Лекции ЭЦМ часть1
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U 0 |
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(4.4) |
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K T T |
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U 0 U |
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(4.4) (4.5) (4.3),
U T U 0
T
-
=300 , U =600 U =1
T U T 0,5 .
U
U
T U = [ U (T max) U (T min)]/(T max – T min) ???
U
, .
1…4 /° .
. 4.1 -
R 1 R 2. ,
, . .
UR = I0 R / (2 )
I0 R,
U 0, U . =I0R /(2 T),
UR = 0,5I0 R / = T R/R .
R 1 R 2
. -
1% ( R 20…30%). -
UR=0,3…0,5 , -
, R/R .
, . R -
, , . . .
,
I = (I 1 + I 2) / 2,
. I0
1 2, ( 1 = 2 = ), |
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I 1 = 0,5Io / 1, |
I 2 = 0,5Io / 2, |
I = 0,5I / . |
I = I 1 - I 2 R -
:
92
U ( I ) = I R = (I 1 – I 2) R = 0,5Io R (1/ 2–1/ 1).
5% . I0 = 40 , 1 = 50, 2 = 53 R =100 ,
I 2,3 .
. 1 2 -
U o/ E2 1 onst U o/ E1 2=const.
.
.
8.6.
,
. -
, -
.
I0, -
. , I0 =1
R = 1 1 .
, . . R0.
, -
. -
R0=dU/dI, . -
. U /I -
, dU /dI .
.
. 4.9. : — ; — -
. 4.9, ( ).
VT1 U
VT2. VT1 , U =U > U . ,
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. U 1=U 2, |
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I 1=I 2=I |
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I 1=I 2= I 1 . |
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I1 = I +2I ; |
I2= I . |
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I2=[ /( +2)] I1 I1 .
, I2 I1 « ».
, . -
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U T ln(I / I 0 ) |
(4.6) |
I — . - |
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I 0 = S |
(4.7) |
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(4.6) (4.7) , VT1 VT2 -
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I 1 / I 2 S1 / S2 |
(4.8) |
I I I , 0»1 I
(4.6) (4.8) I . .
. 4.9,
I2 / I1 S2 / S1 .
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I 2 (E U ) / R1 S2 / S1 U S2 /(R1 S1 ) |
(4.9) |
(4.9) .
, I0,
.
.
. 4.9, , -
, .
,
I1 R1 U 1 I 2 R2 U 2 U |
(4.10) |
-
I1 I2
U U 2 U 1 T ln(I 2 / I1 ) |
(4.11) |
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, (4.10) (4.11) |
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T ln(I 2 |
/ I1 ) |
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I1 |
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R1 I1 |
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R1 U „
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I2 / I1 R1 / R2 , |
(4.12) |
I1R1 U (4.12) ±10% -
, .
0,1<|I2/I1|<10
.
,
. 4.9, , , I1/I2 , -
,
. R1= 0 I2«I1 . -
R1 = 0 .
94
9.
9.1.
-
, . -
( ) ,
-
.
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
, -
. 30 .
« » .
: -
, , -
20 .
, ,
.
1., .
, . -. « » -
, .
, , -
( , 140 7 0,08 , -
).
2..
, .
,
( . . ),
-. .
.
-
, -
( , 140 1, 140 5, 153 1 . .) -
, .
p-n-p
,
, -
, , (± ),
(±15 ) , -
, . -
, -
.
140 7, -
. 5.1.
.
95
, -
.
VT4 |
VT9 |
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VT11 |
VT15 |
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VT23 |
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VT6 |
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VT21 |
VT1 |
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VT2 |
VT7 |
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R6 |
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R11 |
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VT17 |
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R10 |
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VT19 |
VT22 |
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VT24 |
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VT5 |
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VT13 |
VT20 |
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VT3 |
VT8 |
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VT14 |
VT16 |
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VT10 |
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VT12 |
VT18 |
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R2 |
R3 |
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R9 |
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R4 |
R6 |
R7 |
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-E2 |
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. 5.1. 140 7 |
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VT1, VT2 VT6, VT7 , -
VT1 VT6 , VT2 VT7 . -
VT3, VT8 VT2 VT7.
VT1 VT6 , -
.
VT2 VT7 -n- VT10.
, U VT1, VT6, VT8, VT9 , -
. VT5
VT3 VT8
VT3 , VT8. , -
VT8.
VT2, VT7,
, ,
VT9 VT4, VT4 .
VT4 , VT1 VT6. -
VT9, VT2 VT7 VT9 VT10.
, ,
, .
10
, VT3 VT8.
— 2. , -
, 60 . -
VT1, VT6 VT2, VT7 OK–
400 . VT9, VT10 ,
VT11, VT 12, .
VT13, VT16,
, VT15, -
96
. VT15 , (
VT11). VT15 . -
45 .
VT20, .
VT20 ( VT17, VT19)
VT23, , VT24, .
, , -
VT23 VT24, -n- , -
. VT21 VT22 R10 R11
. -
R10, R11, 25 . -
( ), -
,
I = U /R10 = 0,65 /30 27 .
VT14 VT18 -
.
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9.2.
, , -
, . -
, , .
,
.
.
1. ( ).
-.
. -
( ) .
: f1,
.
2. (U ).
. ,
, ( . U =U ).
. , ,
U , -
.
, -
U =0, U =0. .
U , -
, .
,
.
3. . , -
, . -
. ,
,
, .
97
, .
.
4.( ).
.
, ,
, , -
.
.
5.R — .
, ,
0,1…1 100
. , , .
6.R — ,
. 140 7 75, . -
R ;
.
, . 5.2.
7.. -
( 1 2 -
) 1 .
8. ( ). -
V=( U / t)ma .
-
. ,
, .
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(U - U ) |
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. 5.2.
. — , -
, — -
.
.
, -
, . -
, .
U=Umsin(2 ft), Um — .
V=( U / t)ma , -
dU/dt =2 fUmcos(2 ft). (dU/dt)max,
dU/dt , -
. cos(2 ft)=1; -
, Um f
98
(dU/dt)max = 2 fUm = V.
-
.
9.. , -
, , , -
( ), -
.
10.. -, .
.
U m , , -
. -
.
.
, , -
.
. 5.3, , -
.
. ,
, , -
. . 5.3, -
. .
, I . R2
U = –I R2.
, U = U ,
R |
I = (U +I R2)/R1. |
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I = I – I |
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R1 A |
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R1 |
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R1 |
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U1 |
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R3R2 |
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U2 |
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R2 |
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U3 |
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R2 |
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R4 |
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nR1 |
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R2 |
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. 5.3. : — ; — ; — -
; — ; —
,
99
U |
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R |
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U |
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R – ( |
R R1 |
)R |
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R1 |
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, R2=R1||R ,
.
. 5.3,
U U / U /
R /R1<< ( . . ),
U . ,
( ). U
R1 R
. , , -
R1 R , . .
U / R1 U / R
>> :
R / R 1 .
,
, .
, IR1 = –IR ;
(U U ) / R 1 (U U ) / R .
U = –U / ,
K U / U |
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Roc |
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Roc |
R1 K R1 |
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(R1+R ). :
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Koc |
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, R /(R +R1) -
U , R R1. . 5. 3, , U ,
U U |
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Roc |
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R |
R |
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1 |
oc |
, U -
R /(R +R1).
, ' -
K K |
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Roc |
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R1 |
Roc |
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. = 100 1%.
, .
R1=10 , R =1 . R /(R + R1) = 106/1,01 106 = 0,99, = 0,01. . min -
:
= '/(1 + ' ); –99= – 0,99/(1 + 0,99 0,01).
100
= 9900. , -
> 9900.
, . 5.3, .
. -
R1 R .
oc |
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R1 |
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R1 |
Roc |
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. . 5.3,
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U |
U K , U |
U |
Uoc . |
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K (U U ) . |
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KU U 1 KR1 /(R1 Roc ) . |
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1 KR1 /(R1 Roc ) |
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1, « » Koc 1 Roc / R1 . |
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Roc |
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. =1200. =101 R1=10 , R =1 . , .
1200
K 1 1200(1/101) 93.
, 8%. ,
. -
, = 11 0,9%.
= 100
K |
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99 |
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9900 . |
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1 99 |
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1 |
K |
0,01 |
, -
( ). . . 5.3, ,
U KU KccU c
=U / U c — , -
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U R1 |
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U U U U |
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KccU . |
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U U =U =U ,
U |
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(K Kcc ) |
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K R1 /(R1 Roc ) |
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