Multidimensional Chromatography
.pdfMultidimensional Chromatography
Edited by Luigi Mondello, Alastair C. Lewis and Keith D. Bartle
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBNs: 0-471-98869-3 (Hardback); 0-470-84577-5 (Electronic)
Multidimensional Chromatography
Multidimensional
Chromatography
LUIGI MONDELLO
Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Università degli Studi di Messina, Italy
ALASTAIR C. LEWIS
School of Chemistry and School of the Environment, University of Leeds, UK
KEITH D. BARTLE
School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, UK
JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mondello Luigi.
Multidimensional chromatography / Luigi Mondello, Alastair C. Lewis, Keith D. Bartle. p. cm
Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-98869-3
1. Chromatographic analysis. I. Lewis, Alastair C. II. Bartle, Keith D. III. Title.
QD79.C4 M65 2001 543 .089—dc21
2001046684
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 471 98869 3
Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn.
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry, in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
CONTENTS
List of Contributors |
xi |
||
Preface |
|
xiii |
|
PART 1: GENERAL |
1 |
||
1 |
Introduction |
3 |
|
|
K.D. Bartle |
|
|
|
1.1 |
Preamble |
3 |
|
1.2 |
Packed Capillary Column and Unified Chromatography |
4 |
|
1.3 |
Resolving Power of Chromatographic Systems |
6 |
|
1.4 |
Two-Dimensional Separations |
9 |
|
1.5 |
The Origins of Multidimensional Chromatography |
12 |
|
Acknowledgements |
13 |
|
|
References |
13 |
|
2 Coupled High Performance Liquid Chromatography with High |
|
||
|
Resolution Gas Chromatography |
17 |
|
|
L. Mondello |
|
|
|
2.1 |
Introduction |
17 |
|
2.2 |
Transfer Techniques |
18 |
|
2.3 |
Vaporization with Hot Injectors |
25 |
|
2.4 |
Transfer of Water-Containing Solvent Mixtures |
28 |
|
2.5 |
Indirect Introduction of Water |
31 |
|
2.6 |
Conclusions |
38 |
|
References |
42 |
|
3 Multidimensional High Resolution Gas Chromatography |
47 |
||
|
A. C. Lewis |
|
|
|
3.1 |
Introduction |
47 |
|
3.2 |
Practical Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography |
48 |
|
3.3 |
Practical Examples of Two-Dimensional Chromatography |
57 |
|
3.4 |
Conclusions |
72 |
|
References |
72 |
|
4 |
Orthogonal GC – GC |
77 |
|
|
P. J. Marriott |
|
|
|
4.1 |
Introduction to Multidimensional Gas Chromatography |
77 |
|
4.2 |
Introduction to GC GC Separation |
80 |
vi |
Contents |
4.3 |
Introduction to Modulation Technology |
82 |
4.4 |
Orthogonality of Analysis |
94 |
4.5 |
Quantitative Aspects |
101 |
4.6 |
Future Opportunities and Challenges of GC GC Technology |
104 |
Acknowledgements |
106 |
|
References |
106 |
|
5 Coupled-Column Liquid Chromatography |
109 |
|
Claudio Corradini |
|
|
5.1 |
Introduction |
109 |
5.2 |
Theoretical Aspects |
111 |
5.3 |
LC – LC Techniques |
116 |
5.4 |
Conclusions |
129 |
References |
130 |
|
6 Supercritical Fluid Techniques Coupled with Chromatographic |
|
|
Techniques |
135 |
|
F. M. Lanças |
|
|
6.1 |
Introduction |
135 |
6.2 |
On-Line Coupling of SFE with Chromatographic Techniques |
138 |
6.3 |
SFE – GC |
138 |
6.4 |
SPE – SFE – GC |
139 |
6.5 |
SFE – SFC |
141 |
6.6 |
SFE – LC |
141 |
6.7 |
On-Line Coupling of Supercritical Fluid Extraction with |
|
|
Capillary Electrodriven Separation Techniques (SFE – CESTs) |
143 |
6.8 |
From Multidimensional to Unified Chromatography |
|
|
Passing through Supercritical Fluids |
147 |
References |
147 |
|
7 Unified Chromatography: Concepts and Considerations for |
|
|
Multidimensional Chromatography |
151 |
|
T.L. Chester |
|
|
7.1 |
Introduction |
151 |
7.2 |
The Phase Diagram View of Chromatography |
153 |
7.3 |
Instrumentation |
159 |
7.4 |
Advantages of and Challenges for Unified Chromatography |
|
|
Techniques in Multidimensional Systems |
162 |
7.5Column Efficiency and Plate Heights in
|
Unified Chromatography |
164 |
References |
167 |
|
8 Multidimensional Planar Chromatography |
171 |
|
Sz. Nyiredy |
|
|
8.1 |
Introduction |
171 |
8.2 |
Two-Dimensional or Multidimensional |
|
|
Planar Chromatography? |
172 |
Contents |
|
vii |
8.3 |
Two-Dimensional Development on Single Layers |
173 |
8.4 |
Methods for the Selection of Appropriate Mobile Phases |
175 |
8.5 |
Two-Dimensional Development on Bilayers |
176 |
8.6 |
Multiple Development in One, Two or Three Dimensions |
177 |
8.7 |
Multiple Development in One Direction |
178 |
8.8 |
Multiple Development in Two Dimensions |
182 |
8.9 |
Multiple Development in Three Dimensions |
184 |
8.10 |
Coupled Layers with Stationary Phases of Decreasing Polarity |
186 |
8.11 |
Grafted Planar Chromatography |
186 |
8.12 |
Serially Connected Multilayer Forced-Flow Planar |
|
|
Chromatography |
188 |
8.13 |
Combination of Multidimensional Planar |
|
|
Chromatographic Methods |
191 |
8.14 |
Coupling of Planar Chromatography with other |
|
|
Chromatographic Techniques |
193 |
8.15 |
Further Considerations |
193 |
References |
194 |
|
9 Multidimensional Electrodriven Separations |
197 |
|
Martha M. Degen and Vincent T. Remcho |
|
|
9.1 |
Introduction |
197 |
9.2 |
Electrophoretic Separations |
197 |
9.3 |
Comprehensive Separations |
199 |
9.4 |
Planar Two-Dimensional Separations |
200 |
9.5Chromatography and Electrophoresis Combined in
Non-Comprehensive Manners
9.6Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Separations with
an Electrodriven Component
9.7Microcolumn Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid
Chromatography – Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
9.8Microcolumn Size Exclusion
Chromatography – Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
9.9Packed Capillary Reverse Phase High Performance
Liquid Chromatography – Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
9.10Packed Capillary Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid
Chromatography – Fast Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
9.11Three-Dimensional Size Exclusion Chromatography – Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography –
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
9.12Transparent Flow Grating Interface with Packed Capillary
High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Capillary
Zone Electrophoresis
9.13Online Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Capillary Zone Electrophoresis – Mass
Spectrometry
viii |
|
Contents |
9.14 |
The Future of Multidimensional Electrokinetic Separations |
212 |
9.15 |
Conclusions |
213 |
References |
213 |
|
PART 2: APPLICATIONS |
215 |
|
10 Multidimensional Chromatography: Foods, Flavours and |
|
|
Fragrances Applications |
217 |
|
G. Dugo, P. Dugo and L. Mondello |
|
|
10.1 |
Introduction |
217 |
10.2 |
Multidimensional Gas Chromatography (GC–GC or MDGC) 218 |
|
10.3 |
Multidimensional High Performance Liquid |
|
|
Chromatography |
231 |
10.4Multidimensional Chromatography using On-Line Coupled High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary
|
(High Resolution) Gas Chromatography (HPLC–HRGC) |
235 |
10.5 |
Multidimensional Chromatographic Methods which |
|
|
Involve the Use of Supercritical Fluids |
241 |
10.6 |
Multidimensional Planar Chromatography |
242 |
References |
245 |
|
11 Multidimensional Chromatography: Biomedical and |
|
|
Pharmaceutical Applications |
251 |
|
G. W. Somsen and G. J. de Jong |
|
|
11.1 |
Introduction |
251 |
11.2 |
Liquid Chromatography – Liquid Chromatography |
252 |
11.3 |
Solid-Phase Extraction – Liquid Chromatography |
265 |
11.4 |
Liquid Chromatography – Gas Chromatography |
273 |
11.5 |
Solid-Phase Extraction – Gas Chromatography |
278 |
11.6 |
Solid-Phase Microextractions Coupled with Gas |
|
|
or Liquid Chromatography |
280 |
11.7 |
Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled with Supercritical |
|
|
Fluid Chromatography |
284 |
11.8 |
Coupled Systems Involving Capillary Electrophoresis |
285 |
11.9 |
Conclusions |
290 |
References |
291 |
|
12 Industrial and Polymer Applications |
303 |
|
Y. V. Kazakevich and R. LoBrutto |
|
|
12.1 |
Introduction |
303 |
12.2 |
General |
304 |
12.3 |
LC–GC |
304 |
Contents |
|
ix |
12.4 |
LC–GC Applications |
305 |
12.5 |
SEC–GC Applications |
306 |
12.6 |
SEC–Reversed Phase LC Applications |
315 |
12.7 |
GC–GC Applications |
317 |
12.8 |
SFC–GC and Normal Phase-LC – SFC Applications |
324 |
12.9 |
Normal Phase-LC – SFC Applications |
324 |
12.10 |
SFC – GC Applications |
325 |
12.11 |
SFC – SFC Applications |
328 |
12.12 |
Conclusions |
330 |
|
References |
331 |
13 Multidimensional Chromatography in Environmental Analysis |
335 |
|
R. M. Marcé |
|
|
13.1 |
Introduction |
335 |
13.2 |
Multidimensional Gas Chromatography |
336 |
13.3 |
Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography |
341 |
13.4 |
Liquid Chromatography – Gas Chromatography |
358 |
13.5 |
Conclusions and Trends |
370 |
|
Acknowledgements |
370 |
|
References |
370 |
14 Multidimensional Chromatographic Applications in |
|
|
the Oil Industry |
379 |
|
J. Beens |
|
|
14.1 |
Introduction |
379 |
14.2 |
Gases |
381 |
14.3 |
Gasolines and Naphthas |
387 |
14.4 |
Middle Distillates |
392 |
14.5 |
Residue-Containing Products |
401 |
|
Acknowledgements |
403 |
|
References |
403 |
15 Multidimensional Chromatography: Forensic and |
|
|
Toxicological Applications |
407 |
|
15.1 |
Introduction |
407 |
15.2 |
Liquid Chromatography–Gas Chromatography |
408 |
15.3 |
Liquid Chromatography –Liquid Chromatography |
410 |
15.4 |
Gas Chromatography–Gas Chromatography |
414 |
15.5 |
On-Line Sample Preparation |
427 |
15.6 |
Conclusions |
429 |
|
Acknowledgements |
429 |
|
References |
429 |
Index |
|
433 |
Multidimensional Chromatography
Edited by Luigi Mondello, Alastair C. Lewis and Keith D. Bartle
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBNs: 0-471-98869-3 (Hardback); 0-470-84577-5 (Electronic)
CONTRIBUTORS
Bartle, Keith D.
School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Beens, Jan
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Sciences, Free University de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Chester, Thomas L.
The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, PO Box 538707, Cincinnati, OH, 45253-8707, USA
Corradini, Claudio
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Instituto di Cromatografia, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Via Salaria Km. 29 300, 00016-Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
Degen, Martha M.
Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Gilbert Hall 153, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
de Jong, G. J.
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
Dugo, Giovanni
Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Framacia, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168-Messina, Italy
Dugo, Paola
Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Facoltà di Scienze, Università degli Studi di Messina, Salita Sperone, 98165-Messina, Italy
Kazakevich, Yuri V.
Department of Chemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
Contributors |
xii |
Lanças, Fernando M.
Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Carlos, Av. Dr Carlos Botelho 1465, 13560-970 São Carlos (SP), Brasil
Lewis, Alastair C.
School of Chemistry and School of the Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
LoBrutto, Rosario
Department of Chemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
Marcé, R. M.
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005-Tarragona, Spain
Marriott, Philip J.
Chromatography and Molecular Separation Group, Department of Applied Chemistry, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, GPO Box 2467V, Melbourne 3001, Victoria, Australia
Mondello, Luigi
Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168-Messina, Italy
Nyiredy, Sz.
Research Institute for Medical Plants, H-2011 Budakalàsz, PO Box 11, Hungary
Remcho, Vincent T.
Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Gilbert Hall 153, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
Snow, Nicholas H.
Department of Chemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
Somsen, G. W.
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands