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Index

643

Index

A-law companding, 362-364 Accuracy, 32-34

Additivity, 89-91, 185-187

Algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), 444-445

Aliasing

frequency domain, 196-200, 212-214, 220-222, 372

in sampling, 39-45

sinc function, equation for aliased, 212-214 time domain, 194-196, 300

Alternating current (AC), defined, 14 Amplitude modulation (AM), 204-206,

216-217, 370

Analysis equations. See under Fourier transform

Antialias filter. See under filtersanalog Arithmetic encoding, 486

Artificial neural net, 458. See also Neural network

Artificial reverberation in music, 5 ASCII codes, table of, 484

Aspect ratio of television, 386 Assembly program, 76-77, 520

Astrophotography, 1, 10, 373-375, 394-396 Audio processing, 5-7, 304-307, 311, 351-372 Audio signaling tones, detection of, 293 Automatic gain control (AGC), 370

Backprojection, 446-450 Basis functions

discrete Fourier transform, 150-152, 158-159

discrete cosine transform, 496-497 Bessel filter. See Filters, analog

Bias node in neural networks, 462-463 Bilinear interpolation, 396

Binary image processing. See Morphological processing

Biquad, 600

Bit map to vector map conversion, 442 Bit reversal sorting in FFT, 229 Blacker than black video, 385

Blob analysis, 436. See also Morphological processing

Brackets, indicating discrete signals, 87 Brightness in images, 387-391 Butterfly calculation in FFT, 231-232 Butterworth filter. See under Filters

C program, 67, 77, 520

Cascaded stages, 96, 133. See also under Filtersrecursive

Caruso, restoration of recordings by, 304-307 CAT scanner. See Computed tomography Causal signals and systems, 130

CCD. See Charge coupled device Central limit theorem, 30, 135-136, 407 Cepstrum, 371

Charge coupled device (CCD), 381-385, 430-432

Charge sensitive amplifier, in CCD, 382-384 Chebyshev filter. See under Filters

Chirp signals and systems, 222-224 Chrominance signal, in television, 386 Circular buffer, 507

Circularity. See under Discrete Fourier transform

Classifiers, 458

Close neighbors in images, 439 Closing, morphological, 437 Coefficient of variation (CV), 17 Color, 376, 379-381, 386 Compact laser disc (CD), 359-362 Complex logarithm, 372

Complex numbers addition, 553-554

associative property, 554 commutative property, 5054 complex number system, 551-554 complex plane, 552-553 conjugation, 193-194

distributive property, 554 division, 554, 557

Euler's relation, 556, 569-570 exponential form, 557, 569-570, 584 multiplication, 554, 557

polar notation, 555-557 rectangular notation, 552-556 sinusoids, representing, 559-561

644

The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing

subtraction, 554

systems, representing, 561-563 Companding, 4, 358-359, 362-364 Compiler, 78, 546

Composite video, 384-386

Computed tomography (CT), 9, 411, 429, 442-450

Compression, data. See Data compression Compression & expansion of signals,

200-203

Compression ratio in JPEG, 500 Connectivity analysis, 434. See also

Morphological processing Continuous signal (defined), 11 Contrast, image 387-391, 432-434 Convolution

associative property, 133 circular, 182-184, 314 commutative property, 113, 132 continuous, 246-252 convolution machine, 116-119 discrete, 107-122

distributive property, 134 end effects, 118-121, 408

execution time, 140, 316, 318-422 frequency multiplication, by, 179-184.

See also FFT convolution image, 397-410, 416-422

immersion of impulse response, 119, 410 input side view, 112-115, 246-247, 398,

418-423

left-for-right flip, 117, 138-140, 194, 416-421

neural networks, carried out by, 464-465 output side view, 116-121, 246-247,

399-400, 418-421

piecewise polynomial method, 250-252 separability, image convolution by,

404-407

sum of weighted inputs, viewed as, 122 Cooley, J.W. & Tukey, J.W., 225 Correlation, 136-140

autocorrelation, 137

convolution, carried out by, 138-140, 194, 416-422

correlation machine, 138-140 cross-correlation, 137

Fourier transform use of. See Discrete Fourier transform

matched filter. See Filters

neural networks, carried out by, 464 radar and sonar use, 137

Counting statistics, 434-436

CRT display, point spread function of, 424 Cumulative distribution function, 28-29 CVSD modulation, 62-64

Data compression, 4, 10, 481-502 dB. See Decibels

dBm, 264 dBV, 264 DC offset

in Fourier transform, 152 linearity of, 97

DCT. See Discrete cosine transform Decibels, 263-264

Decibels SPL, 352-356 Decimation. See Multirate Decimation in frequency FFT, 234 Decimation in time FFT, 234 Decomposition

defined, 98

even/odd decomposition, 102-103, 240-242 Fourier decomposition, 104, 105, 147 impulse decomposition, 100-101

interlaced decomposition, 103-104, 228-229 step decomposition, 100-101

strategy for using, 98-100 Deconvolution, 179-180, 300-307

Delta encoding, data compression, 486-488 Delta function

continuous, 243-245 discrete, 107-109

Fourier transform of, 200, 209-212 identity for convolution, 123 two-dimensional (image), 397-398

Delta modulation, 60-66 Delta-sigma, 63-66

Dependent variable (defined), 12 Derivative, discrete. See First difference Derivative of continuous step function,

250-252

DFT. See Discrete Fourier transform Differential equations, RLC circuits, 563-564 Difference equation. See Recursion equation Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), 44-48 Dilatation. See Dilation

Dilation, 437. See also Morphological processing

Direct current (DC) (defined), 14 Discrete signal (defined), 11

Discrete cosine transform (DCT), 496 Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)

See also Fourier transform; Fourier transform pairs

analysis, 157-161, 567-580

basis functions, 150-152, 158-159 circular, 195. See also periodic complex DFT, 225-227, 519-532 correlation method, 157-160

examples of, 142-143, 171, 181, 186, 193. See also Fourier Transform pairs

forward DFT, 157-160, 567-580

frequency resolution, 173-176 inverse DFT, 152-156, 573-580 Discrete Fourier transform (continued)

negative frequencies, 196-200, 209-211, 226-227, 569-575

orthognal basis functions, 158-159 periodic frequency domain, 196-200 periodic time domain, 194-196

real DFT, 141-160, 225-227, 519-521 spectral density, 156

spectral leakage, 175-176 synthesis, 152-156, 573-580

Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT). See Fourier transform

Distant neighbors in images, 439 Dithering, 38-39, 374

Division of frequency domain signals, 181-182

DN (digital number) in images, 374 Dolby stereo, 362

Domain (defined), 12

Double precision, 70-74, 284, 339 DSP microprocessor, 84

DTFT. See Fourier transform Duality, 161, 210-212, 236 Dynamic range, 261-262, 378

Ear, 351-355

Echo control in telephones, 5

Echo location, 7-8. See also Radar; Sonar; Seismology

Echoes in music, 5

Edge detection, 402-403, 416-417 Edge response, 426-430

EFM (8 to 14 modulation), 360 Electric circuit analysis

phasor transform method, 563-566 Laplace transform method, 592-599

Electroencephalogram (EEG), 292-293 End effect. See under Convolution Erosion, 435. See also Morphological

processing

Euler's relation. See under Complex numbers Even field in video, 384-385

Even/odd decomposition, 102, 240-242 Even symmetry, 102, 196, 240-241 Evolution, neural network learning, 470 Execution speed. See Speed

Exponential, two ways to generate, 606-607 Eye, 376-381, 404, 409, 432-434

False-positive (false-negative), 453-454 Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 180, 225-242 Feature extraction, 458

FFT convolution, 140, 179-184, 311-318, 411, 416-422

Glossary

645

Field, television, 384-386 Filters, analog

See also Filters, digital; Filters, recursive in ADC and DAC, 48-59

antialias, 48-49, 55-59, 172-173 Bessel, 49-59, 330, 361 Butterworth, 49-58, 600-604 Chebyshev, 49-58, 600-604 design methods, 49-59, 600-604

digital, compared to, 261-262, 343-345 elliptic, 54

frequency response, 52-54, 176-179, 598-599 high-pass, 51

low-pass, 49-54, 322, 343-345, 600-604 notch filter, 519-520, 592-597 overshoot, step response, 54-55

pulse response, 55

reconstruction filter for DAC, 44-49, 480 ringing, step response, 54-55

roll-off, 52-53

Sallen-key circuit, 49-50, 600-601 smoothing, 322

stability of analog filters, 541, 600-601 step response, 54-55, 322-323 switch-capacitor, 51-52

Filters, digital

See also Filters, analog; Filters, recursive band-pass, 177-179, 268-274, 293 band-reject, 268-274, 291, 293

custom response, 297-310 cutoff frequency (defined), 268 edge enhancement, 400-401 even order filter, 603

finite impulse response (FIR), 263, 319 FIR vs. IIR, 346-350

frequency domain parameters, 268-270 frequency response, 176-179, 268-270, 562 high-pass, 110, 129, 268-274

low-pass, 110, 128-129, 268-270, 280, 285-288, 343-350, 400-401

matched filter, 138, 307-310, 416-419 moving average filter, 277-284, 307-310,

348-350, 406-407 odd order filter, 603

overshoot, step response, 266-267 passband (defined), 268

passband ripple (defined), 268 pulse response, 328-332 roll-off (defined), 268-269

smoothing, 110, 128-129, 280-282, 348-350 spectral inversion, 270-272, 293

spectral reversal, 273-274

step response, 262-263, 265-267, 338 stopband (defined), 268

stopband attenuation, 268-269, 293-296 time domain parameters, 266-268

646

The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing

Filters, digital (continued) transition band (defined), 268 Wiener filter, 308-310, 368-370

windowed-sinc filter, 216-217, 285-298, 346-348

Filters, recursive

See also Filters, analog; Filters, digital band-pass filters, 326-327

band-reject filters, 326-327, 610-616 bidirectional recursive filtering, 330-332 Butterworth, 333-342, 601-603, 623-630 cascade stages, combining, 616-618 Chebyshev, 333-342, 346-348, 623-630 converting pole and zeros to recursion

coefficients, 610-615 custom response, 476-480 elliptic, 334, 602-603

FIR compared with IIR, 346-348 gain changes, 621-623 high-pass, 322-326, 334-338

infinite impulse response (IIR), 263, 284, 319-320

low-pass, 322-326, 334-338, 346-350 low-pass to low-pass transform, 628-629 low-pass to high-pass transform, 629 moving average filter, recursive, 282-284 narrow-band filters, 326-327

notch filters, 326-327, 612-614 overshoot, step response, 338 parallel stages, combining, 616-619 pulse response, 328-332 reconstruction filter for DAC, 44-55,

480

ringing, step response, 338

single pole recursive filters, 322-326, 348-350, 406-407

smoothing, 322-326, 348-350 spectral inversion, 619-621

stability of recursive filters, 339, 599, 598-599, 609

step response, 322-323, 338 transfer function of, 610-616 z-domain representation of, 610-616

Filter kernel (defined), 262 Filtered backprojection, 446-450 Fingerprint identification, 438-442

Finite impulse response. See Filters, digital

FIR filters. See Filters, digital First difference, 110-111, 125-128 Fixed point, 68-70, 514, 544 Flat-top window, 176

Floating point, 70-72, 514,544 Focusing, eyes and camera, 376-379 Format frequencies in speech, 365 Fovea of the eye, 379-380

Fourier slice theorem, 411, 448-449 Fourier transform

See also Discrete Fourier transform; Fourier transform pairs

analysis equations, 147, 157-161, 576-579

circular. See under Discrete Fourier transform

data compression use of, 494-495 decomposition. See Decomposition DFT. See Discrete Fourier Transform discrete vs. periodic relationship, 222 discrete time Fourier series (DTFT),

144-145, 178, 206-207, 213, 530-531 four types of, 143-145, 576-579

Fourier series, 144-145, 252, 255-260, 578-579

forward transform (defined), 147 Fourier transform, continuous, 144-145,

252-255, 579

images, Fourier transform of, 410-416 inverse transform (defined), 147

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, 141 neural networks, can be carried out by,

464-465

periodic nature. See under Discrete Fourier transform

real vs. complex, 146, 225-227, 576 real and imaginary parts, 148 scaling, 529-531

synthesis equations, 152-157, 577-579 why sinusoids are used, 142

Fourier Transform pairs, 209-224 chirp signals and systems, 222-224 delta function, 210-211

distorted sinusoid, 220-221 Gaussian, 216-217 Gaussian burst, 216-217 rectangular pulse, 212-213 shifted impulse, 210-211 sinc, 215-217

triangular pulse, 216-217

Fourier reconstruction (CT), 447-450 Frame grabber, 385

Frame, television, 384-385 Frequency domain (defined), 12, 147

Frequency domain encoding, See Information Frequency domain multiplexing, 206 Frequency response, See Filters

Fricative sound in speech, 364-365 Full-width-half-maximum (FWHM), 424 Fully interconnected neural network, 460 Fundamental frequency. See Harmonics

Gamma curve, 389-394

Gamma ray detector, 301-305

Glossary

647

Gauss distribution, see Gaussian Gaussian

See also Central limit theorem equation for, 26-31

Fourier transform of, 216-217, 423-425, 427-428

as filter kernel, 281-283, 400-401, 423-425, 427-428, 430-432

noise, 29-32 separability of, 404-406

Geophysics. See Seismology

Gibbs effect, 142, 203, 218-219, 286-287 GIF image, data compression, 488 Grayscale, image, 373, 387

Grayscale stretch, 390-391 Grayscale transforms, 390-394,433

Halftone image, 387, 433

Harmonics, 172-173, 220-222, 255, 355-358 Harvard Architecture, 84, 509

Hearing, 351-355

High fidelity audio, 358-362 High-pass filters, See Filters High speed convolution. See FFT

convolution Hilbert transformer, 621

Histogram, calculating, 19-26 Histogram equalization, 393-394 History of DSP, 1-3

Homogeneity, 89-90, 108, 185-186 Homomorphic processing, 370-372, 408-409 Hyperspace, 457, 463-464

Huffman encoding, 484-486, 500

IIR filters. See Filters, recursive Illumination flattening of images, 407-410 Immersion. See under Convolution Impedance, electrical, 563-566

Impulse, 100, 107-108

Impulse decomposition. See under decomposition

Impulse response

See also Convolution continuous systems, 244-245 defined, 108-109

examples of, 110-111, 128-132 two-dimensional (image), 397-398

Impulse train, 42-47

Independent variable (defined), 12

Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. See Filters, recursive

Information

frequency domain encoded, 56, 265-266, 268-270

spatial domain encoded, 373-374, 424-425 time domain encoded, 56-57, 265-267

In-place computation, 233

Integral, discrete, See Running sum

Integral of continuous impulse, 244, 250-251 Integrated profile, 428-429

Interlaced decomposition. See under Decomposition

Interlaced video, 384-385 Interpolation. See Multirate

Iterative techniques, 444-445, 465-473 Iterative least squares technique (ILST), 444

JPEG image compression, 494-502

Karhunen-Loeve transform, 496 Kernel, filter. See Impulse response

Laplace transform, 334, 581-604 Layers, neural network, 459-460 Learning algorithm, neural network, 463 Least significant bit (LSB) (defined), 36 Lens, camera and eye, 376-379

Limiting resolution, images, 426 Line pair, 426

Line pair gauge, 425-426

Line scanning image acquisition, 386-387 Line spread function (LSF), 426-430 Linear phase, See under Phase

Linear predictive coding (LPC), 359, 366 Linear systems. See Linearity

Linearity

alternatives, 104-106 commutative property, 96 decomposition. See Decomposition

examples of linear and nonlinear systems, 94-95

Fourier transform, of the, 185-188 memoryless systems, 93 multiplication, 97

noise, adding, 97 requirements for, 89 sinusoidal fidelity, 92-94, 142 static linearity, 92-93 superposition, 98-100 synthesis, 98-99

Logarithmic scale. See Decibels Long integer, 72

Lossless data compression, 481-494

Lossy data compression, 481-482, 494-502 Low-pass filters. See under Filters Luminance signal, television, 386

LZW encoding, data compression, 488-494

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 9-10, 450

Magnitude. See Polar notation

Matched filter, See under Filters, digital

648

The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing

Math coprocessor, 81

Mean, 13-17, 20-22, 434-436

Medical imaging, 2. See also X-ray imaging; Computed Tomography

Memory cache, 81-82 Memoryless system, 93 MFLOPS, 526 Microphonics, 172 MIPS, 526

Mix down, music, 5, 362

Modulation transfer function, 425-432 Morphing, 394

Morphological processing, 436-442 Moving average filter. See under Filters,

digital MPEG, 501-502

MTF. See Modulation transfer function Multiplexing, telephone, 4 Multiplication

amplitude modulation. See Amplitude modulation

frequency domain signals, 180-181, 312-316 image formation model, 378, 407-410

of time domain signals, 97 Multiprocessing, 529 Multirate techniques

compact disc DAC, 361 data conversion, 58-66 decimation, 60, 202-203

interpolation, 60, 202-203, 361 single bit ADC and DAC, 60-66

Mu law companding, 362-364 Music. See Audio processing

Natural frequency, 149, 164, 253 Nearest neighbor rounding, 396 Negative frequencies. See under Discrete

Fourier transform

Neural networks, 368, 451-480 Night vision systems, 392, 424, 436 Nodes, neural networks, 459-462 Nonlinear phase. See under Phase Noise

1/f noise, 172-173

ADC. See Quantization error

data compression, lossy, 481-482, 494-502 deconvolution, how noise limits, 304 digital generation, 29-32

image noise, 434-436

in math calculation. See Round-off error linearity of added, 97

Poisson noise, 434-436

speech, wideband noise reduction, 368-370 statistical noise, 18-19

step response sharpness vs. noise, 278-279 white noise, 172-173, 307

Normal distribution. See Gaussian NTSC television, 386

Nyquist rate (frequency), 41-42

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR), 450

Octave, 357-358

Odd field in video, 384-385

Odd symmetry, 102, 196, 240-241 Off-line processing, 506

Offset binary, 68-69

Oil & mineral exploration. See Seismology Opening operation, 437

Optimal filters, 307-310, 465 Orthognal basis functions, 158-159 Output look-up table (image display),

387-389

Output transform (image display), 389-391 Overshoot. See under Filters, see Gibbs effect

Packbits, data compression, 483 PAL television, 386

Parallel processing, 529

Parallel stages with added outputs, 134, 616-619

Parameter space, 457

Parentheses, used to denote continuous signals, 87

Parseval's relation, 208 Passband. See under Filters

Passband ripple. See under Filters Periodic nature of the DFT. See under

Discrete Fourier transform

Phase

See also Polar notation

carries edge information, 191-192, 222-224 hearing, insensitivity to, 355-356

linear phase, 131-132, 188-191, 328-332 nonlinear phase, 131-132, 328-332 nuisances and ambiguities, 164-168 time domain shifting, effect on, 188-191 unwrapping, 167, 188-189

zero phase, 131-132, 188-191, 328-332 Phase lock loops, linearity of, 94

Phasor transform, 515

Piano keyboard frequencies, 353, 357-358 Pillbox, 400-401, 423-424, 427-428 Pipeline, 84

Pitch, 355-358

Pixel (picture element), 373

Polar notation, 161-168. See also Phase Polar-to-rectangular conversion, 162 Poles and zeros, 49-50, 334, 590-604 Point-by-point image acquisition, 387

Point spread function. See Impulse response Pointer, 507

Glossary

649

Poisson statistics, 434-436

Positron emission tomography (PET), 449-450

PostScript image, data compression, 488 Precision, 32-34, 68, 72-76

Probability, 17-19

Probability distribution function (pdf), 19-24, 452-455

Probability mass function (pmf), 18, 19-24

Quantization error, 36-39 Quantization levels in images, 374 Quantization table, JPEG, 499-500 Quantum sink, 436

Radar, 1, 7, 88, 137, 222-224 Radians. See Natural frequency Range, 12

Random errors, 32-34

Random number generator, 29-32, 465 Real FFT, 239-242

Real time processing, 311, 506

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC), 454-455, 474-475

Reconstruction algorithms, CT, 444-450 Reconstruction filter. See under Filters,

analog

Rectangular-to-polar conversion, 162 Recursion equation

See also Filters, recursive first difference, 125-128 running sum, 125-128

moving average filter, 282-284 Reed-Solomon coding, 361 Region-of-convergence, 592 Resolution

frequency domain, 173-176 limiting resolution, images, 426 spatial domain, 423-432

Retina of the eye, 378-381

Ringing, step response. See under Filters, see Gibbs effect

RISC, 84

RLC circuits. See Electric circuit analysis ROC curve. See Receiver operating

characteristic

Rods and cones in the eye, 379-381 Roll-off. See under Filters, digital Root-mean-square (rms), 14 Round-off error, 73-76, 238, 284, 318,

332

Row major order, 384

Run-length encoding, data compression, 483-484, 500

Running sum, 126-128, 263 Reverberation in music, 5

s-domain, 581-587 s-plane, 581-587 Saccades of the eye, 381 Sampling, 35-44

Sampling aperture in images, 376, 423, 430-432

Sample spacing in images, 375-376, 423, 430-432

Sampling theorem, 39-45, 430-432 Scanning probe microscope, 387 SECAM television, 386

Separable image, 404-406 Seismology, 1, 7, 8, 451 Sharpening, image, 403-404 Shift and subtract, 402-403 Shift invariance, 89-92, 108 Sidebands in ADC, 44-45

Sidebands in AM. See Amplitude modulation Sigmoid function, 461-463, 471-472

Sign and magnitude, 68-69 Sign bit, 68-69

Signed fraction, 514 Signal (defined), 11, 87

Signal-to-noise ratio, 17, 432-436 Sinc function,

aliasing of, 212-214

DAC reconstruction, 46-47

Fourier transform of rectangular pulse, 212-215, 285-287

Two-dimensional (image), 400-401 Windowed-sinc filter, 283-285

Single precision, 70-76 Sinusoidal fidelity. See Linearity SIRT, 442

Skeletonization of binary images, 438-442 Smoothing filter. See under Filters

Space exploration. See Astrophotography Spectrogram of speech, 365-367

Speed

convolution vs. FFT convolution, 318 FIR vs. IIR filters, 346-350 hardware, 80-84

image convolution, 421-422 program language, 76-80 programming style, 84-86

Spatial domain (defined), 12, 373 Spatial resolution. See under Resolution Speak & spell, 6, 366

Spectral analysis, 169-176

Spectral inversion. See under Filters Spectral response of the eye, 380-381 Spectral reversal. See under Filters, digital Speech

digital recording, 6 generation, 6, 357, 364-368 recognition, 6-7, 364-368

650

The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing

speak & spell, 6

vocal tract simulation, 6

Sonar, 1, 7-8, 32-34, 88, 171-173, 222-224 Square PSF, 400-401

Stability, 339, 541, 600-601, 609 Standard deviation, 13-17, 20-22, 434-435 Stationary, 19

Static linearity, 92-93 Statistical variation. See Noise

Steepest decent, neural network learning, 470-473

Step decomposition. See under Decomposition

Step response. See under Filters Stereo audio, 362

Stopband (defined), 268 Stretch, grayscale, 390-391 Strong law of large numbers, 18 Subpixel interpolation, 395-396

Substitution, using complex numbers by, 557-559

Superposition. See under Linearity Symmetry, left-right. See zero phase under

Phase

Synthesis. See under Linearity; Fourier transform, Discrete Fourier transform

System (defined), 87 Systematic errors, 32-34

t-carrier system, 4

Target detection, 451-458 Tchebysheff. See Chebyshev Telecommunications, 4-5 Television, 206, 374, 384-386, 501

Text recognition, neural network, 465-476 TIFF image, data compression, 488 Timbre, 355-358

Time domain (defined), 12, 146-147 Time domain encoding. See under

Information Threshold, 453-458

Transfer function, 594, 611-612 Transform (defined), 146

Transform data compression, 494-500 Triangular pulse, 216-217, 281 Trigonometric functions, 85-86, 165-166 True-positive (true-negative), 453-454 Tschebyscheff. See Chebyshev

Two's complement, 69-70

µ255 law companding, 362-364 Unit circle, z-plane, 608-609 Unsigned integer, 68-69

Variance, 14

Von Neumann architecture, 509 Voiced sound in speech, 364 Voiceprint of speech, 365-367

Warping images, 394-396 Well, in CCDs, 382-384

Wiener filter. See under Filters, digital Windows

Bartlett window, 288

Blackman, 175-176, 282-283, 288 Hamming, 170-171, 174-176, 282-283,

288 Hanning, 288

raised cosine, 288

rectangular, 175-176, 212-215, 288

in spectral analysis, 169-176, 173-176

X-ray imaging

See also computed tomography airport baggage scanner, 402-403 detection by phosphor layer, 423-424 DSP improvements to, 9

measuring MTF, 425 image noise of, 434-436

z-domain, 605-610 z-plane, 605-610

z-transform, 334-335, 605-610 Zero phase. See under Phase Zeros. See Poles and zeros Zeroth-order-hold, DAC, 46-47

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