chtenie_1
.doc
№3.1.1.
Формулировка ТЗ. Выберите заголовок для текста.
The most important source of our modern civilization is energy. It comes in different forms — heat, light, mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. The use of energy has been a key in the development of the human society. The increasing use of energy since the Industrial Revolution has also brought with it a number of serious problems, some of which, such as global warming, present potentially grave risks to the world.
Energy comes from energy resources, they are substances like fuels, petroleum products and electricity in general. They can be easily transformed to other kinds of energy that can serve a particular useful purpose. All forms of energy are stored in different ways, in the energy sources that we use every day. These sources are divided into two groups — renewable and nonrenewable.
Renewable energy sources include solar energy, which can be turned into electricity and heat. Wind, geothermal energy from inside the earth, biomass from plants, and hydropower and ocean energy from water are also renewable energy sources. However, we get most of our energy from nonrenewable energy sources, which include the fossil fuels — oil, natural gas, and coal. They were formed over millions and millions of years by the action of heat from the Earth’s core and pressure from rock and soil on the remains of dead plants and animals. Another nonrenewable energy source is the element uranium, whose atoms we split to create heat and ultimately electricity.
As the supply of oil is decreasing with the increasing demand we call it the Energy crisis. If oil production remains constant, there is enough to last 42 years. That figure is 61 years for natural gas and 133 years for coal. Inevitably, there will be a transition to sustainable energy sources. The transition may be sudden or planned–the choice is ours.
+В- The use of energy
В- Renewable and nonrenewable sources
В- The Energy crisis
В- Energy and its sources
№3.1.2.
Формулировка ТЗ. Найдите в тексте ответ на вопрос «What energy sources can be called renewable?».
В- heat, light, mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy
+В - wind, geothermal energy, biomass, and hydropower
В- oil, natural gas, and coal
В- the element uranium
№3.1.3.
Формулировка ТЗ. Закончите предложение «There are several forms of energy such as...» согласно тексту.
В- fuels, petroleum products and electricity
В- renewable and nonrenewable ones
В- oil, natural gas, and coal
+В- heat, light, mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy
№3.1.4.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите, какое предложение соответствует содержанию текста.
+В - The element uranium is one of the nonrenewable energy sources.
В- There is enough natural gas to last 42 years, if production remains constant.
В- People receive most of their energy from renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind, geothermal energy.
В- The increasing use of energy since the Industrial Revolution has solved many serious problems, such as global warming.
№3.1.5.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите значение слова fossil в тексте.
+В - ископаемые
В- люди с устаревшими воззрениями
В- вымершие
В- энергоносители
№3.1.6.
Формулировка ТЗ. Выберите заголовок для текста.
Water pollution occurs mostly, when people overload the water environment with wastes or substances harmful to living beings. Plants and animals require pure water, and they cannot survive, if water contains toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms. The major water pollutants are chemical, biological, and physical materials that lessen the water quality. They can be separated into several different classes.
The first class is petroleum products: oil, fuel, lubrication, plastics. They get into water from ships, tanker trucks and underground storage tanks. They are poisonous for birds and animals and damage the feathers and the fur that often causes death.
The second class is pesticides and herbicides. They are chemicals used to kill harmful animals and plants. They can remain dangerous for a long time. When an animal eats a plant that's been treated with these chemicals, the poisons are absorbed into the organs of the animals. The chemicals go up through the food chain, and become more harmful, so animals at the top of the food chains may suffer cancers, reproductive problems, and death.
The third class includes heavy metals, such as, mercury, selenium, uranium, radium, cesium, etc. They get into the water from industries, automobile exhausts, mines, and natural soil. Heavy metals also become more harmful as they follow the food chain. They accumulate in living being's cells and result in long-term health problems.
The fourth class is fertilizers and other nutrients used to promote plant growth on farms and in gardens. The fifth class is infectious organisms and pathogens. They enter water through sewage, storm drains, runoff from farms, etc.
The last one is thermal pollution. Water is used in factories and power plants and then is returned to the source warmer than when it was taken. Even a small temperature change breaks a balance and can cause serious circumstances in the environment.
+В - Water pollutants and their classes
В- Environmental pollution
В- Plants and animals
В- Thermal pollution
№3.1.7.
Формулировка ТЗ. Найдите в тексте ответ на вопрос «Which pollutants get into water from mines, automobile exhausts, industries?».
В- pesticides and herbicides
+В - heavy metals
В- fertilizers and other nutrients
В- petroleum products
№3.1.8.
Формулировка ТЗ. Закончите предложение «The chemicals which go up through the food chain are...» согласно тексту.
В- chemical, biological, and physical materials
В- toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms
В- fertilizers and other nutrients
+В -pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals
№3.1.9.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите, какое предложение соответствует содержанию текста.
+В- Water pollutants decrease the water quality.
В- Petroleum products get into water from industries, automobile exhausts, mines, and natural soil.
В- The used water is returned from factories and power plants into environment much colder than in the source.
В- The fertilizers are used to kill harmful animals and plants.
№3.1.10.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите значение слова cells в тексте.
+В - клетки
В- аккумуляторные элементы
В- помещает в клетку
В- убежища
№3.1.11.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите тему текста.
For hundreds of thousands of years, the human population grew at a low but steadily increasing rate. Then, in less than last 200 years, the world population went from several hundreds of millions to more than 6 billion people.
The Earth has certain limitations and in particular, there are limits to growth of things that consume the Earth resources. Many people predict catastrophic shortages of natural resources that will follow, because of continued population growth. Countries try not to raise this subject to the public much, because they do not want to raise panic.
Do you know that the USA itself consumes 50 per cent of all electricity produced on the Earth? The population of the USA is just around 285 million people. It is an interesting fact.
Overpopulation is destroying our environment, lowering the standard of living, and generally degrading the quality of life. Overpopulation also causes more violence, environmental pollution that reflects on land degradation, tropical forest destruction, global warming and destruction of coral reefs. 6 billion member society has to get a huge food infrastructure, so society start producing genetically made food, which is cheaper than ordinary one but might reflect in the nutrient balance. There is a very dangerous situation in India. By the year 2025 its population might reach 1.5 billion people.
The planet urgently needs population control. For example, in China it is prohibited to have more than one child for a couple.
Every second five people are born and two people die, so there is a gain of three people. At this rate, the world population is doubling every 40 years and would be 12 billion in 40 years, 24 billion in 80 years and 48 billion in 120 years. But the Earth could provide food only for 20 billion people.
В- Destroying the environment
В- The Earth
В - overpopulation
В- The shortage of natural resources
№3.1.12.
Формулировка ТЗ. Укажите правильный ответ на вопрос «What problem may take place on the Earth with limited resources because of overpopulation?»
В- world population doubling
В- shortages of natural resources
В- electricity consuming
В- panic
№3.1.13.
Формулировка ТЗ. Выберите предложение, соответствующее содержанию текста.
В- The planet needs no population control.
В- The USA itself consumes one third of all electricity produced on the Earth.
В- Two people are born on the Earth every second.
В- The world population becomes twice as much every 20 years.
№3.1.14.
Формулировка ТЗ. Закончите предложение согласно тексту «At the present moment the world population is about …?»
+В- 6 billion people
В- 1.5 billion people
В- 285 million people
В- 12 billion people
№3.1.15.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите значение слова nutrient в тексте.
В- кормить
В- нитрат
В- нутрия
+В- питательный
№3.2.1
Формулировка ТЗ. Выберите заголовок для текста.
St. Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia and one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great as the «Window on the West». Thousands of workmen were brought from all parts of Russia to build a new city at the mouth of the Neva River. Buildings were constructed of gray and rose-colored granite. In 1712 Saint Petersburg became the capital.
When the First World War began in 1914, the German-sounding name, St. Petersburg, was changed to Petrograd. After the October Revolution the city was renamed after Lenin, but the capital of the country was moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Now St. Petersburg is an important industrial, cultural and educational centre. It is also a large transport center. The first railroad line connected Saint Petersburg with Tsarskoye Selo. Then the famous Nicholas Railroad line from Saint Petersburg to Moscow was constructed. Now there are five railroad stations, two airports, a seaport, two bus terminals, a sea passenger terminal, and a river passenger terminal. The population of the city is over 5 million.
St. Petersburg is indeed a wonderful city. The Winter Palace, the Hermitage, the Russian Museum, St. Isaac's Cathedral, the Peter-and-Paul Fortress, the Admiralty building attract thousands of tourists from every corner of the world. Petersburg's museums house some of the world's most famous art collections. The Hermitage, for example, contains the richest collection of pictures in the world.
The city is called the Northern Venice because there are 65 rivers, arms and canals there with artistically decorated bridges. Eight bridges across the Neva River open every night in summer giving together with the unset sun and magnificent buildings a picturesque view. The longest bridge is Alexander Nevsky Bridge across the Neva River. The city is also famous for its beautiful white nights. Different festivals take place at this time. It has also been a tradition for graduates of all kinds to celebrate their graduation and make marry in the night city.
В- The largest city of Russia.
В- the Northern Venice.
В- The First World War.
В- The Hermitage.
№3.2.2
Формулировка ТЗ. Найдите ответ на вопрос «What is St. Petersburg famous for?».
В- industrial enterprises
В- white nights
В- population
В- thousands of tourists
№3.2.3.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите, какое предложение соответствует содержанию текста.
В- St. Petersburg is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
В- St. Petersburg is the capital of the Russian Federation.
В- St. Petersburg was destroyed during the October Revolution.
В- St. Petersburg doesn't attract any tourists.
№3.2.4.
Формулировка ТЗ. Закончите предложение «As there are a lot of rivers, arms, canals and bridges in the city it is called...» согласно тексту.
В- the white House
В- the Hermitage
В- the Northern Venice
В- the White Nights
№3.2.5
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите значение слова house в тексте.
В- дом
В- вмещают
В- постройка
В- прячут
№3.2.6
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите тему текста.
The Olympic Games have a very long history. They began in 777 BC in Greece and took place every four years for nearly twelve centuries at Olympia. They included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing, wrestling, long jumping, throwing of disks, chariot races, etc. For the period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic Games become the symbol of peace and friendship.
In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed until many centuries later. In 1894, a Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, addressed all the sports governing bodies and pointed out the significance of sports and its educational value. In 1896 the first modern Olympic Games took place. Of course, the competitions were held in Greece to symbolize the continuation of the centuries-old tradition.
In 1896 the International Olympic Committee was set up. It is the central policy-making body of the Olympic movement. It is formed by the representatives of all countries which take part in the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee decides upon the program of the games, the number of the participants and the city-host for the Games. Over one hundred and fifty countries are represented in the International Olympic Committee now.
Summer and Winter Games are held separately. There are always several cities wishing to host the Games. The most suitable city to host the Games is selected by the International Committee. After that the city of the Games starts preparations for the competitions, constructs new sports facilities, stadiums, hotels, press centers. Thousands of athletes, journalists and guests come to the Games, and it takes great efforts to arrange everything.
Russia joined the Olympic movement in 1952. Since then it has won a lot of gold, silver, bronze medals. In 1980 Moscow hosted the Twenty-Second Summer Olympic Games. In 2014 Sochi will host the Twenty-Second Winter Olympic Games.
В- The Summer Olympic Games
В- The Winter Olympic Games
В- The Twenty-Second Olympic Games
В- The history of the Olympic Games
№3.2.7.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите, какое предложение соответствует содержанию текста.
В- Two hundred and fifty countries are represented in the International Olympic Committee now.
В- Russia left the Olympic movement in 1952.
В- In 1980 the Olympic Games took place in Moscow.
В- In 1896 the Olympic Games were abolished.
№3.2.8
Формулировка ТЗ. Найдите ответ на вопрос «How many years was the interval between the ancient and modern Olympic Games?».
В- 1896
В- 394
В- 1502
В- 777
№3.2.9.
Формулировка ТЗ. Закончите предложение «The International Olympic Committee chooses...» согласно тексту.
В- The city where the Games will take place
В- The year when the Games will take place
В- The guests
В- The athletes
№3.2.10.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите значение слова chariot в тексте.
В- колесница
В- ракета
В- транспортное средство
В- прогулка
№3.2.11.
Формулировка ТЗ. Выберите подходящий заголовок.
The Internet has already come into our ordinary life. The Internet is a global computer network, which embraces millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other. However, global network has not been always so popular. In 2009 mankind celebrated forty years of the Internet. Many of modern teens don’t even know that the Internet was a military experiment. The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was designed by military engineers in order to connect life-centers that would survive if nuclear war happened. Fortunately it never happened and this invention was brought into civil life.
The invention of modems which can send the information through the telephone line opened doors to the Internet for millions of people. Later ADSL, Cable and other modems were also invented. Nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundreds of millions of users and their number is growing.
Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Other popular services are reading news, working and playing through the net. The Internet is very helpful, because it's a huge database of knowledge, from the pictures of family trips to an analysis of quantum mechanics. Everyone should have the Internet because of its near instantaneous communication and huge wealth of knowledge.
However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. It is possible to get into any of the computers along the route and change the information. Another big and serious problem of the net is control. There is no effective control in the Internet, because a great amount of information is circulating through the net. It is like a library and market together. In the future, the situation might change, but now we have what we have.
В- The global computer network
В- The most popular Internet service
В- The most important problems of the Internet
В- The Invention of modems
№3.2.12.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите, какое предложение соответствует содержанию текста.
В- We know the exact number of the Internet users.
В- There is an effective control programme in the Internet.
В- The Internet started in 1969.
В- The most popular Internet service is finding jobs.
№3.2.13.
Формулировка ТЗ. Найдите ответ на вопрос «What are the most important problems of the Internet?».
В- Users and modems.
В- E-mail and news.
В- Information and computers.
В- Security and control.
№3.2.14.
Формулировка ТЗ. Закончите предложение «We cannot get the effective control in the Internet, because …» согласно тексту.
В- There is a great deal of information in the net.
В- It is like a library and market together.
В- Nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today.
В- Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail.
№3.2.15.
Формулировка ТЗ. Определите значение слова embraces в тексте.
В- объятья
В- обнимает
В- пользуется
В- охватывает