SECTION 7

SPECTROSCOPY

7.1	X-RAY METHODS	7.2
Table 7.1 Wavelengths of X-Ray Emission Spectra in Angstroms		7.3
Table 7.2 Wavelengths of Absorption Edges in Angstroms		7.5
Table 7.3 Critical X-Ray Absorption Energies in keV		7.8
Table 7.4 X-Ray Emission Energies in keV		7.10
Table 7.5 Filters for Common Target Elements		7.14
Table 7.6 Interplanar Spacings for K 1 Radiation, d versus 2		7.14
Table 7.7 Analyzing Crystals for X-Ray Spectroscopy		7.15
Table 7.8 Mass Absorption Coefficients for K 1 Lines and W L 1 Line		7.16
7.2	ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY	7.18
Table 7.9 Electronic Absorption Bands for Representative Chromophores		7.19
Table 7.10 Ultraviolet Cutoffs of Spectrograde Solvents		7.20
Table 7.11 Absorption Wavelength of Dienes		7.21
Table 7.12 Absorption Wavelength of Enones and Dienones		7.22
Table 7.13 Solvent Correction for Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy		7.23
Table 7.14 Primary Bands of Substituted Benzene and Heteroaromatics		7.23
Table 7.15 Wavelength Calculation of the Principal Band of Substituted
	Benzene Derivatives	7.24
7.3	FLUORESCENCE	7.25
Table 7.16 Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Some Organic Compounds		7.25
Table 7.17 Fluorescence Quantum Yield Values		7.28
7.4	FLAME ATOMIC EMISSION, FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION,
	ELECTROTHERMAL (FURNACE) ATOMIC ABSORPTION, ARGON
	INDUCTION COUPLED PLASMA, AND PLASMA ATOMIC
	FLUORESCENCE	7.28
Table 7.18 Detection Limits in ng/mL		7.29
Table 7.19 Sensitive Lines of the Elements		7.34
7.4.1 Some Common Spectroscopic Relationships		7.38
7.5	INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY	7.41
Table 7.20 Absorption Frequencies of Single Bonds to Hydrogen		7.41
Table 7.21 Absorption Frequencies of Triple Bonds		7.47
Table 7.22 Absorption Frequencies of Cumulated Double Bonds		7.49
Table 7.23 Absorption Frequencies of Carbonyl Bands		7.50
7.5.1	Intensities of Carbonyl Bands	7.53
7.5.2	Position of Carbonyl Absorption	7.53
Table 7.24 Absorption Frequencies of Other Double Bonds		7.54
Table 7.25 Absorption Frequencies of Aromatic Bands		7.57
Table 7.26 Absorption Frequencies of Miscellaneous Bands		7.58
Table 7.27 Absorption Frequencies in the Near Infrared		7.64
Table 7.28 Infrared Transmitting Materials		7.67
Table 7.29 Infrared Transmission Characteristics of Selected Solvents		7.68
7.6	RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY	7.71
Table 7.30 Raman Frequencies of Single Bonds to Hydrogen and Carbon		7.71
Table 7.31 Raman Frequencies of Triple Bonds		7.76
Table 7.32 Raman Frequencies of Cumulated Double Bonds		7.77
Table 7.33 Raman Frequencies of Carbonyl Bands		7.78
Table 7.34 Raman Frequencies of Other Double Bonds		7.79
Table 7.35 Raman Frequencies of Aromatic Compounds		7.82
Table 7.36 Raman Frequencies of Sulfur Compounds		7.84
Table 7.37 Raman Frequencies of Ethers		7.85

7.1