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Lesson 1

THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH

THE SOUNDS OF SPEECH

active organs of speech

air stream /eə(r) striːm/

alveolar ridge / ælˈviːələ/

back of the tongue /tʌŋ/

blade of the tongue

front of the tongue

glottal stop /ˈɡlɒt(ə)l/

glottis /ˈɡlɒtɪs/

hard palate /ˈpælət/

larynx /ˈlærɪŋks/

lips

lungs /lʌŋ/

mouth cavity /ˈkævəti/

neutral position /ˈnjuːtrəl/

nose cavity

oesophagus /ɪˈsɒfəɡəs/

organs of speech

passive organs of speech

pharyngal cavity /farinˈjēəlˈkævəti/

pharynx /ˈfærɪŋks/

protruded forward position /prəˈtruːd/

rims /rɪm/

rounded position

soft palate /ˈpælət/

speech sound

teeth ridge /rɪdʒ/

tip of the tongue

to vibrate

tongue /tʌŋ/

tongue-tip

uvula /ˈjuːvjʊlə/

vocal cords

voice

voiceless /ˈvɔɪsləs/

wind­pipe /ˈwɪn(d)ˌpaɪp/

активные органы речи

поток воздуха

альвеолярный гребень

спинка (задняя часть) языка

край языка

передняя часть языка

гортанная смычка

голосовая щель, голосовой аппарат

твердое небо

гортань, горло, глотка

губы

легкие

полость рта

нейтральное положение

полость носа

пищевод

органы речи

пассивные органы речи

фарингальная (глоточная) полость

глотка, зев

выступающее переднее положение

край, ободок

округлое положение

мягкое (заднее) небо

звук речи

ряд зубов

кончик языка

вибрировать, колебаться, звучать

язык, язычок

кончик языка

язычок

голосовые связки

голос

глухой, немой

дыхательное горло, трахея

Sounds and phonemes

a change of meaning

a functional unit

a language unit

allоphones /ˈæləˌfəʊn/

articulatory features /ˈfiːtʃə(r)/

distinctive

language community

phonemes /ˈfəʊniːm/

phonetic context

the material form

изменение значения

функциональный блок (единица)

языковая единица

аллофоны

особенности артикуляции

отличительный

языковое сообщество

фонема

фонетический контекст

материальная форма

Vowels and consonants

consonants /ˈkɒnsənənt/

diphthongoids

diphthongs/ˈdɪfθɒŋ/

monophthongs /ˈmɒnəfθɒŋ/

noise component /kəmˈpəʊnənt/

obstruction /əbˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n/

the supra-glottal cavities /ˈɡlɒt(ə)l/

uttering /ˈʌtə(r)/

vowels /ˈvaʊəl/

согласные

дифтонгоиды

дифтонги

монофтонги

шумовой компонент

препятствие

сверх-гортанная полость

произнося, выговаривая

гласные

DEFINITIONS

allophone - one of the slightly different ways that a phoneme can be pronounced.

consonant - a speech sound made by stopping all or some of the air going out of your mouth. A letter of the alphabet used as a symbol for a consonant. All the letters of the English alphabet are consonants except for 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', and 'u', which are vowels.

diphthong - a sound made by combining two vowels, specifically when it starts as one vowel sound and goes to another, like the oy sound in oil .

diphthongoids - in the pronunciation of diphthongoids the articulation is slightly changing but the difference between the starting point and the end is not distinct as it is in the case of diphthongs.

glottal sound - one that you make in speaking when you partly or completely stop air as it passes through the throat.

glottal stop - a sound made by stopping air as it passes through your throat. In some varieties of spoken English a glottal stop is often used instead of a 't' sound in the middle or at the end of a word.

glottis - the part of your throat where your larynx joins your pharynx, between your vocal cords.

larynx - the organ in your throat that contains your vocal cords, which produce sounds.

lung - one of the two organs in your chest that fill with air when you breathe.

monophthong - a single, pure vowel sound.

obstruction - something that blocks a path, passage, door etc so that it is difficult or impossible for someone or something to move along or through it.

oesophagus - the tube in your body that carries food from your mouth to your stomach.

palate - the inside upper part of your mouth. The front, harder part is your hard palate, and the back, softer part is your soft palate.

pharynx - the part of your throat that leads from your mouth to your oesophagus.

phoneme - an individual speech sound that makes one word different from another.

rim - the edge of an open container or circular object.

utter - to say something; to make a sound.

uvula - the piece of flesh (плоти) that hangs down at the back of your mouth.

vocal cords - the very thin muscles inside your throat that you use for making sounds.

vowel - a sound that you make when you speak without closing your mouth or throat. One of the letters 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', or 'u', used for representing these sounds. In English, 'y' is sometimes considered to be a vowel.

wind­pipe - the tube in your body that carries air into your lungs from your nose or mouth.

English has 12 monophthongs: [i:], [i], [e], [æ], [u], [u:], [o:], [o], [a:], [a], [e:], [ә], of them 2: [i:] and [u:] are diphthongoids and 8 diphthongs: [ei], [ai], [oi], [au], [әu], [iә], [eә], [uә].