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International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-282-9

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002016427

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

	Preface	xi
	Acknowledgments	xv
1	Class AB Amplifiers	1
1.1	Introduction	1
1.2	Classical Class AB Modes	2
1.3	Class AB: A Different Perspective	9
1.4	RF Bipolars: Vive La Difference	16
1.4.1	A Basic RF BJT Model	16
1.5	On Sweet Spots and IM Glitches	29
1.6	Conclusions	31
	Reference	32
2	Doherty and Chireix	33
2.1	Introduction	33
2.2	The Doherty PA	34
2.2.1	Introduction and Formulation	34

vi Advanced Techniques in RF Power Amplifier Design

2.2.2	The Classical Doherty Configuration	37
2.2.3	Variations on the Classical Configuration	42
2.2.4	Peaking Amplifier Configurations	49
2.2.5	Doherty PA Matching Topologies	52
2.2.6	The Multiple Doherty PA	56
2.2.7	Doherty PA Conclusions	56
2.3	The Chireix Outphasing PA	58
2.3.1	Introduction and Formulation	58
2.3.2	Discussion, Analysis, and Simulation	62
2.3.3	Variations	69
2.3.4	Chireix: Conclusions	71
	References	72
3	Some Topics in PA Nonlinearity	73
3.1	Introduction	73

3.2A Problem, a Solution, and Problems with the

	Solution	74
3.3	Power Series, Volterra Series, and Polynomials	77
3.4	Two-Carrier Characterization	89
3.5	Memory and IM Asymmetry in RFPAs	94
3.6	PAs and Peak-to-Average Ratios	105
3.7	Conclusions	109
	References	110
4	Feedback Techniques	111
4.1	Introduction	111
4.2	Feedback Techniques	114

4.3Amplitude Envelope Feedback: Configuration and

	Analysis	121
4.4	Vector Envelope Feedback	137

	Contents	vii

4.5	Low Latency PA Design	140
4.6	Variations	146
4.7	Conclusions	150
	References	151
5	Predistortion Techniques	153
5.1	Introduction	153
5.2	Third-Degree PA: Predistortion Analysis	156
5.3	PD Characteristic for General PA Model	163

5.4Practical Realization of the Predistorter Function:

	Introduction	177
5.5	Analog Predistorters	179
5.6	DSP Predistortion	187
5.7	Conclusions	194
	References	195
6	Feedforward Power Amplifiers	197
6.1	Introduction	197
6.2	The Feedforward Loop	198
6.3	AM-PM Correction in the Feedforward Loop	204
6.4	Error Insertion Coupling	208

6.5Third-Degree Analysis of the Generalized

	Feedforward (FFW) Loop	216
6.5.1	Formulation and Analysis	216
6.5.2	Tracking Errors	222
6.5.3	Compression Adjustment	224
6.5.4	Third-Degree Analysis: Conclusions	228
6.6	Feedforward Loop Simulation	229
6.6.1	Effect of AM-PM in Main PA	231
6.6.2	Gain Compression Adjustment	233

viii Advanced Techniques in RF Power Amplifier Design

6.6.3	EPR Change	233
6.6.4	Gain and Phase Tracking	235
6.6.5	Multicarrier Simulation	235
6.7	Feedforward Loop Efficiency Considerations	236
6.8	Adaption and Correction: Closing the Loop	241
6.9	Variations	249
6.9.1	The Double Feedforward Loop	249
6.9.2	A Feedforward-Enhanced Power Combiner	252
6.9.3	“Budget” FFW Systems	253
6.10	Conclusions	255
	References	256
7	Microwave Power Amplifiers	257
7.1	Introduction	257
7.2	Broadband Microwave Power Amplifier Design	259
7.2.1	Introduction	259
7.2.2	Broadband Matching Using Network Synthesis	259
7.2.3	Balanced Amplifiers	270
7.2.4	Broadband Power Amplifier Design Issues	273
7.3	Microwave Circuits and MIC Techniques	280
7.3.1	Introduction	280
7.3.2	Substrate and Heatsink Materials	281
7.3.3	MIC Components and Structures	283
7.4	PA Design Using Prematched Modules	287
7.4.1	Introduction	287
7.4.2	Matching Issues for IMTs	287
7.4.3	Biasing Issues for IMTs	290
7.4.4	Power Combining of IMTs	291
7.5	Distributed Amplifiers	293
7.6	Conclusions	296
	References	297

	Contents	ix

	Appendix	299
	Notes	299
	Selected Bibliography	300
	Glossary	301
	About the Author	305
	Index	307

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TK7871.58.P6 C72	2002
621.384’12—dc21	2002016427

Contents