- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Cellular Fundamentals
- •1.2.1 Communication Using Base Stations
- •1.2.1.1 A Call from a Mobile
- •1.2.1.2 A Call to a Mobile
- •1.2.1.3 Registration
- •1.2.2 Channel Characteristics
- •1.2.2.1 Fading Channels
- •1.2.2.2 Doppler Spread
- •1.2.2.3 Delay Spread
- •1.2.2.4 Link Budget and Path Loss
- •1.2.3 Multiple Access Schemes
- •1.2.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access Scheme
- •1.2.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access Scheme
- •1.2.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access Scheme
- •1.2.3.4 Comparison of Different Multiple Access Schemes
- •1.2.3.5 Space Division Multiple Access
- •1.2.4 Channel Reuse
- •1.2.5.1 Macrocell System
- •1.2.5.2 Microcell Systems
- •1.2.5.3 Picocell Systems
- •1.2.5.4 Overlayed System
- •1.2.6 Channel Allocation and Assignment
- •1.2.6.1 Fixed Channel Allocation Schemes
- •1.2.6.2 Dynamic Channel Allocation Schemes
- •1.2.6.3 Hybrid Channel Allocation Schemes
- •1.2.7 Handoff
- •1.2.7.1 Network-Controlled Handoff
- •1.2.7.2 Mobile-Controlled Handoff
- •1.2.7.3 Mobile-Assisted Handoff
- •1.2.7.4 Hard Handoff and Soft Handoff
- •1.2.8 Cell Splitting and Cell Sectorization
- •1.2.9 Power Control
- •1.3 First-Generation Systems
- •1.3.1 Characteristics of Advanced Mobile Phone Service
- •1.3.2 Call Processing
- •1.4 Second-Generation Systems
- •1.4.1 United States Digital Cellular (Interim Standard-54)
- •1.4.2 Personal Digital Cellular System
- •1.4.4 Pan European Global System for Mobile Communications
- •1.4.5.1 Multiple Access Scheme
- •1.4.5.2 Common Channels
- •1.4.5.3 Burst Format
- •1.4.5 Cordless Mobiles
- •1.5 Third-Generation Systems
- •1.5.3 Planning Considerations
- •1.5.3.1 Radio Access
- •1.5.3.2 Spectrum Requirements
- •1.5.3.3 Security
- •1.5.3.4 Intelligent Networks
- •1.5.3.5 Regulatory Environments
- •1.5.4 Satellite Operation
- •References
PART A
Wireless
Communication
Systems and
Channel
Characteristics
1 |
Cellular Systems |
Lal C. Godara |
|
|
Introduction • Cellular Fundamentals • First-Generation Systems • Second-Generation |
||
|
Systems • Third-Generation Systems |
|
|
2 |
Satellite-Based Mobile Communications |
Michael John Ryan |
|
|
Introduction • Satellite Orbit Fundamentals • Satellite Radio Path • Multiple Access |
||
|
Schemes • Mobile Satellite Communications Systems • Summary |
||
3 |
Propagation Prediction for Urban Systems |
Henry L. Bertoni and Saúl A. Torrico |
|
|
Introduction • Range Dependence for Macrocellular Applications • Range Dependence for |
||
|
Microcells in Low-Rise Environments • Effects of Vegetation • Accounting for Terrain • |
||
|
Site-Specific Predictions • Conclusions |
|
|
4 |
Fading Channels |
Bernard Sklar |
|
|
The Challenge of Communicating over Fading Channels • Characterizing Mobile-Radio |
||
|
Propagation • Signal Time Spreading • Time Variance of the Channel Caused by Motion • |
||
|
Mitigating the Degradation Effects of Fading • Summary of the Key Parameters Characterizing |
||
|
Fading Channels • Applications: Mitigating the Effects of Frequency-Selective Fading • |
||
|
Conclusion |
|
|
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
1
Cellular Systems
1.1Introduction
1.2Cellular Fundamentals
Communication Using Base Stations • Channel
Characteristics • Multiple Access Schemes • Channel
Reuse • Cellular Configuration • Channel Allocation
and Assignment • Handoff • Cell Splitting and Cell
Sectorization • Power Control
1.3First-Generation Systems
Characteristics of Advanced Mobile Phone Service • Call
Processing • Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service,
European Total Access Communication System, and Other
Systems
1.4Second-Generation Systems
United States Digital Cellular (Interim Standard-54) • Personal
Digital Cellular System • Code Division Multiple Access
Digital Cellular System (Interim Standard-95) • Pan European
Global System for Mobile Communications • Cordless Mobiles
|
1.5 Third-Generation Systems |
|
Key Features and Objectives of International Mobile |
Lal C. Godara |
Telecommunications-2000 • International Mobile |
Telecommunications-2000 Services • Planning |
|
University of New South Wales |
Considerations • Satellite Operation |
1.1 Introduction
The cellular concept was invented by Bell Laboratories and the first commercial analog voice system was introduced in Chicago in October 1983 [1, 2]. The first generation analog cordless phone and cellular systems became popular using the design based on a standard known as Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS). Similar standards were developed around the world including Total Access Communication System (TACS), Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 450, and NMT 900 in Europe; European Total Access Communication System (ETACS) in the United Kingdom; C-450 in Germany; and Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT), JTACS, and NTACS in Japan.
In contrast to the first-generation analog systems, second-generation systems are designed to use digital transmission. These systems include the Pan-European Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and DCS 1800 systems, North American dual-mode cellular system Interim Standard (IS)-54, North American IS-95 system, and Japanese personal digital cellular (PDC) system [1, 3].
The third-generation mobile communication systems are being studied worldwide, under the names of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2000 [4, 5]. The aim of these systems is to provide users advance communication services, having wideband capabilities, using a single standard. Details on various systems could be found in References [1, 6–9]. In third-generation communication systems, satellites are going to play a major
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC