- •Lecture 1 the essence of language communication
- •1.1 Communication Theory
- •1.2 Methods & Main Lines of Research in Communicative Studies
- •1.3 Defining Communication
- •Main Functions of Interpersonal Language Communication:
- •1.4 Typology of Communication
- •1.5 Models of Communication
- •1.6 Ethnography of Communication
- •References
- •Lectures 2 Language as the Medium of Human Communication.
- •Language from the Standpoint of Culture and Cognition
- •2. Spoken versus Written Language
- •3. Lexical Density
- •4. Indicating Status
- •5. Footing
- •6. Protecting Face
- •Lecture 3 Conversational Communication and Types of Communicative Messages:
- •Verbal, Non-Verbal.
- •The Process of Conversation.
- •2. Managing Conversation
- •3. Maintaining Conversation
- •4. The Nature of Verbal / Non-Verbal Messages
- •5. The Relative Importance of Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
- •Lecture 4 Pragmatic Aspect of Language Communication
- •4.1 Defining Pragmatics
- •4.2 Cooperation and Implicature
- •4.3 Hedges
- •4.4 Speech Acts and Events
- •4.5 Conditions for the Performance of Speech Acts
- •4.6 Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
- •Lecture 5 Language Contact as an Outcome of Language Communication
- •5.1 The Subject Matter of Contact Linguistics
- •5.2 History of Research on Language Contact
- •5.3 The Field of Contact Linguistics
- •5.4 Types of Contact Situation
- •5.5 Language Creation: New Contact Languages
- •Lecture 6 Language Contact and Linguistic Variation: Style, Social Class, Sex, Gender, Ethnicity
- •6.1 Language and Social Class
- •6.2 Style
- •6.3 Style as the Second Main Dimension of Linguistic Variation
- •6.4 Function versus Structure
- •6.5 Overview of Approaches to Style
- •6.6 Language and Gender / Sex
- •Lecture 7 Language Contact and Linguistic Convergence
- •7.1 Sprachbund: Contact Across Contiguous
- •7.2 Substratum, Superstratum, Adstratum
- •7.3 Balkanisms as an Example of Language Convergence
- •7.4 Language Contact and Phonological Change
Lecture 1 the essence of language communication
A world community can exist only with
world communication, which means
something more than extensive short-wave
facilities scattered about the globe.
It means common understanding,
a common tradition, common ideas, and
common ideals (Robert M. Hutchins).
Communication theory.
Methods & Main Lines of Research in Communicative Studies.
Defining Communication.
Typology of Communication.
Models of Communication.
Ethnography of Communication.
1.1 Communication Theory
Communication is deeply rooted in human behaviors and societies. It is difficult to think of social or behavioral events from which communication is absent. Indeed, communication applies to shared behaviors and properties of any collection of things, whether they are human or not.
The etymology of the word communication (from the Latin communicare) literally means “to put in common”, “to share”. The term originally meant sharing of tangible things; food, land, goods, and property. Today, it is often applied to knowledge and information processed by living things or computers [8, p. 126].
One might say that communication consists of transmitting information. In fact, many scholars of communication take this as a working definition, and use Lass well’s maxim (“who says what to whom”) as a means of circumscribing the field of communication. Others stress the importance of clearly characterizing the historical, economic and social context. Thus, communication theory attempts to document types of communication, and to optimize communications for the benefit of all.
Communication may be studied empirically and critically at different levels of interaction. These levels, often described on a micro-to-micro continuum are intra-personal (how individuals process information), inter-personal (how two individuals interact to influence one another), group (how communication dynamics occurs among many individuals),
formal and informal organizations (how communication occurs and functions in the context of organizations such as hospitals, schools, or public health agencies), and community / society (how communication builds or changes the agenda of important issues) [8, p. 127].
Empirical study means applying scientific methods to the study of communication; as in the study of behavior change resulting from exposure to a communication campaign. Critical study means applying methods of cultural, literary, or normative criticism to the study of communication; as in the analysis of how media content creates health-related meaning and influences behavioral norms through commercial advertising or entertainment.
But whatever way one studies communication one necessarily addresses the notion of communicative linguistics. Communicative linguistics – a recently developed branch of linguistics, which studies the processes of interpersonal communication with the emphasis upon the live natural language viewed as the unity of communicative components – physical, psychological, physiological, social, contextual, etc. Subject of communicative linguistics – study of language in the real processes of interpersonal communication [1, p. 95].