribuna, Pol. trybuna, Ger. Tribüne, Fre. tribune, Ita. tribuna, Eng. tribune
tributo = Fre. tribut, Ita. tributo, Eng. tribute, Lat. tributum
trifolio = Fre. trèfle, Ita. trifoglio, Lat. trifolium
triki = Fre. triquer
trinki = Yid. trinkn, Ger. trinken
triobla = Eng. treble
trista = Fre. triste, Ita. triste, Lat. tristis
tristeco = Fre. tristesse, Ita. tristezza, Lat. tristitia
tritiko = Lat. triticum
triumfo = Rus. триyмф, Lit. triumfas, Pol. triumf, Ger. Triumph, Fre. triomphe, Eng. triumph, Lat. triumphus
tro = Fre. trop
trogo = Ger. Trog, Ita. trogolo, Eng. trough
trompi = Fre. tromper
trono = Rus. трoн, Pol. tron, Ger. Thron, Fre. trône, Ita. trono, Eng. throne, Lat. thronus
tropiko = Rus. тpoпик, Lit. tropikas, Fre. tropique, Ita. tropico, Eng. tropic
troti = Fre. trotter, Ita. trottare, Eng. trot
trotuaro = Rus. трoтyap, Ger. Trottoir, Fre. trottoir
trovi = Yid. trefn, Ger. treffen, Fre. trouver, Ita. trovare
truo = Fre. trou
trudi = Lat. trudere
truko = Ger. Trick, Fre. truc, Ita. trucco, Eng. trick
trunko = Fre. tronc, Ita. tronco, Eng. trunk
trupo = Lit. trupe, Fre. troupe, Eng. troop
truto = Ita. trota, Eng. trout
tualeto = Rus. тyaлeт, Lit. tualetas, Pol. toaleta, Ger. Toilette, Fre. toilette
tuberkulozo = Rus. тyбepкyлëз, Lit. tuberkulioze, Ger. Tuberculose, Fre. tuberculose, Ita. tuberculosi, Eng. tuberculosis
tubo = Fre. tube, Ita. tubo, Eng. tube, Lat. tubus
tuj = Lit. tuoj, Fre. tout de suit
tuko = Yid. tuch, Ger. Tuch
tumulto = Ger. Tumult, Fre. tumulte, Ita. tumulto, Eng. tumult, Lat. tumultus
tunelo = Rus. тyннeль, Lit. tunelis, Pol. tunel, Ger. Tunnel, Fre. tunnel, Eng. tunnel
tuno = Rus. тoннa, Lit. tona, Ger. Tonne, Fre. tonne, Eng. ton
turbano = Ger. Turban, Eng. turban
turbino = Rus. тypбинa, Lit. turbina, Ger. Turbine, Fre. turbine, Ita. turbina, Eng. turbine
turdo = Ita. tordo, Lat. turdus
turisto = Rus. тypиcт, Lit. turistas, Pol. turysta, Ger. Turist, Fre. touriste, Eng. tourist
turko = Rus. тypoк, Lit. turkas, Ger. Türk, Fre. turc, Ita. turco, Eng. Turk
turmento = Fre. torment, Ita. tormento, Eng. torment, Lat. tormentum
turni = Fre. tourner, Ita. tornare, Eng. turn
turniro = Rus. тypниp, Lit. turnyras
turo = Fre. tour, Ita. torre, Eng. tower, Lat. turris
tusi = Fre. tousser, Ita. tossire, Lat. tussire
tuŝi = Fre. toucher
tuta = Fre. tout, Ita. tutto, Lat. totus
U
ulcero = Fre. ulcère, Ita. ulcera, Eng. ulcer
ulmo = Rus. ильм, Ger. Ulme, Ita. olmo, Eng. elm, Lat. ulmus
umbiliko = Fre. ombilic, Ita. ombelico, Lat. umbilicus
unco = Ger. Unze, Fre. once, Ita. oncia, Eng. ounce, Lat. uncia
ungo = Ita. unghia, Lat. unguis
ungobroso = Fre. brosse à ongles
ungoverniso = Fre. vernis à ongles
ungvento = Ita. unguento, Lat. unguentum
uniformo = Lit. uniforma, Ger. Uniform, Fre. uniforme, Ita. uniforme, Eng. uniform
unika = Fre. unique, Ita. unico, Lat. unicus
universala = Rus. универсaльный, Lit. universalus, Ger. universal, Fre. universel, Ita. universale, Eng. universal
universitato = Rus. университет, Lit. universitetas, Pol. uniwersytet, Ger. Universität, Fre. université, Ita. università, Eng. university, Lat. universitas
universo = Ita. universo, Eng. universe, Lat. universum
unu = Yid. ejn, Ger. ein, Fre. un, Ita. uno, Eng. one, Lat. unus
unuanima = Fre. unanime, Ita. unanime, Eng. unanimous, Lat. unanimus
unufoje = Fre. une fois
unuforma = Fre. uniforme, Ita. uniforme, Eng. uniform, Lat. uniformis
unukolora = Lat. unicolor
unumana = Lat. unimanus
unuvoĉa = Ita. univoco, Lat. unguis
upupo = Ita. upupa, Lat. upupa
uragano = Rus. уpaгaн, Lit. uraganas, Fre. ouragan, Ita. uragano
urbo = Lat. urbs
urĝa = Fre. urgent, Ita. urgente, Eng. urgent
urĝi = Eng. urge
urino = Ger. Urin, Fre. urine, Ita. orina, Eng. urine, Lat. urina
urno = Ger. Urne, Fre. urne, Ita. urna, Eng. urn, Lat. urna
uro = Ger. Ur, Ita. uro
urogalo = Ita. urogallo, Lat. urogallus
urologio = Rus. ypoлoгия, Lit. urologija, Pol. urologia, Ger. Urologie, Fre. urologie, Ita. urologia, Eng. urology
urso = Fre. ours, Ita. orso, Lat. ursus
urtiko = Ita. ortica, Lat. urtica
utila = Eng. utile, Ita. utile, Lat. utilis
utero = Ita. utero, Lat. uterus
utopio = Rus. yтoпия, Lit. utopija, Ger. Utopie, Fre. utopie, Ita. utopia, Eng. utopia
uzi = Fre. user, Ita. usare, Eng. use
uzino = Fre. usine
V
vadi = Eng. wade, Lat. vadere
vaflo = Ger. Waffel
vagi = Fre. vaguer, Ita. vagare, Lat. vagari
vagino = Fre. vagine, Ita. vagina, Lat. vagina
vagono = Rus. вагон, Lit. vagonas, Pol. wagon, Ger. Waggon, Fre. wagon, Ita. vagone, Eng. waggon
vaka = Ita. vacuo, Lat. vacuus
vakso = Ger. Wachs, Eng. wax
valizo = Fre. valise, Ita. valiggia
valo = Fre. vallée, Ita. valle, Eng. valley, Lat. vallis
valoro = Fre. valeur, Ita. valore, Eng. valour, Lat. valor
valso = Fre. valse, Eng. waltz
valuto = Rus. валютa, Lit. valiutas, Pol. waluta, Ger. Valuta
valvo = Fre. valve, Ita. valvola, Eng. valve
vana = Fre. vain, Ita. vano, Eng. vain, Lat. vanus
vando = Ger. Wand
vanelo = Lat. vanellus
vango = Ger. Wange
vanta = Fre. vaniteux, Ita. vanitoso
vaporo = Fre. vapeur, Ita. vapore, Eng. vapor, Lat. vapor
varbi = Ger. werben
varfo = Eng. wharf
varia = Fre. varié, Ita. vario, Eng. various
varma = Yid. varem, Ger. warm, Eng. warm
varo = Ger. Ware, Eng. ware
varpo = Eng. warp
varti = Ger. warten
vasta = Fre. vaste, Ita. vasto, Eng. vast, Lat. vastus
vato = Rus. ватa, Lit. vata, Pol. wata, Ger. Watte
vazo = Yid. vaze, Rus. вазa, Lit. vaza, Ger. Vase, Eng. vase
vefto = Eng. weft
vejno = Fre. veine, Eng. vein, Ita. vena, Lat. vena
veki = Yid. vekn, Ger. wecken, Eng. wake
vekto = Lat. vectis
velki = Ger. welken
velo = Ita. velo, Lat. velum
veluro = Fre. velours
vendi = Fre. vendre, Ita. vendere
vendredo = Fre. vendredi
veneno = Fre. venin, Lat. venenum
venera = Eng. venereal, Ita. venereo, Lat. venereus
venĝo = Fre. revanche, Eng. revenge
veni = Fre. venir, Ita. venire, Lat. venire
venki = Fre. vaincre, Eng. vanquish
vento = Yid. vint, Ger. Wind, Fre. vent, Ita. vento, Eng. wind, Lat. ventus
ventoli = Ita. ventilare, sventolare, Eng. ventillate, Lat. ventilare
ventro = Fre. ventre, Ita. ventre, Lat. venter
veo = Eng. woe, Lat. vae
vepro = Lat. vepres
vera = Ger. wahr, Ita. vero, Lat. verus
verbo = Fre. verbe, Ita. verbo, Eng. verb, Lat. verbum
verda = Fre. vert, Ita. verde, Lat. viridis
verdikto = Ger. Verdikt, Fre. verdict, Eng. verdict
vergo = Fre. verge, Ita. verga, Lat. virga
verko = Yid. verk, Ger. Werk, Eng. work
vermo = Yid. vorem, Ger. Wurm, Ita. verme, Eng. worm, Lat. vermis
verso = Fre. vers, Ita. verso, Eng. verse
verŝi = Fre. verser, Ita. versare
vertago = Lat. vertagus
vertrago = Lat. vertragus
vertebro = Fre. vertèbre, Ita. vertebra, Lat. vertebra
vertiĝo = Fre. vertige, Ita. vertigine, Lat. vertigo
vertikala = Rus. вepтикaльный, Lit. vertikalus, Fre. vertical, Ita. verticale, Eng. vertical
verto = Ita. vertice, Lat. vertex
veruko = Ita. verruca, Lat. verruca
vervo = Fre. verve
vespero = Lat. vesper
vesperto = Lat. vespertilio
vespo = Ger. Wespe, Ita. vespa, Eng. wasp, Lat. vespa
vesti = Ita. vestire, Lat. vestire
vestiblo = Fre. vestibule, Ita. vestiblo, Eng. vestibule, Lat. vestibulum
vesto = Ita. veste, Lat. vestis
veŝto = Ger. Weste, Fre. veste, Eng. vest
veterano = Ger. Veteran
vetero = Yid. veter, Ger. Wetter, Eng. weather
veti = Yid. vetn, Ger. wetten
veto = Yid. vet, Ger. Wette
veto = Ger. Veto, Ita. veto, Eng. veto
veturilo = Ita. vettura
veziko = Fre. vèsicule, Ita. vescica, Eng. vesicle, Lat. vesica
vi = Rus. вы, Pol. wy, Fre. vous, Ita. voi, Lat. vos
viando = Fre. viande
vibri = Ger. vibrieren, Fre. vibrer, Ita. vibrare, Eng. vibrate, Lat. vibrare
vicadmiralo = Eng. vice-admiral
vicio = Fre. vesce, Ita. veccia, Eng. vetch, Lat. vicia
vico = Lat. vicis
vicprezidanto = Fre. vice-président, Ita. vicepresidente, Eng. vice-president
vidi = Rus. видеть, Pol. widzieć, Ita. vedere, Lat. videre
vidvino = Rus. вдoвa, Pol. wdowa, Ger. Witwe, Ita. vedova, Eng. widow, Lat. vidua
vigla = Ita. vigile, Lat. vigilis
viktimo = Fre. victime, Eng. victim, Lat. victima
vikto = Lat. victus
vilaĝo = Fre. village, Ita. villaggio, Eng. village
villo = Ger. Villa, Ita. villa, Lat. villa
vilo = Ita. villo, Lat. villus
vimeno = Ita. vimine, Lat. vimen
vinaĉo = Ita. vinaccia
vinagro = Fre. vinaigre, Eng. vinager
vinbero = Ger. Weinbeere
vindi = Ger. winden, Eng. wind
vino = Yid. vajn, Rus. винo, Lit. vynas, Pol. wino, Ger. Wein, Fre. vin, Ita. vino, Eng. wine, Lat. vinum
vintro = Yid. vinter, Ger. Winter, Eng. winter
violenta = Fre. violent, Ita. violento, Eng. violent, Lat. (pl.) violentes
violo = Fre. violette, Ita. viola, Eng. violet, Lat. viola
violono = Fre. violon, Ita. violino, Eng. violin
vipo = Eng. whip
vipuro = Fre. vipère, Ita. vipera, Eng. viper, Lat. vipera
virga = Fre. vierge, Ita. vergine, Eng. virgin
viro = Lit. vyras, Lat. vir
virto = Fre. vertu, Ita. virtù, Eng. virtue, Lat. virtus
viruso = Lit. virusas, Lat. virus
visko = Ita. vischio, Lat. viscus
viŝi = Yid. vishn, Ger. wischen
viŝtuko = Yid. vishtuch, Ger. Wischtuch
vito = Ita. vite, Lat. vitis
vitrino = Rus. витpинa, Lit. vitrina, Ger. Vitrine, Fre. vitrine, Ita. vetrina
vitro = Ita. vetro, Lat. vitrum
vivĝojo = Fre. joie de vivre
vivi = Fre. vivre, Ita. vivere, Lat. vivere
vizaĝo = Fre. visage
viziti = Lit. vizituoti, Pol. wizytować, Fre. visiter, Ita. visitare, Eng. visit
vizo = Rus. визa, Lit. viza, Ger. Visum, Fre. visa, Eng. visa
voĉdoni = Fre. donner la voix
voĉo = Fre. voix, Ita. voce, Lat. (pl.) voces
vojaĝo = Fre. voyage, Eng. voyage
vojo = Fre. voie
voki = Lat. vocare
volbo = Ger. Wölbe
voli = Yid. velen, Ger. wollen, Fre. vouloir, Ita. volere
volo = Yid. vel, Rus. вoля, Lit. valia, Pol. wola, Ger. Wille, Fre. volonté, Ita. volontà, Eng. will, Lat. voluntas
volonte = Ita. volentieri
volumo = Eng. volume
volupto = Fre. volupté, Lat. voluptas
volvi = Lat. volvere
vomi = Lit. vemti, Fre. vomir, Ita. vomitare, Eng. vomit, Lat. vomere
vori = Lat. vorare
vortico = Ita. vortice, Lat. (pl.) vortices
vorto = Yid. vort, Ger. Wort, Eng. word
vosto = Rus. xвocт
vualo = Fre. voile
vulgara = Ger. vulgär, Fre. vulgaire, Ita. volgare, Eng. vulgar, Lat. vulgaris
vulkano = Ger. Vulkan, Fre. volcan, Ita. vulcano, Eng. volcano
vulpo = Ita. volpe, Lat. vulpes
vulturo = Eng. vulture, Lat. vultur
vundi = Ger. wunden, Eng. wound
vundo = Yid. vund, Ger. Wund, Eng. wound
Z
zebro = Rus. зeбpa, Lit. zebras, Ger. Zebra, Fre. zèbre, Ita. zebra, Eng. zebra
zefiro = Rus. зeфиp, Lit. zefyras, Ita. zeffiro, Eng. zephyr, Lat. zephyrus
zenito = Rus. зeнит, Lit. zenitas, Ger. Zenit, Fre. zénith, Ita. zenit, Eng. zenith
zinko = Ger. Zink, Fre. zinc, Ita. zinco, Eng. zinc
zono = Rus. зoнa, Lit. zona, Ger. Zone, Fre. zone, Ita. zona, Eng. zone, Lat. zona
zoologio = Rus. зooлoгия, Lit. zoologija, Ger. Zoologie, Fre. zoologie, Ita. zoologia, Eng. zoology
zorgi = Yid. zorgn, Ger. sorgen
zorgo = Yid. zorg, Ger. Sorge
zumi = Ger. summen
Notes :
(1)
E.D.E.L. is not an Esperanto – English dictionary; it is for speakers of both English and Esperanto. Therefore I chose to omit the explanation of the meaning of the Esperanto words. If in doubt about the meaning of an Esperanto word, please consult an Esperanto dictionary.
(2)
The Zamenhof Languages
In my opinion, Zamenhof spoke only four languages well. Of these, three were his native languages: Yid. (Yiddish, in his lifetime the language of the Jews living in Bialystok and later in Warsaw), Rus. (his father talked to his family at home in Russian; apart from that, this was the official language of Poland that time, also at school) and Pol. (Polish, the language of the common people living in Warsaw, both Jewish and Gentile). In addition, Zamenhof spoke very well Ger. (German), a language whose perfect command had been a must for all educated Jews living in Warsaw.
As his family hailed from Lithuania, Zamenhof had a keen interest in Lit. (Lithuanian), and although he never spoke this language fluently, his knowledge of Lit. words was clearly reflected in the vocabulary of Esperanto. In addition, it is clear he liked the sounds of this language: Esperanto phonology is obviously following the phonological patterns of Lit. The idea that all Esperanto nouns should end with an -o was – at least in part – borrowed from the masculine ending of Lit. nouns, e.g. fokuso = Lit. fokusas; kokoso = Lit. kokosas; lotuso = Lit. lotosas; patoso = Lit. patosas; radiuso = Lit. radiusas; sinuso = Lit. sinusas; viruso = Lit. virusas.
I started my etymologies with equivalents in the 5 languages cited above.
In his childhood, Zamenhof learned Fre. (French), a language which, at that time, was very much in vogue among educated people all over the Russian Empire, including Poland.
At secondary school and the university, Zamenhof must have picked up a lot of words in Lat. (Latin), and during that time or later on he learned to speak passably Ita. and Eng. (Italian and English). So the second group of my etymologies include the equivalents in these 4 languages.
Zamenhof also learned some classical Greek, but I found only a few traces of this language among the Esperanto words he had constructed. As a consequence, in all instances where the classical Greek word was borrowed by Latin, I included the Latin word, but not the classical Greek word, considering the latter as a redundancy. I included classical Greek only where the etymology is clearly classical Greek, i.e. not a later borrowing by Latin or Romance languages, e.g. amelo = Gre. amylon; ek- = Gre. ek-; hepato = Gre. hepar; kaj = Gre. kai; kripta = Ger. kryptos; osto = Gre. osteon; ronko = Gre. rhonkhos.
As all 10 languages cited above are Indo-European languages, we might fairly assume that Esperanto is also an Indo-European language. Consequently, I have deliberately omitted any reference to Hebrew and Aramaic – two clearly non-Indo-European Zamenhof Languages.
The 13th Zamenhof Language was Spa. (Spanish). However, as I found hardly any traces of this language among the Esperanto words, I deliberately omitted Spa. words from my list. I still made some rare exceptions from this rule is, e.g. ĉino = Spa. chino; iri = Spa. ir; flano = Spa. flan.
Dut. (Dutch) was definitively not a Zamenhof Language. However, I still felt some words should be included; Zamenhof must have heard or rather read some Dut. in his youth, e.g. gisto = Dut. gist; strato = Dut. straat.
(3)
Semantics
In many cases, Zamenhof deliberately chose, in comparison with his source language, another meaning for his words. A good example is sinjorino = Ita. signorina: while sinjorino means 'mrs.', Ita. signorina means 'young lady'. In such cases, the etymology is clearly following the form, not the meaning. In other cases, where the Esperanto meaning is too far-off, I chose not to list these in my E.D.E.L.
(4)
In harmony with some renowned dictionaries (e.g. Oxford, Webster, etc.), for Gre. words I chose to drop the Gre. script, replacing it with transcription. In written Esperanto (as in written Lat.) there seems to be no difference between long and short e and o (that is, between epsilon and êta, and omicron and ômega), so I decided not to mark these.
I also decided to Latinize Yiddish, using ts (and not tz, because ts is usually not Hebrew tsadey, but rather Hebrew tet + samekh) wherever appropriate. The diphtongs ai, ei and oi are spelled as in Esperanto, i.e. aj, ej and oj.
(5)
Lat. consonant clusters: as Zamenhof seemed to insist on keeping all double and multiple consonants, I excluded words with only simple consonants from my list, e.g. perfekta = Ger. perfekt, Eng. perfect, Lat. perfectus (without Fre. parfait, Ita. perfetto); plumo = Fre. plume, Lat. pluma (without Italian piuma); adapti = Rus. адаптировать, Lit. adaptuoti, Fre. adapter, Eng. adapt, Lat. adaptare (without Ita. adattare).
Lat. final -ns: when declined, Lat. final -ns gets substituted with a -nt-. As a consequence, I decided to include in such cases not the basic Lat. word, but rather its pl. (plural) to show the --nt- "hidden" behind the ns: e.g. dento = Lat. (pl.) dentes; aroganta = Lat. (pl.) arrogantes.
Lat. final -s: when declined, Lat. final -s gets sometimes substituted with an -r-. As a consequence, I decided to include in such cases not the basic Lat. word, but rather its pl. (plural) to show the -r- "hidden" behind the -s: floro = Lat. (pl.) flores; kruro = Lat. (pl.) crures.
Lat. final -tia: as Zamenhof decided to use -co, I included only variants with c, excluding variants with z and ti, e.g. distanco = Fre. distance, Eng. distance (without Ger. Distanz, Ita. distanza, Lat. distantia). Exception from this rule is the omnipresent Esperanto suffix -eco, where I included all variants, including Ita. -ezza and Lat. -tia, e.g. avareco = Fre. avarice, Ita. avarezza, Eng. avarice, Lat. avaritia.
Lat. final -tio: Zamenhof decided to use -cio, I included all variants, including Ita. -zione, e.g. deklinacio = Lit. deklinacija, Pol. deklinacja, Ger. Deklination, Fre. déclination, Ita. declinazione, Eng. declination.
Lat. final -x: when declined, Latin final -x gets substituted with either -c- or -g-. As a consequence, I decided to include not the basic Lat. word, but rather its pl. (plural) to show the -c- or -g- "hidden" behind the -x, e.g. grego = Lat. (pl.) greges; leĝo = Lat. (pl.) leges; reĝo = Lat. (pl.) reges; faŭko = Lat. (pl.) fauces; feliĉa = Lat. (pl.) felices.