MICROSOFT Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition

Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition

bar graph

n. See bar chart.

base

n. 1. In mathematics, a number that is raised to the power specified by an exponent. For example, in 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8, the base is 2. 2. In mathematics, the number of digits in a particular numbering system. With microcomputers, four numbering systems are commonly used or referred to—binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal— and each is based on a different number of digits. The binary, or base-2, numbering system, which is used to discuss the states of a computer’s logic, has two digits, 0 and 1. Octal, or base-8, has eight digits, 0 through 7. The familiar decimal, or base-10, numbering system has ten digits, 0 through 9. Hexadecimal, or base-16, has sixteen digits, 0 through 9 and A through F. When numbers are written in a particular base, the base is often subscripted and enclosed in parentheses after the number, as in 24AE(16) = 9,390. Also called: radix. See also binary1, decimal, hexadecimal, octal. 3. One of three terminals (emitter, base, and collector) in a bipolar transistor. The current through the base controls the current between the emitter and the collector. See also transistor. 4. The insulating foundation of a printed circuit board. See also circuit board.

base 10

adj. See decimal.

base 16

adj. See hexadecimal.

base 2

adj. See binary1.

base 8

adj. See octal.

base address

n. The part of a two-part memory address that remains constant and provides a reference point from which the location of a byte of data can be calculated. A base address is accompanied by an offset value that is added to the base to determine the exact location (the absolute address) of the information. The concept is similar to a street address system. For example, “2010 Main Street” consists of a base (the 2000 block of Main Street) plus an offset (10 from the beginning of the block). Base addresses are known as segment addresses in IBM PCs and compatibles; data in these computers is identified by its position as a relative offset from the start of the segment. See also absolute address, offset, relative address, segment.

baseband

adj. Of or relating to communications systems in which the medium of transmission (such as a wire or fiber-optic cable) carries a single message at a time in digital form. Baseband communication is found in local area networks such as Ethernet and Token Ring. See also Ethernet, fiber optics, Token Ring network. Compare broadband.

baseband network

n. A type of local area network in which messages travel in digital form on a single transmission channel between machines connected by coaxial cable or twisted-pair wiring. Machines on a baseband network transmit only when the channel is not busy, although a technique called timedivision multiplexing can enable channel sharing. Each message on a baseband network travels as a packet that contains information about the source and destination machines as well as message data. Baseband networks operate over short distances at speeds ranging from about 50 kilobits per second (50 Kbps) to 16 megabits per second (16 Mbps). Receiving, verifying, and converting a message, however, add considerably to the actual time, reducing throughput. The maximum recommended distance for such a network is about 2 miles, or considerably less if the

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Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition

network is heavily used. See also coaxial cable, multiplexing, packet (definition 2), throughput, time-division multiplexing, twisted-pair cable. Compare broadband network.

base class

n. In C++, a class from which other classes have been or can be derived by inheritance. See also class, derived class, inheritance, object-oriented programming.

base line or baseline

n. In the printing and display of characters on the screen, an imaginary horizontal line with which the base of each character, excluding descenders, is aligned. See the illustration. See also ascender, descender, font.

Base line.

base memory

n. See conventional memory.

base RAM

n. See conventional memory.

base station

n. Transmission tower for wireless phone signals. Commonly known as cell towers, base stations also encompass the radio antennas and electronics that handle wireless calls. Base stations relay conversations into and out of the wired phone network and between wireless phones. Each base station covers a limited area known as a cell.

base style

n. The underlying or original style on which other styles in a document are dependent. When you change a formatting element of the base style in a document, all other styles that originate from the base style will also reflect the change.

Basic or BASIC

n. Acronym for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, a high-level programming language developed in the mid-1960s by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz at Dartmouth College. It is widely considered one of the easiest programming languages to learn. See also True BASIC, Visual BASIC.

Basic Rate Interface n. See BRI.

Basic Service Set

n. The communicating stations, or nodes, on a wireless LAN. See also wireless LAN.

bastion host

n. A computer which provides security by serving as a gateway between an internal network and external systems. All outside traffic attempting to connect to the internal network is routed through the bastion host, which defends against potential attacks by intercepting and screening incoming packets. The bastion host may be part of a larger security system providing multiple layers of protection.

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Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition

.bat

n. The file extension that identifies a batch program file. In MS-DOS, .bat files are executable files that contain calls to other program files. See also batch file.

batch

n. A group of documents or data records that are processed as a unit. See also batch job, batch processing.

batch file

n. An ASCII text file containing a sequence of operating-system commands, possibly including parameters and operators supported by the batch command language. When the user types a batch file name at the command prompt, the commands are processed sequentially. Also called: batch program. See also AUTOEXEC.BAT, .bat.

batch file transmission

n. The transmission of multiple files as the result of a single command. Acronym: BFT.

batch job

n. A program or set of commands that runs without user interaction. See also batch processing.

batch processing

n. 1. Execution of a batch file. See also batch file. 2. The practice of acquiring programs and data sets from users, running them one or a few at a time, and then providing the results to the users. 3. The practice of storing transactions for a period of time before they are posted to a master file, typically in a separate operation undertaken at night. Compare transaction processing.

batch program

n. A program that executes without interacting with the user. See also batch file. Compare interactive program.

batch system

n. A system that processes data in discrete groups of previously scheduled operations rather than interactively or in real time.

batch total

n. A total calculated for an element common to a group (batch) of records, used as a control to verify that all information is accounted for and has been entered correctly. For example, the total of a day’s sales can be used as a batch total to verify the records of all individual sales.

battery

n. Two or more cells in a container that produce an electrical current when two electrodes within the container touch an electrolyte. In personal computers, batteries are used as an auxiliary source of power when the main power is shut off, as a power source for laptop and notebook computers (rechargeable batteries, such as nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and lithium ion, are used), and as a method to keep the internal clock and the circuitry responsible for the part of RAM that stores important system information always powered up. See also lead ion battery, lithium ion battery, nickel cadmium battery, nickel metal hydride battery, RAM.

battery backup

n. 1. A battery-operated power supply used as an auxiliary source of electricity in the event of a power failure. 2. Any use of a battery to keep a circuit running when the main power is shut off, such as powering a computer’s clock/calendar and the special RAM that stores important system information between sessions. See also UPS.

battery meter

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n. A device used to measure the current (capacity) of an electrical cell.

baud

n. One signal change per second, a measure of data transmission speed. Named after the French engineer and telegrapher Jean-Maurice-Emile Baudot and originally used to measure the transmission speed of telegraph equipment, the term now most commonly refers to the data transmission speed of a modem. See also baud rate.

Baudot code

n. A 5-bit coding scheme used principally for telex transmissions, originally developed for telegraphy by the French engineer and telegrapher Jean-Maurice-Emile Baudot. Sometimes it is equated, although inaccurately, with the International Alphabet Number 2 proposed by the Comité Consultatif Internationale Télégraphique et Téléphonique (CCITT).

baud rate

n. The speed at which a modem can transmit data. The baud rate is the number of events, or signal changes, that occur in one second—not the number of bits per second (bps) transmitted. In high-speed digital communications, one event can actually encode more than one bit, and modems are more accurately described in terms of bits per second than baud rate. For example, a so-called 9600-baud modem actually operates at 2400 baud but transmits 9600 bits per second by encoding 4 bits per event (2400 x 4 = 9600) and thus is a 9600-bps modem. Compare bit rate, transfer rate.

bay

n. A shelf or opening used for the installation of electronic equipment—for example, the space reserved for additional disk drives, CD-ROM drives, or other equipment in the cabinets of microcomputers. See also drive bay.

bayonet-Neill-Concelman n. See BNC.

BBL

n. Acronym for be back later. An expression used commonly on live chat services on the Internet and online information services to indicate that a participant is temporarily leaving the discussion forum but intends to return at a later time. See also chat1 (definition 1).

BBS

n. 1. Acronym for bulletin board system. A computer system equipped with one or more modems or other means of network access that serves as an information and message-passing center for remote users. Often BBSs are focused on special interests, such as science fiction, movies, Windows software, or Macintosh systems, and can have free or fee-based access, or a combination. Users dial into a BBS with their modems and post messages to other BBS users in special areas devoted to a particular topic, in a manner reminiscent of the posting of notes on a cork bulletin board. Many BBSs also allow users to chat online with other users, send e-mail, download and upload files that include freeware and shareware software, and access the Internet. Many software and hardware companies run proprietary BBSs for customers that include sales information, technical support, and software upgrades and patches. 2. Acronym for be back soon. A shorthand expression often seen in Internet discussion groups by a participant leaving the group who wishes to bid a temporary farewell to the rest of the group.

bcc

n. Acronym for blind courtesy copy. A feature of e-mail programs that allows a user to send a copy of an e-mail message to a recipient without notifying other recipients that this was done. Generally, the recipient’s address is entered into a field called “bcc:” in the mail header. Also called: blind carbon copy. See also e-mail1 (definition 1), header (definition 1). Compare cc.

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Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition

BCD

n. See binary-coded decimal.

bCentral

n. A Web site for small businesses that provides online subscription services for customer management, financial management, and e-commerce. BCentral is part of the Microsoft .NET initiative. See also MSN, .NET.

B channel

n. Short for bearer channel. One of the 64-Kbps communications channels that carry data on an ISDN circuit. A BRI (Basic Rate Interface) ISDN line has two B channels and one D (data) channel. A PRI (Primary Rate Interface) ISDN line has 23 B channels (in North America) or 30 B channels (in Europe) and one D channel. See also BRI, D channel, ISDN.

BCNF

n. Acronym for Boyce-Codd normal form. See normal form (definition 1).

beacon

n. On an FDDI network, a special frame generated and passed along when a node detects a problem. See also frame (definition 2).

beam

vb. To transfer information from one device to another through an infrared wireless connection. The term typically refers to data sharing using handheld devices such as Palm organizers, Pocket PCs, mobile phones, and pagers.

bearer channel n. See B channel.

BeBox

n. A high-performance multiprocessor computer (RISC-based PowerPC) made by Be, Inc., and loaded with Be’s operating system, BeOS. Be discontinued production of the BeBox in January 1997 in order to focus on software (BeOS) development. See also BeOS, PowerPC, RISC.

BEDO DRAM

n. Acronym for Burst Extended Data Out Dynamic RAM. A type of EDO (extended-data-out) dynamic RAM (DRAM) that handles memory transfers in bursts of four items in order to speed the process of returning data to a computer’s CPU. BEDO DRAM takes advantage of the fact that memory requests typically refer to sequential addresses. BEDO DRAM does not function well with bus speeds above 66 MHz. However, once it has accessed the first memory address, it can process the remaining three items in the burst at 10 ns (nanoseconds) each. Also called: BEDO RAM. See also dynamic RAM, EDO DRAM.

Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code n. See Basic.

beginning-of-file

n. 1. A code placed by a program before the first byte in a file, used by the computer’s operating system to keep track of locations within a file with respect to the first byte (character) in it. 2. The starting location of a file on a disk relative to the first storage location on the disk. A data directory or catalog contains this location. Acronym: BOF. Compare end-of-file.

Bell communications standards

n. A series of data transmission standards originated by AT&T during the late 1970s and early 1980s that, through wide acceptance in North America, became de facto standards for modems. Bell 103, now mostly obsolete, governed transmission at 300 bits per second (bps) with full-

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duplex, asynchronous communications over dial-up telephone lines using frequency-shift keying (FSK). Bell 212A governed modem operations at 1200 bps with full-duplex, asynchronous communications over dial-up telephone lines using phase-shift keying (PSK). An international set of transmission standards, known as the CCITT recommendations, has become generally accepted as the primary source of standardization, especially for communications at speeds greater than 1200 bps. See also CCITT V series, FSK, phase-shift keying.

Bell-compatible modem

n. A modem that operates according to the Bell communications standards. See also Bell communications standards.

Bellman-Ford distance-vector routing algorithm

n. An algorithm that helps to determine the shortest route between two nodes on a network. The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is based on the Bellman-Ford distance-vector routing algorithm. See also RIP (definition 2).

bells and whistles

n. Attractive features added to hardware or software beyond basic functionality, comparable to accessories such as electric door locks and air conditioning added to an automobile. Products, especially computer systems, without such adornments are sometimes called “plain vanilla.”

benchmark1

n. A test used to measure hardware or software performance. Benchmarks for hardware use programs that test the capabilities of the equipment—for example, the speed at which a CPU can execute instructions or handle floating-point numbers. Benchmarks for software determine the efficiency, accuracy, or speed of a program in performing a particular task, such as recalculating data in a spreadsheet. The same data is used with each program tested, so the resulting scores can be compared to see which programs perform well and in what areas. The design of fair benchmarks is something of an art, because various combinations of hardware and software can exhibit widely variable performance under different conditions. Often, after a benchmark has become a standard, developers try to optimize a product to run that benchmark faster than similar products run it in order to enhance sales. See also sieve of Eratosthenes.

benchmark2

vb. To measure the performance of hardware or software.

benign virus

n. A program that exhibits properties of a virus, such as self-replication, but does not otherwise do harm to the computer systems that it infects.

BeOS

n. An operating system developed by Be, Inc., that runs on PowerPC systems and, until they were discontinued, the company’s original BeBox computers. Designed as a “media OS,” the BeOS was created to support the large file sizes and high-performance processing demands of digital media and the Internet. It is an object-oriented, multithreaded operating system and can be run on symmetric multiprocessing systems containing two or more processors. Like many other operating systems, the BeOS provides preemptive multitasking, virtual memory, and memory protection. It also provides high-performance input/output capabilities, a 64-bit file system that can support terabyte-sized files, and a number of Internet-related features including built-in mail and Web services. See also BeBox.

Beowulf

n. Name for a class of virtual supercomputer created by linking numerous PCs through network connections into a single high-performance unit based on inexpensive, x86-based hardware and publicly available software, such as some versions of UNIX. This clustering technique can provide performance comparable to a traditional supercomputer at approximately 10 percent of the cost.

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The first Beowulf cluster was assembled at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in 1994. The origin of the name comes from Beowulf, the hero who fought and killed the monster Grendel in an eighth-century Old English saga.

Beowulf-class computing n. See Beowulf.

Berkeley Internet Name Domain n. See BIND.

Berkeley Sockets API n. See sockets API.

Bernoulli box

n. A removable floppy disk drive for personal computers that uses a nonvolatile cartridge and has high storage capacity. Named after Daniel Bernoulli, an eighteenth-century physicist who first demonstrated the principle of aerodynamic lift, the Bernoulli box uses high speed to bend the flexible disk close to the read/write head in the disk drive. See also read/write head.

Bernoulli distribution

n. See binomial distribution.

Bernoulli process

n. A mathematical process involving the Bernoulli trial, a repetition of an experiment in which there are only two possible outcomes, such as success and failure. This process is used mostly in statistical analysis. See also Bernoulli sampling process, binomial distribution.

Bernoulli sampling process

n. In statistics, a sequence of n independent and identical trials of a random experiment, with each trial having one of two possible outcomes. See also Bernoulli process, binomial distribution.

best of breed

adj. A term used to describe a product that is the best in a particular category of products.

beta1

adj. Of or relating to software or hardware that is a beta. See also beta2. Compare alpha1.

beta2

n. A new software or hardware product, or one that is being updated, that is ready to be released to users for beta testing in real-world situations. Usually betas have most or all of the features and functionality implemented that the finished product is to have. See also beta test. Compare alpha2.

beta site

n. An individual or an organization that tests software before it is released to the public. The company producing the software usually selects these beta sites from a pool of established customers or volunteers. Most beta sites perform this service free of charge, often to get a first look at the software and to receive free copies of the software once it is released to the public.

beta test

n. A test of software that is still under development, accomplished by having people actually use the software. In a beta test, a software product is sent to selected potential customers and influential end users (known as beta sites), who test its functionality and report any operational or utilization errors (bugs) found. The beta test is usually one of the last steps a software developer takes before releasing the product to market; however, if the beta sites indicate that the software

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has operational difficulties or an extraordinary number of bugs, the developer may conduct more beta tests before the software is released to customers.

betweening n. See tween.

bezel

n. In arcade games, the bezel refers to the glass located around the monitor. It is often silkscreened with artwork relating to the game. See also arcade game.

Bézier curve

n. A curve that is calculated mathematically to connect separate points into smooth, free-form curves and surfaces of the type needed for illustration programs and CAD models. Bézier curves need only a few points to define a large number of shapes—hence their usefulness over other mathematical methods for approximating a given shape. See the illustration. See also CAD.

Bézier curve.

BFT

n. See batch file transmission, binary file transfer.

BGP

n. See Border Gateway Protocol.

bias

n. 1. A uniform or systematic deviation from a point of reference. 2. In mathematics, an indication of the amount by which the average of a group of values deviates from a reference value. 3. In electronics, a voltage applied to a transistor or other electronic device to establish a reference level for its operation. 4. In communications, a type of distortion in the length of transmitted bits, caused by a lag that occurs as voltage builds up or falls off each time the signal changes from 0 to 1 or vice versa.

bidirectional

adj. Operating in two directions. A bidirectional printer can print from left to right and from right to left; a bidirectional bus can transfer signals in both directions between two devices.

bidirectional parallel port

n. An interface that supports two-way parallel communication between a device, such as a printer, and a computer. See also interface (definition 3), parallel port.

bidirectional printing

n. The ability of an impact or ink-jet printer to print from left to right and from right to left. Bidirectional printing improves speed substantially because no time is wasted returning the print head to the beginning of the next line, but it may lower print quality.

bi-endian

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adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of processors and other chips that can be switched to work in big endian or little endian mode. The PowerPC chip has this ability, which allows it to run the little endian Windows NT or the big endian MacOS/PPC. See also big endian, little endian, PowerPC.

BIFF

n. Short for Binary Interchange File Format. The native file format used by Microsoft Excel.

biff

n. 1. A BSD utility that issues a signal when new mail has arrived. Biff was named after a University of California graduate student’s dog who had a habit of barking at the mailman at the time the utility was developed. 2. See B1FF.

biff

vb. To provide notification of new (incoming) e-mail.

bifurcation

n. A split that results in two possible outcomes, such as 1 and 0 or on and off.

Big 5

n. Traditional Chinese encoding.

Big Blue

n. The International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation. This nickname comes from the corporate color used on IBM’s early mainframes and still used in the company logo.

big endian

adj. Storing numbers in such a way that the most significant byte is placed first. For example, given the hexadecimal number A02B, the big endian method would cause the number to be stored as A02B, and the little endian method would cause the number to be stored as 2BA0. The big endian method is used by Motorola microprocessors; Intel microprocessors use the little endian method. The term big endian is derived from Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, in which the Big-Endians were a group of people who opposed the emperor’s decree that eggs should be broken at the small end before they were eaten. Compare little endian.

bigint data type

n. In an Access project, a data type of 8 bytes (64 bits) that stores whole numbers in the range of –2^63 (–9,223,372,036,854,775,808) through 2^63–1 (9,223,372,036,854,775,807).

big iron

n. One or more large, fast, and expensive computers, such as a Cray supercomputer or a roomfilling mainframe system.

big red switch

n. The power on/off switch of a computer, thought of as a kind of interrupt or last resort. On the original IBM PC and many other computers, it was indeed big and red. Using the switch is an interrupt of last resort because it deletes all the data in RAM and can also damage the hard drive. Acronym: BRS.

billboard

n. A primitive inserted into a 3-D scene that is oriented so that one face is toward the viewer. A texture, usually an animated sprite, is applied to the billboard to give the appearance of a 3-D object in the scene.

billion

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n. 1. In American usage (as is usual with microcomputers), a thousand million, or 109. Computer terminology uses the prefixes gigafor 1 billion and nanofor 1 billionth. 2. In British usage, a million million, or 1012, which is a trillion in American usage.

billisecond

n. See nanosecond.

bimodal virus

n. See multipartite virus.

.bin

n. A file name extension for a file encoded with MacBinary. See also MacBinary.

binary1

adj. Having two components, alternatives, or outcomes. The binary number system has 2 as its base, so values are expressed as combinations of two digits, 0 and 1. These two digits can represent the logical values true and false as well as numerals, and they can be represented in an electronic device by the two states on and off, recognized as two voltage levels. Therefore, the binary number system is at the heart of digital computing. Although ideal for computers, binary numbers are usually difficult for people to interpret because they are repetitive strings of 1s and 0s. To ease translation, programmers and others who habitually work with the computer’s internal processing abilities use hexadecimal (base-16) or octal (base-8) numbers. See Appendix E. See also base (definition 2), binary-coded decimal, binary number, bit, Boolean algebra, byte, cyclic binary code, digital computer, dyadic, logic circuit. Compare ASCII, decimal, hexadecimal, octal.

binary2

n. In an FTP client program, the command that instructs the FTP server to send or receive files as binary data. See also FTP client, FTP server. Compare ascii.

binary chop

n. See binary search.

binary-coded decimal

n. A system for encoding decimal numbers in binary form to avoid rounding and conversion errors. In binary-coded decimal coding, each digit of a decimal number is coded separately as a binary numeral. Each of the decimal digits 0 through 9 is coded in 4 bits, and for ease of reading, each group of 4 bits is separated by a space. This format is also called 8-4-2-1, after the weights of the four bit positions, and uses the following codes: 0000 = 0; 0001 = 1; 0010 = 2; 0011 = 3; 0100 = 4; 0101 = 5; 0110 = 6; 0111 = 7; 1000 = 8; 1001 = 9. Thus, the decimal number 12 is 0001 0010 in binary-coded decimal notation. Acronym: BCD. See also base (definition 2), binary1, binary number, decimal, EBCDIC, packed decimal, round.

binary compatibility

n. Portability of executable programs (binary files) from one platform, or flavor of operating system, to another. See also flavor, portable (definition 1).

binary conversion

n. The conversion of a number to or from the binary number system. See Appendix E. See also binary1.

binary device

n. Any device that processes information as a series of on/off or high/low electrical states. See also binary1.

binary digit

n. Either of the two digits in the binary number system, 0 and 1. See also bit.

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