Chemiluminescence in Analytical Chemistry

616

Oxidative:

damage, 499, 501 modification, 516, 525 stress, 498, 511, 516–518

Oxidizability, 498, 518, 521 Oxonium cation, 305 Oxosteroids, 413 Oxprenolol, 459

Oxygen, 58, 112 atoms, 360, 363, 387

with hydrocarbons, 359 with NO, 360–361 with SO, 361–362

CL sensor for, 31, 569, 571–572 consumption, 499, 501, 502

in oxidative process, 498, 500, 501, 502, 505

pressure, 499 reduction, 503 species, 501, 519 therapy, 525

Oxyluminescence, 16 Ozone, 23, 24, 58, 386–387

CL sensor for, 569, 571–572 detector, 385

with hydrocarbons, 116, 357–359 with metals, 359–360

with NO, 350, 352–355, 361, 381– 382, 384–385, 570

with SO, 355–357, 361–362, 378– 381

PAHs (see Polyaromatic hydrocarbons)

Papaver somniferum alkaloids, 224 Paraffins (see Hydrocarbons)

PCL (see Photosensitized chemiluminescence)

PCR, 260, 273, 556 Penicillin, 118

Pentadecyltriethylammonium bromide, 296, 303

Bis(pentafluorophenyl)oxalate (see PFPO)

Pepleomycin, 119

Peristaltic pump, 198, 333, 570

Index

Peroxidases, 58, 115, 403, 552 (see also Horseradish peroxidase)

Peroxides, 119, 396, 408 (see also Hydrogen peroxide)

Peroxodisulfate, ECL determination of, 218

Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence, 18, 28, 58, 59, 107, 110–112, 141– 173, 179, 188

in capillary electrophoresis, 435–444 in CAR technique, 193–197, 205 catalyst mechanism, 150–154

in HPLC, 30, 395, 396, 409–417 optimization of detection, 146 photoinduced, 159

reaction mechanism, 21, 146–154 reactive intermediates of, 147–150

Peroxyoxalates (see TCPO, DNPO,

DFPO, PFPO, TDPO) Perylenes, 112

Pesticides, 376–377, 578 ECL determination of, 217

PFPO, 409

Pharmaceuticals, 222, 224, 306, 526 (see also Drugs)

1,10-Phenanthroline, 129, 303, 304 Phenols:

determination of, 145, 163, 165 as enhancers, 538

Phenothiazines, 538 Phenylalanine, 228, 307 (see also

Amino acids) Phenylboronic acid:

derivatives, 403, 404 as enhancer, 538

4-Phenylylboronic acid, 403, 404 Phenylglyoxal, 420, 563 2-(Phenylsulfonyl)-3- phenyloxaziridine

(see Davis’ oxaziridine) Phloxin B, 439

Pholas dactylus, 270 Pholasin, 270 Phosphate, 127, 134

CL sensor for, 577–578, 581 Phospholipase, 159, 241 Phosphorescence, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 71, 295

Index

Phosphoroscope, 10

Phosphorus(V), 134 Phosphorous compounds:

with active nitrogen, 363, 365 detection by FPD, 23, 377

with fluorine and F-atoms, 367, 371– 372, 378–379

with ozone, 359

Photinus pyralis, 251, 256, 260 Photobacterium fischeri, 261, 263 Photochem device, 497, 502, 506, 510 Photochemical processes, 285, 502, 503,

510 Photofluorescence, 68 Photographic films, 56 Photoluminescence, 12

Photomultiplier tube, 54, 85, 100–101, 339, 570, 572, 576, 577

Photon counting, 85–86, 100–101, 573 Photosensitized chemiluminescence,

497–526 applications, 510–525 inhibition of, 507 measurement of, 506–510 quantum yield, 503

Photosensitizer, 503–506, 511, 525 Phthalate dianion, 300 o-Phthaldialdehyde, 162, 445 Phthalocyanine, 572

Phytotherapy, 498, 525 Pixel, 89–91

Plasma spectroscopy, 295 Platelets, 257

PMT (see Photomultiplier tube) PO-CL (see Peroxyoxalate chemilumi-

nescence) Pollutants, 260, 262, 518 Polyamine oxidase, 158

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (see Hydrocarbons)

Polydeoxyguanilic acid-labeled probe, 563

Polydeoxyguanylic acid (d(G)n), 555 Polydimethylaminoethylenes, 105 Polymerase chain reaction (see PCR) Polymeric sorbents, 570

617

Polymers, 58, 233

Polyoxyethylene:

(23) dodecanol, 298, 302, 305, 306 surfactants, 290, 305

Potassium: iodide, 128

permanganate, as oxidant, 26, 31, 58, 109, 117, 131

in CE-CL detection, 462

in FIA-CL detection, 336, 342, 344 Prednisolone, 117

Pregnancy, 525

Pressure, 351–354, 361, 370, 378–379, 386

Pretreatment, online in FIA-CL detection, 334

Principal component analysis, 205 Probes, 232, 575, 587

Proline, 576

ECL determination of, 225 Propanol, 573 Propentofylline, 413 n-Propylamine, 452

Propulsion System, in FIA-CL, 325, 343

Prostaglandin E2, 413

Proteins, 436, 447, 577 antiradical capacity of, 515, 517

antiradical properties of, 515–519 apolipoprotein B, 519, 522, 523 damage, 499, 519

oxidation of, 518, 525 Pseudoreference electrodes, in ECL, 231 Pump (see also Peristaltic pump):

in HPLC, 188, 196, 401 Putrescine, 158

Pyranose oxidase, 574, 575 Pyridine 1, 417

Pyrimido[5,4-d ]pyrimidines, 416 Pyrimidopyrimidine derivatives, 415 Pyrogallol, 12, 107, 300

in titrations, 25

Pyrophorus plagiophtalatus, 270 Pyruvate:

ECL determination of, 219, 222 oxidase, 581

618

Quantum:

efficiency (see Quantum yield) yield, 92, 96

chemical, 77

of chemiluminescence, 77 of excitation, 77

of fluorescence, 71, 73, 80 Quartz tube, 573

Quenching, 112 diffusional, 74, 75, 80 of fluorescence, 296

dynamic, 74, 75, 80 static, 74, 80

Quercetin, 520 Quinine, 117, 403, 421

sulfate, 14 Quinones, 159

Radiative lifetime, 355, 356, 361–363, 378

Rancimat, 501

Rare earth ions, CE-CL detection of, 438, 455

Rate constant, 178–190, 352–355, 357, 361–362, 366–368, 379

γ-Rays (see Food irradiation) Reaction:

cell, 53, 570, 571, 572 coil, 399

Reactor:

bed string, 328 redox, 334

Readout:

noise, 94, 98–99 speed, 89–91

Reagentless flow sensor, 583

Reagents introduction, 50 (see also Static systems, Continuous-flow systems)

Redox chemiluminescence detector, 382–383, 385

Renilla reniformis, 275 Reporter genes:

bacterial lux as, 263, 266

firefly luciferase as, 260–261, 269 green fluorescent protein as, 273 Renilla luciferase as, 275

Index

Response time, 352, 375, 385–386 Restricted enzyme, 556

Restriction fragment length polymorphism, 556

Resveratrol, 520 Reversed-phase HPLC, 135 Rhodamine, 112, 129

B, 305, 308, 385, 403, 421, 443 B isothiocyanate, 441

6G, 415, 583 Rhodium (III), 129, 131 Riboflavine, 503–505 Riesling, 522, 523 Ripening retardation, 518

RNA (HIV-1 viral), ECL determination of, 222

Rose Bengal, 439 Rotary valve, 334, 336

Rotating ring-disk electrode, 229–230 Ru(bpy)32 (see Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)

ruthenium(II)) Rubber, determination of, 59 Rubrene, 115, 216 Ruthenium(III), 129, 131

Salicylic acid, ECL determination of, 223, 229

Sample:

charge (see depth well capacity) introduction, 50 (see also Static sys-

tems, Continuous-flow systems) zone, 327, 332

Scanning imaging system, 91–92 Schiff bases, 21, 115

Selenium compounds: detection by FPD, 377

with fluorine and F-atoms, 366, 371– 372, 378–379

with ozone, 359

Sensitized chemiluminescence, 16 (see also Indirect chemiluminescence)

Sensitizer, 403

Sensors, 31, 59, 567–588 chemical, 568

in gas-phase, 569–573 in vapor, 570, 573

Index

Sequential injection analysis, 202, 343 Serotonin, 437, 463

SIA (see Sequential injection analysis) Signal:

cleaner, 399, 401 conditioning, 57 manipulation, 57 readout, 57

Signal-to-noise ratio, 399 Silica, 572, 579 Silicon(IV), 129, 134 Siloxenes, 13

in titrations, 25 Silver(I), 26, 129, 132

ECL determination of, 228, 229 Single base mismatch, 561 Single-molecule detection, 387 Skatole, 108

Slowscan cameras, 95 Sodium:

atoms, 372–373

dodecylbenzene sulfonate, 304, 305 dodecyl sulfate, 298, 299, 302, 305,

306, salicylate, 151, 153

Sol-gel, 574 Solid:

electrode, 127 surface, 132, 133

Solid-phase:

CE-CL detection in, 468 reagent, 570

Solvent interactions, 74 Sorbitol, 581

Southern blotting, 30, 56 Spatial resolution, 91 Spectrofluorimeter, 10 Spermidine, 158 Spermine, 158 Spin-orbital coupling, 73

3-(2′-Spiroadamantane)-4-methoxy-4- (3″-phosphoryloxy)phenyl-1,2- dioxetane, 552, 556

Static systems, 50 Stearyltrimethylammonium chloride,

297, 302, 303

619

Stern layer, 290, 304 Steroids, 58, 163 Stokes law, 6

Stopped-flow, 52, 176, 182–188, 192, 200, 202, 204, 205

Stray light, 10

Stripping CL method, 127 Sugars, 58

Sulfate, 134 Sulfide, 130, 131 Sulfite, 305, 585

ECL determination of, 223, 228 Sulfosalicylic acid, 129

Sulfur:

chemiluminescence detector, 355, 375, 378–381

compounds, 23, 58 dioxide, 130, 134 monoxide, 386

with O-atoms, 361–362, 387 with ozone, 354–357, 378–380

Sulfur-containing sensors, 572, 583 Supercritical fluid chromatography, 378,

382

Superoxide dismutase, 504, 505, 507 Superoxide radicals, 128

Surface: energy, 286

tension, 286, 287, 293 Surfactant, 286, 287, 291–294, 296,

297, 306 anionic, 287, 300, 304

cationic, 287, 299, 302, 305 chain of, 292

concentration of, 290, 292 head of, 292

ionic, 290 molecule of, 290

nonionic, 287, 293, 300, 305 zwitterionic, 287, 306

Surgery, 525 Synergism, 204–206

Tap water, 303

TCPO, 19, 107, 111, 142–158, 165, 167, 179

620

[TCPO]

in CAR-CLS, 194, 205 in CE-CL, 436–443

in ECL, 228

in HPLC-CL, 409–413 in inorganic analysis, 127 reactor, 144, 158, 165

TDPO, 409–413, 415 Tea, 525

antiradical properties of, 497, 525 Teflon membrane, 571

Tellurium compounds:

with fluorine and F-atoms, 366, 371– 372, 378–379

with ozone, 360

Terbium(III), ECL determination of, 223, 241

Tetracene, 112 Tetracyclines, 58, 117

Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 296, 302

Tetrahydroaldosterones, 406

N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylphenyl- enediamine, 216

Tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate, 441

2,4,6,8-Tetrathiomorpholino- pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine, 416

Thallium (I):

ECL determination of, 223, 229 in titrations, 26

Theophylline, 118 Thermal:

deactivation, 79

energy analysis, 375, 381–382 relaxation, 20, 29, 68

Thermoluminescence, 13

1- and 2-Thianthrene-carboxylic acid,

217

Thiazides:

ECL determination of, 222, 233–234 structures of, 224

Thin-layer chromatography, 295 Thiols, 403, 413, 421

Thyrotropin, ECL determination of, 222 Thyroxin, 28

Index

Time:

interval in FIA, 324, 332 observation in FIA, 326 residence in FIA, 324 wash in FIA, 324

Time-resolved CL, 131, 132, 200, 202–204

Time-window concept, 147 Tin(II),(IV), 130

Tissue damage, 526 Titanium(III), 128, 129 α-Tocopherol, 509–512, 518–520

2-p-Toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate,

307

Total light emission, 85 Toxicity test, 262, 274 Transfusion, 525

Transportation system, in FIA-CL, 325 Tresylate-poly(vinylalcohol) beads, 574,

577 Triboluminescence, 13 Trichloroethylene, 584

Bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (see TCPO)

Tricyclic antidepressants: structures of, 224

ECL determination of, 222 Trienzyme sensor, 577

Triethyl phosphine (see Phosphorous compounds)

Triethylamine, 151, 153, 572 2,6,7-Trihydroxy-9-(4′chlorophenyl)-3-

fluorene, 300 Trimethoxyphenylglyoxal, 554, 563 Trimethyl phosphine (see Phosphorous

compounds) Trimiprimine maleate, 119

Bis[2-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxycarbonyl)-4- phenyl]oxalate (see TDPO)

2,4,5- Triphenylimidazole (see Lophine) Triplet-triplet annihilation reaction, 216 Triprolidine hydrochloride, 119 Tripropyl amine, 222, 576 Tris(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II), 58,

179, 203, 204, 217–227, 417, 458, 572

Index

[Tris(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II)] in CE-CL, 458–462

in CL sensors, 575, 576, 583 ECL determination of, 218, 222,

225–226

electron transfer ECL reactions of, 218–220

in HPLC-CL, 417–420

methods of generation of the active form, 226–227

pH dependence of ECL, 220–221 structure of, 217

Trolox, 506–508, 511

Tryptophan, ECL determination of, 222, 223, 225, 228

Tube: coiled, 328

straight, 328 transportation, 326

Tumor, 513

Tungsten (III), (VI), 128, 130 Tween 20, 538

Ultraviolet (see UV)

Ultraweak chemiluminescence, 118–119 Uranine, 580

Uranium(III),(VI), 128, 130 Urate, 513

Urea, 146, 166

Uric acid, 158, 297, 499, 506, 511, 513, 525, 581, 584

Uricase, 158 oxidase, 581

Urine, 126

621

UV, 498, 506, 516, 518 -induced oxidation, 518

Vanadium(II), (V), 26, 58, 128, 130, 131

Vegetables, 518 Viability test, 257

Vibrational relaxational, 70

Vibrio:

fischeri (see Photobacterium fischeri) harvey, 261, 263

Vitamin: antioxidative, 525 B12, 582, 585

C (see also Ascorbic acid), 499, 511, 513, 515, 520, 525, 585

E, 499, 510–512

Warfarin, 119

Waterlock superabsorbing polymer, 570 Wine, 520–526

aging, 520

antiradical properties of, 497, 520– 524

Xanthine, 578, 581 oxidase, 576, 581

Xenon oxide, 128

Yamada, 303

Yttrium (III), ECL determination of, 228

Zinc(II), 127