Peyton Ondeo-Nalco Fuel Field Manual
.pdfContents
Introduction ................................................................... |
vii |
1. A Problem Solving Technique ............................... |
1 |
Observations from Distribution Terminal Tank Records ........ |
3 |
Cause of the Problem ........................................................... |
4 |
2. Refining Processes Used in Fuel Production ...... |
5 |
A. Distillation ........................................................................ |
5 |
B. Thermal Cracking ............................................................. |
9 |
C. Visbreaking ...................................................................... |
10 |
D. Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) ......................................... |
10 |
E. Hydrotreating or Hydroprocessing .................................... |
17 |
F. Catalytic Hydrocracking ................................................... |
18 |
G. Isomerization ................................................................... |
19 |
H. Catalytic Polymerization ................................................... |
19 |
I. Catalytic Reforming .......................................................... |
20 |
J. Alkylatlon ......................................................................... |
22 |
K. Coking ............................................................................. |
23 |
L. Finishing Processes ......................................................... |
25 |
3. Critical Properties of Crude Oil and Common |
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Hydrocarbon Fuels ................................................. |
31 |
A. Crude Oil ......................................................................... |
31 |
B. Automotive Gasoline ........................................................ |
39 |
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C. Aviation Gasoline ............................................................. |
47 |
D. Jet Fuel or Aviation Turbine Fuel ..................................... |
50 |
E. Diesel Fuel and Fuel Oil ................................................... |
54 |
F. Marine Fuels .................................................................... |
61 |
G. Burner Fuels .................................................................... |
64 |
H. Residual Fuel Oil .............................................................. |
66 |
4. Common Sources of Fuel Performance |
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Problems ................................................................. |
71 |
A. Environmental Sources .................................................... |
71 |
B. Wax in Petroleum Products .............................................. |
85 |
C. Low Volatility .................................................................... |
94 |
D. Diesel Fuel Cetane Number and Cetane Index |
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Determinations ................................................................. |
96 |
E. Hydroperoxides and Olefins ............................................. |
101 |
F. Microorganisms, Sediment, and Water ............................ |
105 |
5.Utilizing Physical and Chemical Property Measurements to Identify Sources of Fuel
Problems ................................................................. |
111 |
A. High Viscosity .................................................................. |
111 |
B. Low Viscosity ................................................................... |
114 |
C. High Sulfur Content .......................................................... |
116 |
D. High Aromatic Content ..................................................... |
120 |
E. High Paraffin Content ....................................................... |
125 |
F. Low Flash Point ............................................................... |
130 |
G. High Carbon Values for Micro Method, Conradson, |
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and Ramsbottom Carbon Number Determinations ........... |
131 |
H. Distillation Profile ............................................................. |
133 |
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Contents |
vii |
6. Solving Fuel Problems by Using Chemical |
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Additives ................................................................. |
137 |
A. Antioxidants ..................................................................... |
137 |
B. Distillate Fuel Stabilizers .................................................. |
140 |
C. Demulsifiers and Dehazers .............................................. |
143 |
D. Microbiocides ................................................................... |
146 |
E. Wax Crystal Modifiers ...................................................... |
149 |
F. Corrosion Inhibitors .......................................................... |
152 |
G. Fuel Sweetening Additives ............................................... |
160 |
H. Cetane Improver .............................................................. |
160 |
I. Detergents and Dispersants ............................................. |
161 |
J. Lubricity Improver ............................................................ |
165 |
K. Problems Related to Fuel Additives ................................. |
168 |
7. Test Methods Used to Identify and Solve Fuel |
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Problems ................................................................. |
175 |
A. Common Test Methods Used to Determine the |
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Oxidative Stability of Fuel ................................................. |
175 |
B. Testing the Copper Corrosion Properties of Fuel ............. |
181 |
C. Common Test Methods Used to Determine the |
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Ferrous Metal Corrosion Properties of Fuel ...................... |
182 |
D. Common Test Methods Used to Determine the |
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Emulsion Tendencies of Fuel ........................................... |
183 |
E. Common Test Methods Used to Determine the Low- |
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Temperature Performance of Fuel ................................... |
188 |
F. Fuel Cetane Engine Number Testing ............................... |
195 |
G. Hydrogen Sulfide Determination in Fuel ........................... |
196 |
H. Additional Analytical Tests Used to Solve Fuel |
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Problems ......................................................................... |
198 |
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8. Identifying and Solving Specific Fuel |
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Problems ................................................................. |
201 |
Problem: Difficulty in Pumping Diesel Fuel at Low |
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Temperatures / Fuel Filter Plugging ...................... |
201 |
Problem: Increase in Pour Point of Residual Fuel Oil or |
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Crude Oil After Heating or Shearing ..................... |
203 |
Problem: Reversion and Actual Increase in the Pour |
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Point of a Crude Oil or Residual Fuel Oil .............. |
204 |
Problem: Poor Combustion Quality / Fuel Economy / |
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Power of Diesel Fuel ............................................. |
205 |
Problem: Poor Flame Quality of Kerosene ........................... |
206 |
Problem: Diesel Fuel Darkens in Color and Sediment |
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Forms ................................................................... |
207 |
Problem: Rusting Is Identified on Metal Components ........... |
209 |
Problem: Ferrous Metal Corrosion Inhibitor Fails to |
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Prevent Rusting of Metal Components ................. |
210 |
Problem: Haze or Emulsion Is Found in Fuel ....................... |
212 |
Problem: Jet Fuel Fails “WSIM” Test ................................... |
213 |
Problem: Jet Fuel Fails “JFTOT” .......................................... |
214 |
Problem: Jet Fuel Fails Particulate Contamination Test ....... |
215 |
Problem: Fuel Corrodes Copper, Bronze, or Brass |
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Components ......................................................... |
216 |
Problem: Hydrogen Sulfide in Fuel ...................................... |
217 |
9. Components of Fuel and Fuel Additive |
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Storage and Injection Systems ............................. |
219 |
A. Metals .............................................................................. |
219 |
B. Plastics and Elastomers ................................................... |
229 |
C. Chemical Storage and Injection Equipment ...................... |
230 |
D. Vehicle Fuel Tanks .......................................................... |
237 |
E. Diesel Fuel Filters ............................................................ |
237 |
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Contents |
ix |
F. Diesel Fuel Injection Pumps ............................................. |
238 |
10. Safe Shipping and Hazard Information for |
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Common Fuels, Oils, and Solvents ....................... |
241 |
A. Hazardous Material Shipping Guidelines ......................... |
241 |
B. Hazard Information for Common Fuels and Refined |
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Products .......................................................................... |
246 |
C. Hazard Class Descriptions ............................................... |
250 |
11. Fuel Performance Property and Problem |
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Solving Guide ......................................................... |
253 |
1. High Viscosity .................................................................. |
253 |
2. Deposit Analysis .............................................................. |
262 |
12. Synthetic and Alternative Fuels ............................ |
271 |
A. Coal ................................................................................. |
271 |
B. Biomass ........................................................................... |
277 |
C. Synthesis Gas to Methanol .............................................. |
287 |
D. Oil Shale .......................................................................... |
289 |
E. Tar Sands or Oil Sands .................................................... |
291 |
F. Properties and Performance of Alternative Fuels ............. |
295 |
References .................................................................... |
309 |
Appendices ................................................................... |
321 |
Appendix 1. Heat of Combustion of Fuels - |
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Approximate BTU-Gravity Relation .................. |
321 |
Appendix 2. Factors for Converting Volumes to 60°F ........... |
322 |
Appendix 3. Reduction of Observed API Gravity to API |
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Gravity at 60°F ................................................. |
327 |
Appendix 4. Galvanic Series of Metals and Metal |
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Alloys ............................................................... |
333 |
Appendix 5. Composition of Synthetic Sea Water |
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Utilized in ASTM D-665-B ................................ |
334 |
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