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Билет 1.

  1. syntactical features of the text (sentence length, syntactical patterns etc.) and the effect they produce.

  2. for a bill to be passed by parliament it is necessary to have the royal assent. what other formal functions is a british monarch supposed to perform? (+5 билет про семью)

Monarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom. In a monarchy, a king or queen is Head of State. The British monarchy is known as aconstitutional monarchy. This means that, while The Sovereign is Head of State, the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament. Although the British Sovereign no longer has a political or executive role, he or she continues to play an important part in the life of the nation. As Head of State, The Monarch undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over one thousand years of history. In addition to these State duties, The Monarch has a less formal role as 'Head of Nation'. The Sovereign acts as a focus for national identity, unity and pride; gives a sense of stability and continuity; officially recognises success and excellence; and supports the ideal of voluntary service. In all these roles The Sovereign is supported by members of their immediate family.  The Queen's role: http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Howthe… The British Sovereign can be seen as having two roles: Head of State, and 'Head of the Nation'. As Head of State, The Queen undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over one thousand years of history. There are inward duties, with The Queen playing a part in State functions in Britain. Parliament must be opened, Orders in Council have to be approved, Acts of Parliament must be signed, and meetings with the Prime Minister must be held. There are also outward duties of State, when The Queen represents Britain to the rest of the world. For example, The Queen receives foreign ambassadors and high commissioners, entertains visiting Heads of State, and makes State visits overseas to other countries, in support of diplomatic and economic relations.As 'Head of Nation', The Queen's role is less formal, but no less important for the social and cultural functions it fulfils. These include: providing a focus for national identity, unity and pride; giving a sense of stability and continuity; recognising success, achievement and excellence; and supporting service to others, particularly through public service and the voluntary sector. These roles are performed through different types of engagement. By means of regular visits through every part of the United Kingdom, The Queen is able to act as a focus for national unity and identity.

Билет 2.

  1. What cause is the author of the text trying to make? Speak of the major language techniques he uses.

  2. The author of the text refers to skills in writing. Are writing skills universal or are they different when you write in different languages (Russian and English)

Хз вообще, что это, потом подумаю.

Билет 3.

  1. trace the features of spoken English and its effects on the overall impact of the text.

  2. what kind of secondary schools in the UK/the US do you know

BRITAIN

Age

Year

Curriculum stage

Schools

3-4

Nursery

Foundation Stage

Nursery school

4-5

Reception

Infant school

Primary school

First school

5-6

Year 1

Key Stage 1

6-7

Year 2

7-8

Year 3

Key Stage 2

Junior school

8-9

Year 4

9-10

Year 5

Middle school

10-11

Year 6

11-12

Year 7

Key Stage 3

Secondary school

Secondary school with sixth form

12-13

Year 8

13-14

Year 9

Upper school or High school

14-15

Year 10

Key Stage 4 / GCSE

15-16

Year 11

16-17

Year 12 (Lower Sixth)

Sixth form / International Baccalaureate or A level

College/Sixth Form

17-18

Year 13 (Upper Sixth)

Secondary schools (5 - 16 year olds) Secondary schools provide compulsory education for children between the ages of eleven and sixteen in England and Wales. Children may stay on at school until the age of eighteen in order to pursue further studies, however this is not compulsory.

From the ages of fourteen to sixteen, pupils study for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE).

Pupils who stay on at school from the ages of sixteen to eighteen in England, may take the Advanced (A) level examination, which traditionally is required for entry into higher education.

English secondary schools are mostly comprehensive, except in a few areas that retain a form of the previous selective system, with students selected for grammar school by the eleven plus exam. There are also a number of isolated fully selective grammar schools, and a few dozen partially selective schools. Specialist schools may also select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in the specialism, though relatively few of them have taken up this option. Also, intakes of comprehensive schools can vary widely, especially in urban areas with several schools.

Chief Schools Adjudicator has argued that English schools can be divided into 8 types (with some overlap) based on the ability range of their intake:

  1. "super-selective": almost all of the intake from the top 10%. These are the few highly selective grammar schools that dominate school performance tables.

  2. "selective" grammar schools: almost all of the intake from the top 25%.

  3. "comprehensive (plus)": admit children of all abilities, but concentrated in the top 50%. These include partially selective schools and a few high-status faith schools (связанные с религиозными организациями) in areas without selection.

  4. comprehensive: intake with an ability distribution matching the population. These schools are most common in rural areas and small towns with no nearby selection, but a few occur in urban areas.

  5. "comprehensive (minus)": admit children of all abilities, but with few in the top 25%. These include comprehensive schools with nearby selective schools "skimming" the intake.

  6. secondary modern: a type of secondary school that existed in most of the United Kingdom from 1944 until the early 1970s and was designed for the majority of pupils - those who do not achieve scores in the top 25% of the eleven plus examination. They were replaced in most of the UK by the comprehensive school system and now remain in place mainly in Northern Ireland, where they are usually referred to simply as Secondary schools, and in some parts of England.

  7. "secondary modern (minus)": no pupils in the top 25% and 10–15% in the next 25%. These schools are most common in urban areas where alternatives of types 1–5 are available.

  8. "sub-secondary modern": intake heavily weighted toward the low end of the ability range.

This ranking is reflected in performance tables, and thus the schools' attractiveness to parents.

THE USA

Secondary school

Upon completion of fifth grade (the last year of primary school), American children enrolled in the American education system advance to secondary school. Secondary school most commonly consists of a total of seven years, referred to as sixth through twelfth grades. The ninth through twelfth grades are most commonly referred to as high school. Upon completion of twelfth grade, American students are awarded a certificate called the high school diploma. In the American education system, students must have obtained a high school diploma before they are admitted into college or university. Foreign students who would like to attend an American college or university must have completed coursework that is equivalent to what is taught at an American high school. Foreign students who would like to attend an American high school, need to consider how  the high school they select will give them access to the best colleges.

+

Each state has an educational administration, not subject to federal control, and the state authorities lay down general principles concerning the organisation of schools and such matters as the ages of compulsory education

Most children attend mixed schools, with boys and girls together all through the school time up to the age of eighteen, though there are a few separate schools for the older pupils. Education in nearly all parts of the United States is comprehensive. Distinctions within the educational system are based in part on the use of private institutions by the few who can pay for them, and, more important, on the different social characteristics of the areas in which schools are placed. Racial factors may be involved, although segregation has been formally abandoned.

Elementary education begins at the age of six. At this stage four-fifths of all the teachers are women, mostly married. The atmosphere is usually very friendly, and the teachers have for a long time now-accepted the idea that the important thing is to make the children happy and interested. The emphasis is on cooperation rather than competition throughout most of this process. This may seem curious, in view of the general idea that American society is highly competitive, but the need for making people sociable in this sense has come to be regarded as one of the main functions of education. Schools are used to build up a sense of Americanness.

Although there is so much diversity in the control and organisation of schools, everyone knows what is meant by first grade, second grade and twelfth grade, with one grade for each year. The teaching profession is not quite so simply arranged. It may he difficult for a teacher to get his or her qualifications from one state recognised in another state, as each state has its own arrangements for training teachers. Teachers for the younger children have often been trained in schools of education from the age of eighteen; senior teachers have normally completed university degrees, with teacher-training forming part of the university curriculum at the later stages.

Secondary education is in one or two stages. From the age of eleven or twelve to eighteen the term 'high school' is generally used, though the first three years of this are called junior high school and the senior classes are called senior high school. Some universities are very selective in their admission, while others will admit any students provided that they have passed through all of the high school courses up to the final or twelfth grade, even if they have obtained rather low minimum pass marks in their high school courses.

One of the characteristics of high school education is its great breadth. Pupils do not specialise in any particular direction, and take classes in all kinds of subjects all through the high school period. There are a few expensive private schools but there is no significant tradition of privileged or prestigious private education below the level of the university.

Билет 4.

  1. main communicative function of the genre/ what expository techniques are used in the text (patterns of exposition)?

  2. set phrases/idioms with adjectives from countries

be Greek to someone - to be completely unintelligible to someone;

быть совершенно непонятным, нечитаемым, бессмысленным для кого-то;

Black Russian - a cocktail made from coffee liqueur and vodka;

коктейль, приготовленный из кофейного ликера и водки;

double Dutch - completely unintelligible language, especially technical jargon;

абсолютно непонятный язык, особенно профессиональный жаргон;

French leave - departure without goodbye, notice or permission;

уход по-французски - уход без прощания, предупреждения или разрешения;

go Dutch - to pay for oneself (in a restaurant, movie theater, etc.);

to split the bill in a restaurant between everyone who ate together.

Sally said she wouldn’t let a man pay for her meal on a first date. She prefers to go Dutch.’

платить каждый за себя (в ресторане, кинотеатре и т.д.);

Indian summer - a period of warm weather in autumn;

бабье лето - период теплой погоды осенью;

in plain English - in simple, understandable language;

проще говоря; говоря простым и понятным (английским) языком;

Pardon my French - a phrase used as apology for vulgar or obscene language;

Извиняюсь за выражение - фраза-извинение за вульгарное или непристойное выражение;

Dutch courage – drinking a little alcohol to give you courage (bravery/confidence) before you have to do something.

I think I’ll have a glass of whiskey for Dutch courage before I ask that girl if she wants to dance with me.’

Chinese whispers – This expression originally comes from a children’s game. It is often used as a metaphor for mistakes and inaccurate information which comes from rumours or gossip.

All this talk about the President resigning is just Chinese whispers. There’s no truth to this rumour at all,’

A Mexican Standoff –This is expression is used when two groups can not agree on what to do next. Often used to describe a situation in business where there is gridlock. 

There seems to be a Mexican standoff in the talks as neither the buyer or seller can agree on a price.’

A Young Turk – used to describe a young rebel who is part of a group/organization and can’t be controlled.  'I was a bit of a young Turk in the past, but I’ve calmed down a lot nowadays.’

Slow boat to china: This describes something that is very slow and takes a long period.

Scotch mist: This is something not existing and only imagined.

Like Chinese arithmetic: This phrase refers something that is very complicated to understand.

Perfidious Albion: This means not trustworthy.

Good Samaritan: A person who is really helpful.

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