Brindlesoft
thegrendel@theriver.com
06 January 2002
Revision History
Revision 0.1	14 June 2000	Revised by: mc
Initial release.
Revision 0.2	30 October 2000	Revised by: mc
Bugs fixed, plus much additional material and more example		scripts.
Revision 0.3	12 February 2001	Revised by: mc
Another major update.
Revision 0.4	08 July 2001	Revised by: mc

More bugfixes, much more material, more scripts − a complete revision and expansion of the book.

Revision 0.5	03 September 2001	Revised by: mc
Major update. Bugfixes, material added, chapters and sections reorganized.
Revision 1.0	14 October 2001	Revised by: mc
Bugfixes, reorganization, material added. Stable release.
Revision 1.1	06 January 2002	Revised by: mc

Bugfixes, material and scripts added.

This tutorial assumes no previous knowledge of scripting or programming, but progresses rapidly toward an intermediate/advanced level of instruction (...all the while sneaking in little snippets of UNIX wisdom and lore). It serves as a textbook, a manual for self−study, and a reference and source of knowledge on shell scripting techniques. The exercises and heavily−commented examples invite active reader participation, under the premise that the only way to really learn scripting is to write scripts.

The latest update of this document, as an archived "tarball" including both the SGML source and rendered HTML, may be downloaded from the author's home site. See the change log for a revision history.

Dedication

For Anita, the source of all the magic

Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Why Shell Programming?...............................................................................................................	1
Chapter 2. Starting Off With a Sha−Bang .......................................................................................................	3
2.1. Invoking the script............................................................................................................................	5
2.2. Preliminary Exercises.......................................................................................................................	6
Part 2. Basics............................................................................................................................................	6
Chapter 3. Exit and Exit Status.........................................................................................................................	7
Chapter 4. Special Characters...........................................................................................................................	9
Chapter 5. Introduction to Variables and Parameters..................................................................................	23
5.1. Variable Substitution......................................................................................................................	23
5.2. Variable Assignment.......................................................................................................................	25
5.3. Bash Variables Are Untyped..........................................................................................................	26
5.4. Special Variable Types...................................................................................................................	27
Chapter 6. Quoting...........................................................................................................................................	31
Chapter 7. Tests................................................................................................................................................	37
7.1. Test Constructs...............................................................................................................................	37
7.2. File test operators............................................................................................................................	42
7.3. Comparison operators (binary).......................................................................................................	45
7.4. Nested if/then Condition Tests.......................................................................................................	50
7.5. Testing Your Knowledge of Tests..................................................................................................	51
Chapter 8. Operations and Related Topics....................................................................................................	52
8.1. Operators.........................................................................................................................................	52
8.2. Numerical Constants.......................................................................................................................	58
Part 3. Beyond the Basics......................................................................................................................	58
Chapter 9. Variables Revisited........................................................................................................................	60
9.1. Internal Variables............................................................................................................................	60
9.2. Manipulating Strings.......................................................................................................................	75
9.2.1. Manipulating strings using awk......................................................................................	79
9.2.2. Further Discussion..........................................................................................................	80
9.3. Parameter Substitution....................................................................................................................	80
9.4. Typing variables: declare or typeset..............................................................................................	88
9.5. Indirect References to Variables.....................................................................................................	90
9.6. $RANDOM: generate random integer............................................................................................	92
9.7. The Double Parentheses Construct.................................................................................................	96
Chapter 10. Loops and Branches....................................................................................................................	98
10.1. Loops............................................................................................................................................	98
10.2. Nested Loops..............................................................................................................................	108
10.3. Loop Control...............................................................................................................................	108
10.4. Testing and Branching................................................................................................................	111

Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide
Table of Contents
Chapter 11. Internal Commands and Builtins.............................................................................................	117
11.1. Job Control Commands..............................................................................................................	132
Chapter 12. External Filters, Programs and Commands...........................................................................	136
12.1. Basic Commands........................................................................................................................	136
12.2. Complex Commands...................................................................................................................	139
12.3. Time / Date Commands..............................................................................................................	145
12.4. Text Processing Commands........................................................................................................	147
12.5. File and Archiving Commands...................................................................................................	166
12.6. Communications Commands......................................................................................................	174
12.7. Terminal Control Commands.....................................................................................................	177
12.8. Math Commands.........................................................................................................................	178
12.9. Miscellaneous Commands..........................................................................................................	183
Chapter 13. System and Administrative Commands..................................................................................	190
Chapter 14. Command Substitution.............................................................................................................	213
Chapter 15. Arithmetic Expansion................................................................................................................	217
Chapter 16. I/O Redirection...........................................................................................................................	218
16.1. Using exec...................................................................................................................................	220
16.2. Redirecting Code Blocks............................................................................................................	221
16.3. Applications................................................................................................................................	225
Chapter 17. Here Documents.........................................................................................................................	227
Chapter 18. Recess Time................................................................................................................................	232
Part 4. Advanced Topics......................................................................................................................	232
Chapter 19. Regular Expressions..................................................................................................................	234
19.1. A Brief Introduction to Regular Expressions..............................................................................	234
19.2. Globbing.....................................................................................................................................	236
Chapter 20. Subshells.....................................................................................................................................	238
Chapter 21. Restricted Shells.........................................................................................................................	241
Chapter 22. Process Substitution...................................................................................................................	243
Chapter 23. Functions....................................................................................................................................	245
23.1. Complex Functions and Function Complexities.........................................................................	247
23.2. Local Variables...........................................................................................................................	254
23.2.1. Local variables make recursion possible....................................................................	255
Chapter 24. Aliases.........................................................................................................................................	257
Chapter 25. List Constructs...........................................................................................................................	260

Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide
Table of Contents
Chapter 26. Arrays.........................................................................................................................................	263
Chapter 27. Files.............................................................................................................................................	274
Chapter 28. /dev and /proc.............................................................................................................................	275
28.1. /dev..............................................................................................................................................	275
28.2. /proc............................................................................................................................................	275
Chapter 29. Of Zeros and Nulls.....................................................................................................................	280
Chapter 30. Debugging...................................................................................................................................	283
Chapter 31. Options........................................................................................................................................	289
Chapter 32. Gotchas.......................................................................................................................................	292
Chapter 33. Scripting With Style..................................................................................................................	296
33.1. Unofficial Shell Scripting Stylesheet..........................................................................................	296
Chapter 34. Miscellany...................................................................................................................................	299
34.1. Interactive and non−interactive shells and scripts......................................................................	299
34.2. Shell Wrappers............................................................................................................................	300
34.3. Tests and Comparisons: Alternatives..........................................................................................	303
34.4. Optimizations..............................................................................................................................	304
34.5. Assorted Tips..............................................................................................................................	304
34.6. Oddities.......................................................................................................................................	307
34.7. Portability Issues.........................................................................................................................	308
34.8. Shell Scripting Under Windows.................................................................................................	308
Chapter 35. Bash, version 2...........................................................................................................................	309
Chapter 36. Endnotes.....................................................................................................................................	313
36.1. Author's Note..............................................................................................................................	313
36.2. About the Author........................................................................................................................	313
36.3. Tools Used to Produce This Book..............................................................................................	313
36.3.1. Hardware.....................................................................................................................	313
36.3.2. Software and Printware...............................................................................................	313
36.4. Credits.........................................................................................................................................	314
Bibliography........................................................................................................................................	315
Appendix A. Contributed Scripts.........................................................................................................	319
Appendix B. A Sed and Awk Micro−Primer.......................................................................................	337
B.1. Sed................................................................................................................................................	337
B.2. Awk..............................................................................................................................................	340
Appendix C. Exit Codes With Special Meanings................................................................................	341
Appendix D. A Detailed Introduction to I/O and I/O Redirection......................................................	342
Appendix E. Localization....................................................................................................................	343
Appendix F. History Commands.........................................................................................................	345
Appendix G. A Sample .bashrc File....................................................................................................	346

iii

Advanced Bash−Scripting Guide
Table of Contents
Appendix H. Converting DOS Batch Files to Shell Scripts................................................................	355
Appendix I. Exercises..........................................................................................................................	359
Appendix J. Copyright.........................................................................................................................	361

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