A History of Science - v.2 (Williams)
.pdfHistory of Science II |
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appreciate the advantage of such a simplification.
While visiting Paris in 1738 Linnaeus met and botanized with the two botanists whose "natural method" of classification was later to supplant his own "artificial system." These were Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The efforts of these two scientists were directed towards obtaining a system which should aim at clearness, simplicity, and precision, and at the same time be governed by the natural affinities of plants. The natural system, as finally propounded by them, is based on the number of cotyledons, the structure of the seed, and the insertion of the stamens. Succeeding writers on botany have made various modifications of this system, but nevertheless it stands as the foundation-stone of modern botanical classification.
APPENDIX
REFERENCE LIST
CHAPTER I
SCIENCE IN THE DARK AGE
[1](p. 4). James Harvey Robinson, An Introduction to the History of Western Europe, New York, 1898, p. 330.
[2](p. 6). Henry Smith Williams, A Prefatory Characterization of
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The History of Italy, in vol. IX. of The Historians' History of the World, 25 vols., London and New York, 1904.
CHAPTER III
MEDIAeVAL SCIENCE IN THE WEST
[1] (p. 47). Etigene Muntz, Leonardo do Vinci, Artist, Thinker, and Man of Science, 2 vols., New York, 1892. Vol. II., p. 73.
CHAPTER IV
THE NEW COSMOLOGY--COPERNICUS TO KEPLER AND GALILEO
[1](p. 62). Copernicus, uber die Kreisbewegungen der Welfkorper, trans. from Dannemann's Geschichle du Naturwissenschaften, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1896.
[2](p. 90). Galileo, Dialogo dei due Massimi Systemi del Mondo, trans. from Dannemann, op. cit.
CHAPTER V
GALILEO AND THE NEW PHYSICS [1] (p. 101). Rothmann, History of Astronomy (in the Library of Useful Knowledge), London, 1834.
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[2](p. 102). William Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences, 3 Vols, London, 1847-Vol. II., p. 48.
[3](p. 111). The Lives of Eminent Persons, by Biot, Jardine, Bethune, etc., London, 1833.
[4](p. 113). William Gilbert, De Magnete, translated by P. Fleury Motteley, London, 1893. In the biographical memoir, p. xvi.
[5](p. 114). Gilbert, op. cit., p. x1vii.
[6](p. 114). Gilbert, op. cit., p. 24.
CHAPTER VI
TWO PSEUDO-SCIENCES--ALCHEMY AND ASTROLOGY
[1](p. 125). Exodus xxxii, 20.
[2](p. 126). Charles Mackay, Popular Delusions, 3 vols., London, 1850. Vol. II., p. 280.
[3](p. 140). Mackay, op. cit., Vol. 11., p. 289.
[4](P. 145). John B. Schmalz, Astrology Vindicated, New York, 1898.
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[5](p. 146). William Lilly, The Starry Messenger, London, 1645, p. 63.
[6](p. 149). Lilly, op. cit., p. 70.
[7](p. 152). George Wharton, An Astrological jugement upon His Majesty's Present March begun from Oxford, May 7, 1645, pp. 7-10.
[8](p. 154). C. W. Roback, The Mysteries of Astrology, Boston, 1854, p. 29.
CHAPTER VII
FROM PARACELSUS TO HARVEY
[1](p. 159). A. E. Waite, The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus, 2 vols., London, 1894. Vol. I., p. 21.
[2](p. 167). E. T. Withington, Medical History from the Earliest Times, London, 1894, p. 278.
[3](p. 173). John Dalton, Doctrines of the Circulation, Philadelphia, 1884, p. 179.
[4](p. 174). William Harvey, De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, London, 1803, chap. X.
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[5] (p. 178). The Works of William Harvey, translated by Robert Willis, London, 1847, p. 56.
CHAPTER VIII
MEDICINE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
[1](p. 189). Hermann Baas, History of Medicine, translated by H. E. Henderson, New York, 1894, p. 504.
[2](p. 189). E. T. Withington, Medical History from the Earliest Times, London, 1894, p. 320.
CHAPTER IX
PHILOSOPHER-SCIENTISTS AND NEW INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING
[1](p. 193). George L. Craik, Bacon and His Writings and Philosophy, 2 vols., London, 1846. Vol. II., p. 121.
[2](p. 193). From Huxley's address On Descartes's Discourse Touching the Method of Using One's Reason Rightly and of Seeking Scientific Truth.
[3](p. 195). Rene Descartes, Traite de l'Homme (Cousins's edition. in ii vols.), Paris, 1824. Vol, VI., p. 347.
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CHAPTER X
THE SUCCESSORS OF GALILEO IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE
[1](p. 205). See The Phlogiston Theory, Vol, IV.
[2](p. 205). Robert Boyle, Philosophical Works, 3 vols., London, 1738. Vol. III., p. 41.
[3](p. 206). Ibid., Vol. III., p. 47.
[4](p. 206). Ibid., Vol. II., p. 92.
[5](p. 207). Ibid., Vol. II., p. 2.
[6](p. 209). Ibid., Vol. I., p. 8.
[7](p. 209). Ibid., vol. III., p. 508.
[8](p. 210). Ibid., Vol. III.) p. 361.
[9](p. 213). Otto von Guericke, in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, No. 88, for 1672, p. 5103.
[10](p. 222). Von Guericke, Phil. Trans. for 1669, Vol I., pp. 173, 174.
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CHAPTER XI
NEWTON AND THE COMPOSITION OF LIGHT
[1] (p. 233). Phil. Trans. of Royal Soc. of London, No. 80, 1672, pp. 3076-3079. [2] (p 234). Ibid., pp. 3084, 3085.
[3] (p. 235). Voltaire, Letters Concerning the English Nation, London, 1811.
CHAPTER XII
NEWTON AND THE LAW OF GRAVITATION
[1](p. 242). Sir Isaac Newton, Principia, translated by Andrew Motte, New York, 1848, pp. 391, 392.
[2](p. 250). Newton op. cit., pp. 506, 507.
CHAPTER XIV
PROGRESS IN ELECTRICITY FROM GILBERT AND VON GUERICKE TO FRANKLIN
[1](p. 274). A letter from M. Dufay, F.R.S. and of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, etc., in the Phil. Trans. of the Royal Soc., vol. XXXVIII., pp. 258-265.
[2](p. 282). Dean von Kleist, in the Danzick Memoirs, Vol. I.,
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p. 407. From Joseph Priestley's History of Electricity, London,
1775, pp. 83, 84.
[3](p. 288). Benjamin Franklin, New Experiments and Observations on Electricity, London, 1760, pp. 107, 108.
[4](p. 291). Franklin, op. cit., pp. 62, 63.
[5](p. 295). Franklin, op. cit., pp. 107, 108.
[For notes and bibliography to vol. II. see vol. V.]
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