Mises Nation, State and Economy

index 193

and national autonomy policy in Austria, 42– 44, 45, 67– 68, 107–9; for nonGermans in Austrian empire, 89; and peace, 71; and prospects for Europe, 184

self-interest: and incentive to productivity, 154 –55, 158; and rational utilitarianism, 176, 179; socialist attitude toward, 158 –59, 160 – 61

self-sufficiency, economic. See autarky Serbs, 14, 15, 90

1789, ideas of, 80, 178, 184 Seven Weeks’ War, xx–xxi siege socialism, 118 –19, 120 –21 Silesia, xiv

Slavic peoples: Czechoslovakia, 13–14, 21–22; freedom movements of, 106; German fears of loss of power to, 86 – 87, 98 –100; German rulership over, xiv, 94 –95; language developments, 20; Poland, xiv, xvi, 27; as political minority, 40; Prussian dependence upon, 82– 83; upward mobility in Austria, 98, 103; in Yugoslavia, xxiii, 13, 14 –15, 21n11, 90, 104

Slovakia, 13–14, 21–22 Slovenes, 14, 21n11

small vs. large states and unification, 66 – 68

Social Democracy, German: in Austria, 106 –7, 108; and authoritarianism, 147– 50; and causes of World War I, 3; vs. liberalism, 155; and personality principle, 42– 43; and protective tariffs, 57; rejection of democratic principle, 36; and syndicalist socialism, 164, 166 – 67

socialism: centralist vs. syndicalist, 162– 69; imperialism of, 32, 78 –79, 108, 148 – 49n2, 169–75; inefficiencies of, xii; vs. liberalism, 28, 36, 147–52, 163– 65, 170; and migration, 47; and mixed populations, 75–77, 78; national varieties of, 39; need for rational assessment of, 184; philanthropic, 159– 60n15; utopianism of, 152– 62, 159, 171–75; wartime, 115–16, 117–21, 136 – 38, 140 – 46. See also Marxism

social relations and language, 10, 20 South Slavs, 14, 15

Spartacists, xxiii, 171

spatial and personal divisions of labor, 112

speculation and price mechanisms, 119–20

speech community. See language standard language and dialects, 11–12,

17–22

state theories: economic territory, 91, 108; and German retreat to protectionism, 59; liberal policy of limitation of state, 79– 80; and national affiliation sources, 7, 15–17; nationality and coherence of state, 89; nation vs. state, 25–31; natural boundary theory, 25– 26, 91; princely state, 25–26, 32, 80, 81, 89; small vs. large states and unification, 66 – 68; socialist, 116 –17, 169. See also authoritarian states; democracy; socialism

statism, 4 –5, 59, 63, 149–50, 167. See also authoritarian states; war economy

stockpiling system for war economy, 124 submarine war, 119

Switzerland, 41

syndicalist vs. centralist socialism, 162– 69

taxation, 136, 138 – 40, 141, 144, 145 techniques of production, war’s contri-

bution to, 125. See also conditions of production

teleological vs. causal interpretations of history, 149

terrorism, socialist use of, 174 Thirty Years’ War, xiv, xv Three Emperors’ League, 57 trade. See free-market economy transitional economy, 146

Ukraine, 20 –21

unemployment, war’s beneficial effect on, 127

unions and syndicalist socialism, 164, 166 United Kingdom. See England

194 index

United States: and Anglo-Saxon nationality, 15 –16, 49, 50, 51; German assimilation in, 55; imperialism of, 66, 75; liberalism in, 182– 83

unity of nations /nationalities: German unification attempts, xvii, xxiv, 31, 85, 94 –97, 100; and imperialistic principles, 65n48, 66 – 67; Italian unification drives, xvi, xvii, xxii, 27, 89; and language, 17–18, 23 –24; and liberal principles, 29 –31; socialist view, 76; and state size, 66 – 68

urban vs. rural areas, economic wellbeing of, 121, 136, 140, 167– 68, 170 utilitarianism, rationalist, xxv, 71, 72,

176 –79, 184

utopianism: in Marxism, 154, 159 – 60, 160n16, 172–74; and mixed population problem, 77, 78; and peace, 70 –71; of socialism, 152– 62, 159, 171–75

Versailles Treaty, xi

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy, xxii Vienna, Austria, xvii, 121

Vienna, Congress of, xvi –xvii, 26 voting rights, Austrian restrictions on,

102, 104

wage rate, effect of migration on, 48 – 49, 53

Wagner, Adolf H. G., 61– 62

Waldeck, Benedikt Franz Leo, xxiv –xxv war: attack theory, 114n4; and imperialistic attitude, 71–72; and loss of free-

dom, 180; Marxist inevitability of, 72; prospects for new, 181– 82; psychological benefits of, 177–78. See also World War I

war economy: accounting in, xii, 132–33, 134n16; Central Powers’ handling of, 110 –17; costs of war, 119 –20, 125 – 42;

impracticality of isolation and autarky, 121–25; inflationary consequences of, 119 –20, 128 –36; war socialism, 115 –16, 117–21, 136 –38, 140 – 46

War of the Austrian Succession, xv weapons industry, advantages of war

economy for, 127

Weimar as symbol of liberalism, xxiv Westphalia, Treaty of, xv

White Mountain, Battle on, xv, 100 Wilhelministic era, xxiii, 6 William I, King of Prussia, xxii

William II, Emperor of Germany, xxiii Wilson, Woodrow, xi

Windischgrätz, Field Marshal Alfred, xvii working class, 3, 151–52, 155 –56, 164 – 67,

171

world economy: as disincentive to war, 124, 125; and division of labor, 111–13; militarism’s inability to adjust to, 112– 13, 126 –27; and nations /nationality, 30, 48, 52–53, 67, 70

World War I: and breakup of empires, 95; Central Powers’ assumptions about, 113 –15; economic effects on Germany, 61– 62, 136, 167, 168 –71, 181; German attitudes, 1, 2–3, 60 – 61; governmental consequences of, xxiii – xxiv; and Keynes vs. Mises, xi; and mixed population problem, 46; proper perspective on, 1–2, 5 – 6; socialistic economy in, 115 –16, 117–21, 136 –38, 140 – 46. See also war economy

writing and unification of language, 17–18

xenophobia, 29

Yugoslavia, xxiii, 13, 14 –15, 21n11, 90, 104

Zollverein, xvii

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