Кондратева Граммар анд воцабулары 2008

UNIT 4. VERBALS, GENERAL PRESENTATION

Before starting this theme let us revise the basics.

Table 1

The structure of the sentence in the English language.

0 - 4	1	2			3		4 - 0
Обстоят-во + подлежащее + сказуемое +					дополнение +		обстоятельство
времени,	«Кто?»,	«Что			прямое, кос-		см. 0-4
условия,	«Что?»	делает?»			венное		«Где?», «Когда?»
цели					«Кого?»,		«При каком усло-
					«Что?»,		вии?», «Почему?»
					«Кому?»,
					«О чем?»
Yesterday	we	started			an experiment		(yesterday)
At 5	they	will phone			him		at home (at 5)
(o’clock)
-	We	live			-		in Moscow
Table 2
Infinitive	Participle I		Participle II				Gerund
( to do, to ask) (doing, asking)				(done, asked)			(doing, asking)
				Функции в предложении как у
Образуются как глаголы					существительного
					и прилагательного
1. Вид – Simple, Continuous,			1.		Подлежащее
Perfect			2.		Часть сказуемого
2. Время – будущее, настоя-			3.		Дополнение
щее, прошедшее			4.		Определение
3. Залог – Active Voice, Pas-			5.		Обстоятельство
sive Voice

Ex. 1

Translate the sentences. When translating focus on how different parts of speech are used as the same parts of the sentence.

1. Using this method may result in new possibilities. (Подлежащее.)

21

2.To use this technique means to put a lot of effort into the work. (Подлежащее.)

3.His constantly speaking about it annoyed me. (Подлежащее.)

4.We are to discuss this method in detail. (Часть сказуемого.)

5.They are talking about it right now. (Часть сказуемого.)

6.The study to be discussed was written by Dr.N. (Определение.)

7.The paper written by Dr.N. must be published soon. (Определение.)

8.The experiment being made now is important. (Определение.)

9.To be given this job you must have necessary qualifications. (Обстоятельство.)

10.Having applied for the job he decided to improve his computer skills. (Обстоятельство.)

11.Given these data we can go on with the experiment. (Об-

стоятельство.)

12.Without being given these data they were not able to… (Об-

стоятельство.)

13.She hates being interrupted. (Дополнение.)

14.I am glad to have been warned in advance. (Дополнение.)

15.Everybody would like to have a swim in such hot weather. (Дополнение.)

Ex. 2

Find verbals in the sentences and say what parts of the sentence they are. Translate the sentences.

1.To explain this simple fact is not easy.

2.New sources of cheap energy are to be found.

3.There are many problems to be solved.

4.They are likely to have completed the work.

5.The substance being investigated is new.

6.The heated object became red-hot.

7.Being invited too late he could not go to the conference.

8.Having made the measurements the experimenter processed the data.

9.Having been heated for several hours the substance began to melt.

10.My colleague being away, I had to take the decision myself.

11.The signal given, the rocket starts immediately.

12.Metals cannot be dissolved without being changed into new substances.

13.Dr. Brown’s being absent was very strange.

22

UNIT 5.

INFINITIVE

Study the tables and revise what you have learned from Unit 4.

Table 1

Forms of the Infinitive

	Form				Active Voice				Passive Voice
	Simple					to give			to be given
	Continuous					to be giving			—
	Perfect					to have given			to have been given
	Table 2
				Parts of the sentence
	Члены предложения						Примеры
	Подлежащее				1.	To know everything about this event is
					absolutely necessary.
	Часть сказуемого				2.	He is to return very soon.
					3.	His intention is to complete the task.
	Дополнение				4.	She wants to know everything.
	Определение				5.	The problem to be discussed isn’t easy.
					6.	To know everything about the event
	Обстоятельство				you will need to ask people a lot of
					questions.
	I.
		Инфинитив в начале предложения
	Место в предло-		1. Подлежащее					0. Обстоятельство
	жении	→
			Отвечает на вопросы					Вводится союзами
	Переводится →		«Что делать?»,					«Чтобы»;
			«Что?»					«Для того чтобы»

1.1.To deal with this substance will be really important. (Иметь де-

ло… будет…)

1.2.To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of natural science. (Составить картину… является задачей…)

23

1.3.To understand this phenomenon is to understand the structure of atoms. (Понять или понимание… означает…)

1.4.To understand this phenomenon the laws of motion should be considered. (Чтобы понять…, нужно рассмотреть…)

1.5.To see the difference, look at the graph. (Чтобы понять…, по-

смотрите…)

1.6.To test the accuracy of the method they conducted a number of tests. (Чтобы проверить…, они провели…)

NB! Запомните:

in order (to) — для того чтобы

so as (to) — так чтобы, с тем чтобы

so … as (to) — так (такой, настолько)…, что (чтобы)

1.7.In order to understand the procedure, consider the following analogy. (Чтобы …)

1.8.It has become possible to modify this method so as to make it easier to use. (С тем, чтобы…)

1.9.This method was so complicated as to give only little result.

(…настолько сложен, что давал…)

II.

Часть сказуемого to be + inf.

Является	→	Модальный глагол	Глагол-связка
			Заключается в том,
Переводится	→	Должен, нужно	чтобы

2.1.This method is to show the dependence of temperature on solubility. (Должен показать…)

2.2.One way of obtaining hydrogen is to pass electric current through water. (Заключается в том, чтобы…)

2.3.New sources of cheap energy are to be found.(…должны быть найдены.)

2.4.Our goal is to prove this hypothesis. (… — это доказать…)

24

III.

			Определение
	Образуется	→	Существительное + to inf.
	Переводится	→	Который нужно сделать;
			который предстоит сделать

3.1.The first scientist to discover this phenomenon was Lavoisier. (Ученый, который первым открыл…)

3.2.The problem to consider next is concerned with the ionization of gasses. (Проблема, которую должны рассмотреть…)

3.3.The terms to be insisted upon are as follows. (Условия, на ко-

торых надо настаивать…)

3.4.In vacuum molecules have large space in which to move. (…, в

котором они могут двигаться.)

NB! Запомните:

this is (these are…)+ сущ. + to inf. — вот…

there is (there are…)+ сущ. + to inf. — существует, есть…

3.5.There are many examples to illustrate the rule. (Существует много примеров, которые…)

3.6.This is the example to be mentioned first. (Вотпример, который…)

Ex. 1

Translate the sentences.

1.If fuels are to be burned efficiently it is necessary to mix air with the fuel.

2.The band theory we are about to discuss makes rather useful statements.

3.It is to be noted that at ordinary temperature this substance dissolves only slightly.

4.Little or no oxygen is to be found there.

5.It is to be emphasized that the electrical conductivity of beryllium is by no means as great as was formerly assumed.

25

6.You are to take into consideration that apart from kinetic theory there is little direct proof of the production of free oxygen atoms by photolysis of any oxygen.

7.Our task has been to determine the effect of X-rays on the substance under test.

8.The next step will be to produce a diagram of the system.

9.The object of these experiments was to find the connection between secondary electrons and the primary beta-rays from the radioactive substance.

10.Account is to be taken of the high boiling point of this liquid.

11.Use is to be made of the data obtained.

12.Unfortunately the thermal conductivity is very hard to determine.

13.The experimental results are few and not easy to interpret.

14.A weighed quantity of the material to be tested is placed in a capsule.

15.To explain the pressure of gases and their diffusion, it is generally supposed that all substances are made of very minute particles called molecules.

16.To find the mass of the electron was then of prime importance.

17.To be fully effective control must start with the production of raw materials.

18.To consider the special properties of matter in this state would be outside the scope of this book.

19.To define exactly what is meant by the total heat in a body is at present still not possible.

IV.	For-phrase with the Infinitive

NB! Запомните:

1. “for” + сущ./местоим. в объект. падеже + инфинитив —

сложноподчиненными предложениями с союзами «что», «чтобы», «для того чтобы»

1.1.For a force to exist there must be two objects involved. (…, чтобы сила существовала…)

1.2.The temperature was too low for the substance to decompose. (…, для того чтобы вещество…)

1.3.The tendency was for the gas to become ionized. (Тенденция заключалась в том, что газ…/ Существовала тенденция, что…)

26

1.4.The tendency for the substance to become ionized at high temperatures was investigated. (… тенденция, что вещество…)

1.5.It is possible for the reaction to occur. (Возможно, что ре-

акция…)

2. Эмфатическая конструкция:

to be + “for + сущ./мест. + inf.” — именно кто-то должен сделать

2.1.It is for him to decide. (Именно он должен…)

2.2.It is for the assistant to prepare everything for the experiment. (Именно ассистент должен…)

3. Определяемое существительное + “for-phrase”

переводится сложноподчиненными предложениями с союзами «который», «которые»…

3.1.The only conclusion for him to make was the following. (…вывод, к которому он пришел…)

3.2.This is the book for you to read. (…, которую ты должен…)

Ex. 2

Translate the sentences.

1.The tendency is for the molecule to become agitated.

2.For the observation to be of service two facts must be known.

3.In order for two molecules to react they must be in contact.

4.The motion took place long enough for the bodies to become heated.

5.Under what conditions will the reaction proceed sufficiently rapidly for the method to be practicable?

6.Here is one more important point for the speaker to explain.

7.It is not unusual for the phosphatic uranium minerals to be used as a commercial source for uranium.

8.Rusting represents the tendency for the iron to revert to the unstable condition.

9.Two conditions must be met for this process to occur.

10.The time taken for equilibrium conditions to be set is small.

11.A slow molecule is a nearly stationary target for other molecules to hit.

27

12.For a reaction to take place, an A molecule must first meet a B molecule.

13.The accuracy of the lunar and solar theories is not sufficient for them to be significant.

14.The tendency for a substance to come to a metastable state must be taken into account.

15.It is possible for the substance to be compressed.

V. Complex Subject - Complex Object

Образуются: именная часть + инфинитив

Сравните: He is known to come soon. — Complex Subject.

Сложное подлежащее (именительный падеж) — “he… to come”.

We know him to come soon. — Complex Object.

Сложное дополнение (объектный падеж) — “him to come”.

Повторите Table 2, Unit 4.

Существит.			COMPLEX SUBJECT
/местоимен.	+		сказуемое		+		инфинитив
							To know
He		Сказуемое может быть выражено:
		I.	II.		III.		(будущ.,наст.)
They	Active Voice			Passive voice			To be working
		seem	be likely		be said
The method		appear	be unlikely		be supposed		(наст.)
		turn out	be sure		be expected		To have done
etc		prove	be certain		be proved
		happen			be believed		(прошедш.)

28

NB! Запомните:

prove – оказывается be proved – доказано be likely – вероятно

be unlikely – маловероятно

Перевод Complex Subject начинайте со сказуемого, которое в русском переводе станет безличным. Сложное подлежащее превращается в придаточное предложение с союзом “что”.

Before going on, revise Unit 5.

a.They seem to have applied strong ionization. ( По-видимому,

они применили…)

b.The result was expected to agree with theoretical predictions. (Ожидалось, что результат будет соответствовать…)

c.Water was considered to be an element. (Считалось, что вода является…)

d.This method is unlikely to have been used. (Маловероятно, что метод использовался.)

Ex. 3

Put the words in the right order to make meaningful sentences.

1)is/ to/ more/ black/ absorb/ known/ intensively/ light/ colour/ rays//

2)have/ interesting/ the/ is/ collected/ said/ expedition/ material/ to/ very//

3)up/ much/ help/ save/ believed/ to/ to/ metal/ invention/ this/ is//

4)to/ a/ known/ lecturer/ is/ have/ wonderful/ been/ Zhukovsky//

5)19th century/ Mars/ thought/ be/ to/ the/ the/ seas/ dark/ in/ areas/ on/ were//

6)is/ to/ me/ he/ notice/ unlikely//

7)to/ hard/ to/ she/ be/ seems/work/ used//

8)supposed/ ski/ year/ people/ there/ round/ are/ to/ all//

29

Ex. 4

Translate the sentences.

1.Heat was for a long time considered to be an invisible fluid.

2.In ancient times light was thought to be a property of the eye.

3.This state of motion gives a representation of what is supposed to be the condition of matter in its gaseous state.

4.This substance is very unlikely to have possessed valuable properties.

5.There seems to be some confusion of terms in this paper.

6.This device is likely to give the results required.

7.The technique proves to be too complicated to be really useful.

NB! Запомните:

Сложное подлежащее с отрицанием

Активное сказуемое – “не“ в переводе относится к инфинитиву, пассивное сказуемое – “не“ в переводе относится к сказуемому.

e.g.: 1. He does not appear to know them. (Кажется, он их не знает.) 2. This substance was not observed to exhibit radiation. (Не на-

блюдалось, что это вещество обладает…)

Сравните: This substance was observed not to exhibit radiation. (Наблюдалось, что это вещество не обладает…)

NB! Запомните:

Именная часть + Participles I or II// likely|/unlikely… + to V —

переводится:

подлежащее + «который, вероятно», «как полагают» + сказуемое

e.g.

1.The book assumed to be published soon has not even been written yet. (Книга, которая, как предполагалось, будет опубликована…)

2.Here is the device likely to give the results required. (Вот прибор,

который, вероятно, даст…)

3.He used a substance appearing to induce X-rays. (… вещество,

которое, видимо, испускало…)

30