TsOS / DSP_guide_Smith / bk_index
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Index
A-law companding, 362-364 Accuracy, 32-34
Additivity, 89-91, 185-187
Algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), 444-445
Aliasing
frequency domain, 196-200, 212-214, 220-222, 372
in sampling, 39-45
sinc function, equation for aliased, 212-214 time domain, 194-196, 300
Alternating current (AC), defined, 14 Amplitude modulation (AM), 204-206,
216-217, 370
Analysis equations. See under Fourier transform
Antialias filter. See under filtersanalog Arithmetic encoding, 486
Artificial neural net, 458. See also Neural network
Artificial reverberation in music, 5 ASCII codes, table of, 484
Aspect ratio of television, 386 Assembly program, 76-77, 520
Astrophotography, 1, 10, 373-375, 394-396 Audio processing, 5-7, 304-307, 311, 351-372 Audio signaling tones, detection of, 293 Automatic gain control (AGC), 370
Backprojection, 446-450 Basis functions
discrete Fourier transform, 150-152, 158-159
discrete cosine transform, 496-497 Bessel filter. See Filters, analog
Bias node in neural networks, 462-463 Bilinear interpolation, 396
Binary image processing. See Morphological processing
Biquad, 600
Bit map to vector map conversion, 442 Bit reversal sorting in FFT, 229 Blacker than black video, 385
Blob analysis, 436. See also Morphological processing
Brackets, indicating discrete signals, 87 Brightness in images, 387-391 Butterfly calculation in FFT, 231-232 Butterworth filter. See under Filters
C program, 67, 77, 520
Cascaded stages, 96, 133. See also under Filtersrecursive
Caruso, restoration of recordings by, 304-307 CAT scanner. See Computed tomography Causal signals and systems, 130
CCD. See Charge coupled device Central limit theorem, 30, 135-136, 407 Cepstrum, 371
Charge coupled device (CCD), 381-385, 430-432
Charge sensitive amplifier, in CCD, 382-384 Chebyshev filter. See under Filters
Chirp signals and systems, 222-224 Chrominance signal, in television, 386 Circular buffer, 507
Circularity. See under Discrete Fourier transform
Classifiers, 458
Close neighbors in images, 439 Closing, morphological, 437 Coefficient of variation (CV), 17 Color, 376, 379-381, 386 Compact laser disc (CD), 359-362 Complex logarithm, 372
Complex numbers addition, 553-554
associative property, 554 commutative property, 5054 complex number system, 551-554 complex plane, 552-553 conjugation, 193-194
distributive property, 554 division, 554, 557
Euler's relation, 556, 569-570 exponential form, 557, 569-570, 584 multiplication, 554, 557
polar notation, 555-557 rectangular notation, 552-556 sinusoids, representing, 559-561
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subtraction, 554
systems, representing, 561-563 Companding, 4, 358-359, 362-364 Compiler, 78, 546
Composite video, 384-386
Computed tomography (CT), 9, 411, 429, 442-450
Compression, data. See Data compression Compression & expansion of signals,
200-203
Compression ratio in JPEG, 500 Connectivity analysis, 434. See also
Morphological processing Continuous signal (defined), 11 Contrast, image 387-391, 432-434 Convolution
associative property, 133 circular, 182-184, 314 commutative property, 113, 132 continuous, 246-252 convolution machine, 116-119 discrete, 107-122
distributive property, 134 end effects, 118-121, 408
execution time, 140, 316, 318-422 frequency multiplication, by, 179-184.
See also FFT convolution image, 397-410, 416-422
immersion of impulse response, 119, 410 input side view, 112-115, 246-247, 398,
418-423
left-for-right flip, 117, 138-140, 194, 416-421
neural networks, carried out by, 464-465 output side view, 116-121, 246-247,
399-400, 418-421
piecewise polynomial method, 250-252 separability, image convolution by,
404-407
sum of weighted inputs, viewed as, 122 Cooley, J.W. & Tukey, J.W., 225 Correlation, 136-140
autocorrelation, 137
convolution, carried out by, 138-140, 194, 416-422
correlation machine, 138-140 cross-correlation, 137
Fourier transform use of. See Discrete Fourier transform
matched filter. See Filters
neural networks, carried out by, 464 radar and sonar use, 137
Counting statistics, 434-436
CRT display, point spread function of, 424 Cumulative distribution function, 28-29 CVSD modulation, 62-64
Data compression, 4, 10, 481-502 dB. See Decibels
dBm, 264 dBV, 264 DC offset
in Fourier transform, 152 linearity of, 97
DCT. See Discrete cosine transform Decibels, 263-264
Decibels SPL, 352-356 Decimation. See Multirate Decimation in frequency FFT, 234 Decimation in time FFT, 234 Decomposition
defined, 98
even/odd decomposition, 102-103, 240-242 Fourier decomposition, 104, 105, 147 impulse decomposition, 100-101
interlaced decomposition, 103-104, 228-229 step decomposition, 100-101
strategy for using, 98-100 Deconvolution, 179-180, 300-307
Delta encoding, data compression, 486-488 Delta function
continuous, 243-245 discrete, 107-109
Fourier transform of, 200, 209-212 identity for convolution, 123 two-dimensional (image), 397-398
Delta modulation, 60-66 Delta-sigma, 63-66
Dependent variable (defined), 12 Derivative, discrete. See First difference Derivative of continuous step function,
250-252
DFT. See Discrete Fourier transform Differential equations, RLC circuits, 563-564 Difference equation. See Recursion equation Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), 44-48 Dilatation. See Dilation
Dilation, 437. See also Morphological processing
Direct current (DC) (defined), 14 Discrete signal (defined), 11
Discrete cosine transform (DCT), 496 Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
See also Fourier transform; Fourier transform pairs
analysis, 157-161, 567-580
basis functions, 150-152, 158-159 circular, 195. See also periodic complex DFT, 225-227, 519-532 correlation method, 157-160
examples of, 142-143, 171, 181, 186, 193. See also Fourier Transform pairs
forward DFT, 157-160, 567-580
frequency resolution, 173-176 inverse DFT, 152-156, 573-580 Discrete Fourier transform (continued)
negative frequencies, 196-200, 209-211, 226-227, 569-575
orthognal basis functions, 158-159 periodic frequency domain, 196-200 periodic time domain, 194-196
real DFT, 141-160, 225-227, 519-521 spectral density, 156
spectral leakage, 175-176 synthesis, 152-156, 573-580
Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT). See Fourier transform
Distant neighbors in images, 439 Dithering, 38-39, 374
Division of frequency domain signals, 181-182
DN (digital number) in images, 374 Dolby stereo, 362
Domain (defined), 12
Double precision, 70-74, 284, 339 DSP microprocessor, 84
DTFT. See Fourier transform Duality, 161, 210-212, 236 Dynamic range, 261-262, 378
Ear, 351-355
Echo control in telephones, 5
Echo location, 7-8. See also Radar; Sonar; Seismology
Echoes in music, 5
Edge detection, 402-403, 416-417 Edge response, 426-430
EFM (8 to 14 modulation), 360 Electric circuit analysis
phasor transform method, 563-566 Laplace transform method, 592-599
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 292-293 End effect. See under Convolution Erosion, 435. See also Morphological
processing
Euler's relation. See under Complex numbers Even field in video, 384-385
Even/odd decomposition, 102, 240-242 Even symmetry, 102, 196, 240-241 Evolution, neural network learning, 470 Execution speed. See Speed
Exponential, two ways to generate, 606-607 Eye, 376-381, 404, 409, 432-434
False-positive (false-negative), 453-454 Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 180, 225-242 Feature extraction, 458
FFT convolution, 140, 179-184, 311-318, 411, 416-422
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Field, television, 384-386 Filters, analog
See also Filters, digital; Filters, recursive in ADC and DAC, 48-59
antialias, 48-49, 55-59, 172-173 Bessel, 49-59, 330, 361 Butterworth, 49-58, 600-604 Chebyshev, 49-58, 600-604 design methods, 49-59, 600-604
digital, compared to, 261-262, 343-345 elliptic, 54
frequency response, 52-54, 176-179, 598-599 high-pass, 51
low-pass, 49-54, 322, 343-345, 600-604 notch filter, 519-520, 592-597 overshoot, step response, 54-55
pulse response, 55
reconstruction filter for DAC, 44-49, 480 ringing, step response, 54-55
roll-off, 52-53
Sallen-key circuit, 49-50, 600-601 smoothing, 322
stability of analog filters, 541, 600-601 step response, 54-55, 322-323 switch-capacitor, 51-52
Filters, digital
See also Filters, analog; Filters, recursive band-pass, 177-179, 268-274, 293 band-reject, 268-274, 291, 293
custom response, 297-310 cutoff frequency (defined), 268 edge enhancement, 400-401 even order filter, 603
finite impulse response (FIR), 263, 319 FIR vs. IIR, 346-350
frequency domain parameters, 268-270 frequency response, 176-179, 268-270, 562 high-pass, 110, 129, 268-274
low-pass, 110, 128-129, 268-270, 280, 285-288, 343-350, 400-401
matched filter, 138, 307-310, 416-419 moving average filter, 277-284, 307-310,
348-350, 406-407 odd order filter, 603
overshoot, step response, 266-267 passband (defined), 268
passband ripple (defined), 268 pulse response, 328-332 roll-off (defined), 268-269
smoothing, 110, 128-129, 280-282, 348-350 spectral inversion, 270-272, 293
spectral reversal, 273-274
step response, 262-263, 265-267, 338 stopband (defined), 268
stopband attenuation, 268-269, 293-296 time domain parameters, 266-268
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Filters, digital (continued) transition band (defined), 268 Wiener filter, 308-310, 368-370
windowed-sinc filter, 216-217, 285-298, 346-348
Filters, recursive
See also Filters, analog; Filters, digital band-pass filters, 326-327
band-reject filters, 326-327, 610-616 bidirectional recursive filtering, 330-332 Butterworth, 333-342, 601-603, 623-630 cascade stages, combining, 616-618 Chebyshev, 333-342, 346-348, 623-630 converting pole and zeros to recursion
coefficients, 610-615 custom response, 476-480 elliptic, 334, 602-603
FIR compared with IIR, 346-348 gain changes, 621-623 high-pass, 322-326, 334-338
infinite impulse response (IIR), 263, 284, 319-320
low-pass, 322-326, 334-338, 346-350 low-pass to low-pass transform, 628-629 low-pass to high-pass transform, 629 moving average filter, recursive, 282-284 narrow-band filters, 326-327
notch filters, 326-327, 612-614 overshoot, step response, 338 parallel stages, combining, 616-619 pulse response, 328-332 reconstruction filter for DAC, 44-55,
480
ringing, step response, 338
single pole recursive filters, 322-326, 348-350, 406-407
smoothing, 322-326, 348-350 spectral inversion, 619-621
stability of recursive filters, 339, 599, 598-599, 609
step response, 322-323, 338 transfer function of, 610-616 z-domain representation of, 610-616
Filter kernel (defined), 262 Filtered backprojection, 446-450 Fingerprint identification, 438-442
Finite impulse response. See Filters, digital
FIR filters. See Filters, digital First difference, 110-111, 125-128 Fixed point, 68-70, 514, 544 Flat-top window, 176
Floating point, 70-72, 514,544 Focusing, eyes and camera, 376-379 Format frequencies in speech, 365 Fovea of the eye, 379-380
Fourier slice theorem, 411, 448-449 Fourier transform
See also Discrete Fourier transform; Fourier transform pairs
analysis equations, 147, 157-161, 576-579
circular. See under Discrete Fourier transform
data compression use of, 494-495 decomposition. See Decomposition DFT. See Discrete Fourier Transform discrete vs. periodic relationship, 222 discrete time Fourier series (DTFT),
144-145, 178, 206-207, 213, 530-531 four types of, 143-145, 576-579
Fourier series, 144-145, 252, 255-260, 578-579
forward transform (defined), 147 Fourier transform, continuous, 144-145,
252-255, 579
images, Fourier transform of, 410-416 inverse transform (defined), 147
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, 141 neural networks, can be carried out by,
464-465
periodic nature. See under Discrete Fourier transform
real vs. complex, 146, 225-227, 576 real and imaginary parts, 148 scaling, 529-531
synthesis equations, 152-157, 577-579 why sinusoids are used, 142
Fourier Transform pairs, 209-224 chirp signals and systems, 222-224 delta function, 210-211
distorted sinusoid, 220-221 Gaussian, 216-217 Gaussian burst, 216-217 rectangular pulse, 212-213 shifted impulse, 210-211 sinc, 215-217
triangular pulse, 216-217
Fourier reconstruction (CT), 447-450 Frame grabber, 385
Frame, television, 384-385 Frequency domain (defined), 12, 147
Frequency domain encoding, See Information Frequency domain multiplexing, 206 Frequency response, See Filters
Fricative sound in speech, 364-365 Full-width-half-maximum (FWHM), 424 Fully interconnected neural network, 460 Fundamental frequency. See Harmonics
Gamma curve, 389-394
Gamma ray detector, 301-305
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Gauss distribution, see Gaussian Gaussian
See also Central limit theorem equation for, 26-31
Fourier transform of, 216-217, 423-425, 427-428
as filter kernel, 281-283, 400-401, 423-425, 427-428, 430-432
noise, 29-32 separability of, 404-406
Geophysics. See Seismology
Gibbs effect, 142, 203, 218-219, 286-287 GIF image, data compression, 488 Grayscale, image, 373, 387
Grayscale stretch, 390-391 Grayscale transforms, 390-394,433
Halftone image, 387, 433
Harmonics, 172-173, 220-222, 255, 355-358 Harvard Architecture, 84, 509
Hearing, 351-355
High fidelity audio, 358-362 High-pass filters, See Filters High speed convolution. See FFT
convolution Hilbert transformer, 621
Histogram, calculating, 19-26 Histogram equalization, 393-394 History of DSP, 1-3
Homogeneity, 89-90, 108, 185-186 Homomorphic processing, 370-372, 408-409 Hyperspace, 457, 463-464
Huffman encoding, 484-486, 500
IIR filters. See Filters, recursive Illumination flattening of images, 407-410 Immersion. See under Convolution Impedance, electrical, 563-566
Impulse, 100, 107-108
Impulse decomposition. See under decomposition
Impulse response
See also Convolution continuous systems, 244-245 defined, 108-109
examples of, 110-111, 128-132 two-dimensional (image), 397-398
Impulse train, 42-47
Independent variable (defined), 12
Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. See Filters, recursive
Information
frequency domain encoded, 56, 265-266, 268-270
spatial domain encoded, 373-374, 424-425 time domain encoded, 56-57, 265-267
In-place computation, 233
Integral, discrete, See Running sum
Integral of continuous impulse, 244, 250-251 Integrated profile, 428-429
Interlaced decomposition. See under Decomposition
Interlaced video, 384-385 Interpolation. See Multirate
Iterative techniques, 444-445, 465-473 Iterative least squares technique (ILST), 444
JPEG image compression, 494-502
Karhunen-Loeve transform, 496 Kernel, filter. See Impulse response
Laplace transform, 334, 581-604 Layers, neural network, 459-460 Learning algorithm, neural network, 463 Least significant bit (LSB) (defined), 36 Lens, camera and eye, 376-379
Limiting resolution, images, 426 Line pair, 426
Line pair gauge, 425-426
Line scanning image acquisition, 386-387 Line spread function (LSF), 426-430 Linear phase, See under Phase
Linear predictive coding (LPC), 359, 366 Linear systems. See Linearity
Linearity
alternatives, 104-106 commutative property, 96 decomposition. See Decomposition
examples of linear and nonlinear systems, 94-95
Fourier transform, of the, 185-188 memoryless systems, 93 multiplication, 97
noise, adding, 97 requirements for, 89 sinusoidal fidelity, 92-94, 142 static linearity, 92-93 superposition, 98-100 synthesis, 98-99
Logarithmic scale. See Decibels Long integer, 72
Lossless data compression, 481-494
Lossy data compression, 481-482, 494-502 Low-pass filters. See under Filters Luminance signal, television, 386
LZW encoding, data compression, 488-494
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 9-10, 450
Magnitude. See Polar notation
Matched filter, See under Filters, digital
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Math coprocessor, 81
Mean, 13-17, 20-22, 434-436
Medical imaging, 2. See also X-ray imaging; Computed Tomography
Memory cache, 81-82 Memoryless system, 93 MFLOPS, 526 Microphonics, 172 MIPS, 526
Mix down, music, 5, 362
Modulation transfer function, 425-432 Morphing, 394
Morphological processing, 436-442 Moving average filter. See under Filters,
digital MPEG, 501-502
MTF. See Modulation transfer function Multiplexing, telephone, 4 Multiplication
amplitude modulation. See Amplitude modulation
frequency domain signals, 180-181, 312-316 image formation model, 378, 407-410
of time domain signals, 97 Multiprocessing, 529 Multirate techniques
compact disc DAC, 361 data conversion, 58-66 decimation, 60, 202-203
interpolation, 60, 202-203, 361 single bit ADC and DAC, 60-66
Mu law companding, 362-364 Music. See Audio processing
Natural frequency, 149, 164, 253 Nearest neighbor rounding, 396 Negative frequencies. See under Discrete
Fourier transform
Neural networks, 368, 451-480 Night vision systems, 392, 424, 436 Nodes, neural networks, 459-462 Nonlinear phase. See under Phase Noise
1/f noise, 172-173
ADC. See Quantization error
data compression, lossy, 481-482, 494-502 deconvolution, how noise limits, 304 digital generation, 29-32
image noise, 434-436
in math calculation. See Round-off error linearity of added, 97
Poisson noise, 434-436
speech, wideband noise reduction, 368-370 statistical noise, 18-19
step response sharpness vs. noise, 278-279 white noise, 172-173, 307
Normal distribution. See Gaussian NTSC television, 386
Nyquist rate (frequency), 41-42
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR), 450
Octave, 357-358
Odd field in video, 384-385
Odd symmetry, 102, 196, 240-241 Off-line processing, 506
Offset binary, 68-69
Oil & mineral exploration. See Seismology Opening operation, 437
Optimal filters, 307-310, 465 Orthognal basis functions, 158-159 Output look-up table (image display),
387-389
Output transform (image display), 389-391 Overshoot. See under Filters, see Gibbs effect
Packbits, data compression, 483 PAL television, 386
Parallel processing, 529
Parallel stages with added outputs, 134, 616-619
Parameter space, 457
Parentheses, used to denote continuous signals, 87
Parseval's relation, 208 Passband. See under Filters
Passband ripple. See under Filters Periodic nature of the DFT. See under
Discrete Fourier transform
Phase
See also Polar notation
carries edge information, 191-192, 222-224 hearing, insensitivity to, 355-356
linear phase, 131-132, 188-191, 328-332 nonlinear phase, 131-132, 328-332 nuisances and ambiguities, 164-168 time domain shifting, effect on, 188-191 unwrapping, 167, 188-189
zero phase, 131-132, 188-191, 328-332 Phase lock loops, linearity of, 94
Phasor transform, 515
Piano keyboard frequencies, 353, 357-358 Pillbox, 400-401, 423-424, 427-428 Pipeline, 84
Pitch, 355-358
Pixel (picture element), 373
Polar notation, 161-168. See also Phase Polar-to-rectangular conversion, 162 Poles and zeros, 49-50, 334, 590-604 Point-by-point image acquisition, 387
Point spread function. See Impulse response Pointer, 507
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Poisson statistics, 434-436
Positron emission tomography (PET), 449-450
PostScript image, data compression, 488 Precision, 32-34, 68, 72-76
Probability, 17-19
Probability distribution function (pdf), 19-24, 452-455
Probability mass function (pmf), 18, 19-24
Quantization error, 36-39 Quantization levels in images, 374 Quantization table, JPEG, 499-500 Quantum sink, 436
Radar, 1, 7, 88, 137, 222-224 Radians. See Natural frequency Range, 12
Random errors, 32-34
Random number generator, 29-32, 465 Real FFT, 239-242
Real time processing, 311, 506
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC), 454-455, 474-475
Reconstruction algorithms, CT, 444-450 Reconstruction filter. See under Filters,
analog
Rectangular-to-polar conversion, 162 Recursion equation
See also Filters, recursive first difference, 125-128 running sum, 125-128
moving average filter, 282-284 Reed-Solomon coding, 361 Region-of-convergence, 592 Resolution
frequency domain, 173-176 limiting resolution, images, 426 spatial domain, 423-432
Retina of the eye, 378-381
Ringing, step response. See under Filters, see Gibbs effect
RISC, 84
RLC circuits. See Electric circuit analysis ROC curve. See Receiver operating
characteristic
Rods and cones in the eye, 379-381 Roll-off. See under Filters, digital Root-mean-square (rms), 14 Round-off error, 73-76, 238, 284, 318,
332
Row major order, 384
Run-length encoding, data compression, 483-484, 500
Running sum, 126-128, 263 Reverberation in music, 5
s-domain, 581-587 s-plane, 581-587 Saccades of the eye, 381 Sampling, 35-44
Sampling aperture in images, 376, 423, 430-432
Sample spacing in images, 375-376, 423, 430-432
Sampling theorem, 39-45, 430-432 Scanning probe microscope, 387 SECAM television, 386
Separable image, 404-406 Seismology, 1, 7, 8, 451 Sharpening, image, 403-404 Shift and subtract, 402-403 Shift invariance, 89-92, 108 Sidebands in ADC, 44-45
Sidebands in AM. See Amplitude modulation Sigmoid function, 461-463, 471-472
Sign and magnitude, 68-69 Sign bit, 68-69
Signed fraction, 514 Signal (defined), 11, 87
Signal-to-noise ratio, 17, 432-436 Sinc function,
aliasing of, 212-214
DAC reconstruction, 46-47
Fourier transform of rectangular pulse, 212-215, 285-287
Two-dimensional (image), 400-401 Windowed-sinc filter, 283-285
Single precision, 70-76 Sinusoidal fidelity. See Linearity SIRT, 442
Skeletonization of binary images, 438-442 Smoothing filter. See under Filters
Space exploration. See Astrophotography Spectrogram of speech, 365-367
Speed
convolution vs. FFT convolution, 318 FIR vs. IIR filters, 346-350 hardware, 80-84
image convolution, 421-422 program language, 76-80 programming style, 84-86
Spatial domain (defined), 12, 373 Spatial resolution. See under Resolution Speak & spell, 6, 366
Spectral analysis, 169-176
Spectral inversion. See under Filters Spectral response of the eye, 380-381 Spectral reversal. See under Filters, digital Speech
digital recording, 6 generation, 6, 357, 364-368 recognition, 6-7, 364-368
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speak & spell, 6
vocal tract simulation, 6
Sonar, 1, 7-8, 32-34, 88, 171-173, 222-224 Square PSF, 400-401
Stability, 339, 541, 600-601, 609 Standard deviation, 13-17, 20-22, 434-435 Stationary, 19
Static linearity, 92-93 Statistical variation. See Noise
Steepest decent, neural network learning, 470-473
Step decomposition. See under Decomposition
Step response. See under Filters Stereo audio, 362
Stopband (defined), 268 Stretch, grayscale, 390-391 Strong law of large numbers, 18 Subpixel interpolation, 395-396
Substitution, using complex numbers by, 557-559
Superposition. See under Linearity Symmetry, left-right. See zero phase under
Phase
Synthesis. See under Linearity; Fourier transform, Discrete Fourier transform
System (defined), 87 Systematic errors, 32-34
t-carrier system, 4
Target detection, 451-458 Tchebysheff. See Chebyshev Telecommunications, 4-5 Television, 206, 374, 384-386, 501
Text recognition, neural network, 465-476 TIFF image, data compression, 488 Timbre, 355-358
Time domain (defined), 12, 146-147 Time domain encoding. See under
Information Threshold, 453-458
Transfer function, 594, 611-612 Transform (defined), 146
Transform data compression, 494-500 Triangular pulse, 216-217, 281 Trigonometric functions, 85-86, 165-166 True-positive (true-negative), 453-454 Tschebyscheff. See Chebyshev
Two's complement, 69-70
µ255 law companding, 362-364 Unit circle, z-plane, 608-609 Unsigned integer, 68-69
Variance, 14
Von Neumann architecture, 509 Voiced sound in speech, 364 Voiceprint of speech, 365-367
Warping images, 394-396 Well, in CCDs, 382-384
Wiener filter. See under Filters, digital Windows
Bartlett window, 288
Blackman, 175-176, 282-283, 288 Hamming, 170-171, 174-176, 282-283,
288 Hanning, 288
raised cosine, 288
rectangular, 175-176, 212-215, 288
in spectral analysis, 169-176, 173-176
X-ray imaging
See also computed tomography airport baggage scanner, 402-403 detection by phosphor layer, 423-424 DSP improvements to, 9
measuring MTF, 425 image noise of, 434-436
z-domain, 605-610 z-plane, 605-610
z-transform, 334-335, 605-610 Zero phase. See under Phase Zeros. See Poles and zeros Zeroth-order-hold, DAC, 46-47