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Text 1

Pre-reading tasks:

1. How much do you think international business is improved by knowing about foreign people’s customs?

2. What would you tell a foreign visitor about “good manners” in your country?

3. Read this article and choose one of these titles for it:

When in Rome ... Problems that business people face

Travelling abroad Good manners, good business

Doing business in Europe I didn't mean to be rude!

Nobody actually wants to cause offence but, as business becomes ever more international, it is increasingly easy to get it wrong. There may be a single European market but it does not mean that managers behave the same in Greece as they do in Denmark.

In many European countries handshaking is an automatic gesture. In France good manners require that on arriving at a business meeting a manager shakes hands with everyone present. This can be a demanding task and, in a crowded room, may require gymnastic ability if the farthest hand is to be reached.

Handshaking is almost as popular in other countries -including Germany, Belgium and Italy. But Northern Europeans, such as the British and Scandinavians, are not quite so fond of physical demonstrations of friendliness.

In Europe the most common challenge is not the content of the food, but the way you behave as you eat. Some things are just not done. In France it is not good manners to raise tricky questions of business over the main course. Business has its place: after the cheese course. Unless you are prepared to eat in silence you have to talk about something -something, that is, other than the business deal which you are continually chewing over in your head.

Italians give similar importance to the whole process of business entertaining. In fact, in Italy the biggest fear, as course after course appears, is that you entirely forget you are there on business. If you have the energy, you can always do the polite thing when the meal finally ends, and offer to pay. Then, after a lively discussion, you must remember the next polite thing to do - let your host pick up the bill.

In Germany, as you walk sadly back to your hotel room, you may wonder why your apparently friendly hosts have not invited you out for the evening. Don't worry, it is probably nothing personal. Germans do not entertain business people with quite the same enthusiasm as some of their European counterparts.

The Germans are also notable for the amount of formality they bring to business. As an outsider, it is often difficult to know whether colleagues have been working together for 30 years or have just met in the lift. If you are used to calling people by their first names this can be a little strange. To the Germans, titles are important. Forgetting that someone should be called Herr Doktor or Frau Direktorin might cause serious offence. It is equally offensive to call them by a title they do not possess.

In Italy the question of title is further confused by the fact that everyone with a university degree can be called Dottore - and engineers, lawyers and architects may also expect to be called by their professional titles.

These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business in a foreign language. Language, of course, is full of difficulties - disaster may be only a syllable away. But the more you know of the culture of the country you are dealing with, the less likely you are to get into difficulties. It is worth the effort. It might be rather hard to explain that the reason you lost the contract was not the product or the price, but the fact that you offended your hosts in a light-hearted comment over an aperitif. Good manners are admired: they can also make or break the deal.

Practice 1. Re-read the text and answer the questions.

1. Is handshaking so popular in all European countries?

2. Do businessmen in all European countries normally entertain their business partners?

3. What are the most common problems of doing business in Europe?

4. Why is it really important to know the language of the country while doing business in it?

Practice 2. Give the Russian equivalents to the word-combinations from the text:

- a demanding task;

- the most common challenge;

- raise tricky questions of business;

- chew over in one’s head;

- business entertaining;

- pick up the bill;

- invite out for the evening;

- European counterparts;

- get into difficulties.

Practice 3. Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right.

1. challenge A. a list of things bought, used, etc. showing the total amount that must be paid

2. entertaining B. an arrangement (in business, politics)that is to the advantage of both sides

3. bill C. a situation or problem that causes trouble

4. invite out D. the use of physical strength or power of the mind

5. difficulties E. the quality of demanding competitive action, interest or thought

6. effort F. amusing and keeping the attention of people

7. business deal G. ask someone to come out esp. to a social occasion

Practice 4. Complete the sentences using the words from the table:

chew over bill effort business deal

difficulties entertaining challenge

1. The …for the repairs came to $850.

2. Our business partners don’t do much … .

3. Let me …it…for a few days, and then I’ll give you my answer.

4. One of the biggest … facing the government is that of creating new jobs.

5.When sales slowed down, the company got into … .

6. Despite all our …we were still beaten.

7. The car company has made a successful…….with a Japanese firm to supply engines.

Practice 5. Complete the table:

noun verbs adjective

difficult

importance

entertaining

invite

successful

Text 2

Pre-reading tasks:

1. What do you know about China’s success in the world’s economy?

2. What are the reasons for the country’s rapid development, in your opinion?

How china runs the world economy Global wages, profits, prices and interest rates are increasingly being influenced by events in China

"IF YOU want one year of prosperity, grow grain. If you want ten years of prosperity, grow trees. If you want 100 years of prosperity, grow people." This old Chinese proverb crudely sums up how the entry of China's massive labour force into the global economy may prove to be the most profound change for 50, and perhaps even for 100, years.

China, along with the other emerging giants, India, Brazil and the former Soviet Union, has effectively doubled the global labour force, hugely boosting the world's potential output and hence its future prosperity. China's growth rate is not exceptional compared with previous or current emerging economies in Asia, but China is having a more dramatic effect on the world economy because of two factors: not only does it have a huge, cheap workforce, but its economy is also unusually open to trade. As a result, China's development is not just a powerful driver of global growth; its impact on other economies is also far more pervasive.

Beijing's new influence was clear from the Shockwaves in global currency, bond and commodity markets after it announced in July 2005 that the yuan will no longer be pegged to the dollar. Until a cou­ple of years ago nobody cared much that the Chinese yuan was pegged to the dollar. Recently, though, this link has become one of the hottest issues in international politics, widely blamed in America for its huge trade deficit.

Last week's 2.1 % revaluation of the yuan is trivial and unlikely to dent America's trade deficit. More important is the breaking of the yuan's formal link to the dollar and the shift to a so-called "managed float" against a basket of currencies. In theory, this allows consider­able scope for a further rise in the yuan against the dollar, though it is unclear by how much the Chinese authorities will allow the yuan to climb.

Even if last week's adjustment was timid, it could mark an important turning point. It is certainly a step in the right direction for China itself, as greater currency flexibility will give it more room to use monetary policy to steer the economy. More interesting are the implications for the world economy. This might be the beginning of the end of what has been dubbed a revived Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates between China (and other Asian economies) and America.

Practice 1. Read the text and answer the questions.

1. What should we do to become really successful in our life?

2. What are the two main reasons for China’s economic success?

3. What happened in China in 2005?

4. What makes the USA feel worried about China’s economy?

Practice 2. Give the Russian equivalents to the words and word-combinations from the text:

-profound change;

- giants;

- boost the world’s potential output;

- cheap workforce;

- commodity markets;

- revaluation of the yuan;

- America’s trade deficit;

- considerable scope for a further rise;

- a basket of currencies;

- currency flexibility;

- give more room to something;

- fixed exchange rates.

Practice 3. Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right.

1. labour force A. a subject causing strong argument and difficult to deal with

2. prosperity B. workers, esp. who use their hands and considered as a group

3. because of C. great success, esp. in money matters

4. global growth D. a point in time at which a very important change takes place

5. hot issue E. increase in size, amount or degree all over the world

6. turning point F. as a result of

7. pervasive G. wide-spread

Practice 4. Complete the sentences using the words from the table:

pervasive because of prosperity turning point

issue global growth labour force

1. I came back very soon….the rain.

2. Drugs testing of employees is a… .

3. The Battle of Hastings was a … in the war.

4.We wish you health, much happiness and … .

5. It is up to organized ….. to band together to fight the government’s anti-union laws.

6. The …influence of television is felt in the society.

7. There has been a sudden … in the market for home computers.

Practice 5. Complete the table:

noun verb adjective

prosperity

pervasive

issue

grow

market

influence

Text 3

Pre-reading tasks:

1. What is a marketer? What are his/ her functions?

2. What is a brand?

3. Which the world’s famous brands do you know?