Copy of Texts for Classes 2-3

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B. READING

Pages of New England's History: Live Free or Die'

taory m.rrors .ha, o f i l s namesake, E„g,and. The region

Statue of John Smith, Jamestown, VA by Bryan Hemphill

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nowhere to gain great historical prominence, captured a good deal of overseas trade, and became an industrial powerhouse and center for creative thought. And then the party ended rather abruptly, as commerce and culture sought more fertile grounds to the west and south.

The colonization of this region began in earnest with the arrival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock. Everyone in the United States knows at least a little about how the Pilgrims — a religious group that had split from the Church of England — left England on the Mayflower. They weren't aiming for Plymouth. They originally set out for what they called "North Virginia", near the mouth of the Hudson River. But on November 11, 1620, rough water and high seas forced them to make for Cape Cod Bay. The captain then announced that they had found a safe harbor, and refused to continue to their original destination. Many also know that the Pilgrims endured disease and privation, and that just 51 people from the original group of 102 celebrated the first Thanksgiving Day with friendly Indians.

Today, Plymouth is a tourist destination, where the 17th century coexists with the 21st, and most historic attractions are both educational and fun. In the neighbourhood, there is Plymouth Plantation, the recreation of the 1627 Pilgrim village. One can enter by the hilltop fort that protects the "villagers" and walk down the hill to the farm area, visiting homes and gardens constructed with careful attention to historic detail. The "Pilgrims" are actors who, in speech, dress, and manner, assume the personalities of members of the original community. You can watch them framing a house, splitting wood, preserving food staffs, or cooking a pot of fish stew over an open oven, all as it was done in the 1600s. The plantation is as accurate as research can make it. The planners combined accounts of the original colony with archeological research, old records, and the history written by the Pilgrims' leader, William Bradford.

Thje success of the Pilgrims lured other settlers from England, who established several small towns, whose collective name became the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Later some colonists were expelled from the colony and founded the city of Providence in Rhode Island. Other restless people pushed northward into what is now New Hampshire and Maine, and southward into what is now Connecticut. The first areas to be settled were lands near protected harbors along the coast and on navigable rivers. That is how the economic region, which later got its unofficial name of New England, came into being. The region traces its roots back to Puritan ethic, and its longtime residents still tend to display shared traits and values, such as stubborn independence, respect for thrift, and almost genetic mistrust of outsiders.

As American colonies grew and matured, Great Britain was fighting wars in Europe and needed money. That is why, starting around 1764, Britain launched a series of discriminating economic policies, adding

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more and more taxes. The colonists charged Britain with levying taxes without proper presentation of colonies in Parliament, thus giving birth to the battle cry "No taxation without representation". However, it wasn't until the Stamp Act that the people were aroused to action, because this affected each and every citizen. It was not about the sort of stamps that people stick to letters to mail them. The act dealt with the revenue stamps, which have survived to the present day in the form of stamps on packages of cigarettes and bottles with alcoholic drinks. According to the Stamp Act, the revenue stamps had to be stuck to all sorts of incoming goods and legal documents. Leading merchants organized the non-importation association called the Sons of Liberty. Ironically, this organization took its name from a debate in the British Parliament. Charles Townshend, the British Chancellor of the Exchequer (the British equivalent for the Minister of Finance), spoke contemptuously of the protesters as being "children". One of the members jumped to his feet, and said that these Americans were not children but the "Sons of Liberty". Anyhow, the discriminating law was passed, and the British Government got a perfect right to tax any goods coming into colonies from abroad, including paper, glass, metals, and tea. Disgruntled colonists engaged in a series of riots, resulting in the Boston Massacre of 1770, when five protesting colonists were killed by British soldiers.

The Townshend Acts stimulated anti-imperial sentiments in North America, and proved to be very costly to Britain, because colonial merchants resorted to non-importation agreement, and people refused to buy imported goods. It became a mark of a patriot to dress in homespun clothing, and to drink anything but tea.

In 1773, faced with the mounting opposition, the Parliament repealed all duties except that on tea, which was considered a luxury item. The powerful East India Company was given the authority to supply retailers directly, by passing colonial wholesalers. By selling tea through its own agents, the East India Company made the business of American tea-merchants unprofitable. Aroused not only by the loss of the tea trade, but also by the monopoly which Britain conferred on a non-American company, a band of men disguised as Mohawk Indians got on board of three British ships, and dumped the cargo tea into the Boston harbor. This event, known as the Boston Tea Party was not just an act against the company; it was against the British government as well. If the dumping of the tea were allowed to go unpunished, the Parliament would be admitting that it lost control of its American colonies. Thus, it responded with new laws, which were dubbed by colonists as the Intolerable Acts, which closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for, and restricted local authority. Finally the government sent the troops to Boston.

General Thomas Gage, who commanded the British garrison at Boston, learned that the Massachusetts militia, called Minutemen

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because they could be mobilized to fight within a minute, was collecting power at the town of Concord. Gage sent an expedition to confiscate the munitions and to arrest the leaders of the Minutemen. Having found out about it, Paul Revere and his colleague William Dawes made their famous midnight ride from Boston to Lexington so as to warn the people about the danger. After a night of marching, the British troops reached Lexington on April 19, 1775, and saw a group of Minutemen waiting for them. The commander of the British troops ordered them to disperse, but they did not move. Suddenly, someone fired a shot, and the British troops opened fire and killed eight Minutemen. Then the British pushed on to the city of Concord, only to discover that the Americans had removed the munitions. However, the colonial militia for miles around had been mobilized. By the time the British soldiers finally reached Boston, they had suffered 250 killed and wounded. The War of Independence began, and after eight years of fighting, in September 1783, Britain recognized the US as a sovereign nation.

EXERCISES

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1. Find the following cultural words and expressions in the text, and explain their meanings in English:

the Pilgrims, the Mayflower, Thanksgiving, "No taxation without representation", the Sons of Liberty, Boston Tea Party, Minutemen, Paul Revere's midnight ride

2. Find sentences with the words and phrases given in the text, and translate them into Russian:

namesake, rough water, Chancellor of the Exchequer, wholesalers, homespun clothing, to dump smth, munitions, to disperse

3.Answer the questions:

1)In what aspects does New England resemble England, the home country of its first settlers?

2)What happened at Plymouth Rock in the 1620s?

3)What can tourists see at Plymouth Plantation?

4)How were the six colonies, which later got the unofficial name of New England, formed?

5)What acts of British Government provoked the anti-imperial sentiments in New England, which finally led to the War of Independence?

6)How many colonists were killed during the Boston Massacre?

7) What were the aims of the organization called the Sons of Liberty? 8) What event went down in history as the Boston Tea Party?

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•

•

9)Why did British General Thomas Gage send his soldiers to the town of Concord?

10)Who alerted the Minutemen about the danger?

11)How long did the War of Independence last?

вой Англии, но и сами границы городов и поселков. Сейчас по­ рой уже трудно понять, где кончается один и начинается другой, потому что справа и слева от шоссе тянутся пригороды со стан­ дартными домами псевдовикторианского стиля. Как поддержать баланс между ростом нового и сохранением старого?

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Find Russian equivalents of the words and phrases given below:

trading in fur, clearing for farming, boat yards, timber, sugar cane, textile mills, gentry, resorts, the Gilded Age, abandoned farms, prosperity, real estate boom, high-tech, green and rustic, pastoral, clapboard walls, to sacrifice

2.Answer the questions:

1)What tracks did economic growth follow in New England states?

2)What did American colonists have to do when the Embargo Act of the British Parliament barred them from imported goods?

3)Is light industry still playing a prominent role in New England's

economy? Where did centers of light industry move to?

4)What did the local authorities of old manufacturing towns of New England organize at the idle factory shops? What economic process does it illustrate?

5) What sort of vacation was popular in the middle of the 19th century?

6)How did the "new rich" change the economic orientation of old New England towns? Why did Mark Twain call the second half of the 19th century "The Gilded Age"?

7)When did the unexpected prosperity come back to New England?

8)How did the appearance of high-tech research centers influence demographic situation in New England?

9)What part of the region was least influenced by the modern economic tendencies? What do people do to earn a living in those districts?

10)What does New England look like in Hollywood films of the 1940s?

11)What happened to the pastoral valleys and desolate hills of old Vermont with the coming of McDonald's and Wal-Mart?

D. GUIDED COMPOSITION

По городам и весям Новой Англии

Один из популярных в Америке туристических справочников делит Новую Англию на две неравные части: Бостон (квинтэссен-

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ция американского метрополиса) и не-Бостон (квинтэссенция американской провинции).

Один из известнейших городов мира, Бостон (Boston) не усту­ пает им ни по количеству шикарных отелей и ресторанов, ни по значительности своих культурно-исторических ассоциаций. Он соблюдает баланс между промышленностью и коммерцией и гор­ дится своей прекрасной гаванью и портом, через который прохо­ дят товары из соседних густо населенных и промышленно разви­ тых районов страны. Бостонский порт находится ближе к главным портам Западной Европы и восточного побережья Южной Аме­ рики, чем другие крупные порты на восточном побережье страны. Неслучайно именно в этом месте произошло событие, с которого началась Война за независимость (Revolutionary War, War of Independence), — так называемое Бостонское чаепитие (Boston Tea Party). В старой, исторической части города улицы узкие и кривые. Говорят, что их конфигурация повторяет тропы, протоптанные коровами по дороге к пастбищам и обратно. В новой части города улицы широкие и прямые, с обеих сторон которых высятся ши­ карные особняки, окруженные парками и садами.

Говоря о центре города, бостонцы обычно имеют в виду не­ сколько кварталов, наиболее интересным из которых считается Набережная, где некогда размещались многочисленные доки и склады, а теперь — богатые кондоминиумы, рестораны, офисные здания и отели. В Административном центре, естественно, распо­ ложен местный «Капитолий», а в Финансовом квартале небоск­ ребы банков, страховых и юридических компаний окружают ис­ торическое здание Таможенной башни (Custom House Tower). Ли­ ния на тротуарах, выложенная красным кирпичом, говорит о том, что вы идете по трехмильной Тропе Свободы (Freedom Trail), со­ единяющей 16 исторических достопримечательностей Бостона. Наиболее примечательный символ обновления города — гранди­ озный тоннель под центром города со скоростной автомагистра­ лью, выходящей прямо на уже построенный новый мост через Чарльз-ривер, соединяющий Бостон с Кембриджем. Проект был начат в 1985 году и в основном завершен в начале 2006 года, обо­ шелся в 14,6 млрд. долларов и получил название «Большой под­ коп» (The Big Dig).

Кембридж (Cambridge) часто рассматривают как часть Босто­ на, хотя ни бостонцы, ни кембриджцы с этим не согласны. Вы­ росший вокруг Гарвардского университета (Harvard University), Кембридж имеет более высокий образовательный и культурный уровень, хотя город — это не только университет. Гарвард — ста­ рейший вуз страны, и если вы скажете кому-нибудь в Новой Ан­ глии, что не лучший, вас просто не поймут. В середине кампуса, насчитывающего сейчас более 400 зданий, находится так называ­ емый Двор — площадь университета, в год его основания дей-

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«Памятник Тройной лжи» в Гарвардском университете

ствительно представлявшая собой уютный внутренний двор, за­ росший травой, на которой паслись коровы. Перейдя через Двор, вы окажетесь у административного корпуса, так называемого Уни­ верситетского холла, перед которым высится памятник — одна из главных местных достопримечательностей, которую кембриджцы называют «Памятником Тройной Лжи» (the Statue of Three Lies). Дело в том, что начертанные на постаменте памятника слова: «Джон Гарвард — Основатель — 1638» — не соответствуют истине. Во-первых, университет был основан не в 1638, а в 1636 году, вовторых, Гарвард был не основателем, а лишь одним из людей, на чьи деньги было начато строительство университета, и, в-треть­ их, человек на постаменте — вовсе не Джон Гарвард. Портретов этого достойного человека не сохранилось, и скульптору позиро­ вал кто-то из преподавателей.

Вечный соперник Гарварда по академической славе — Йельский университет ( Yale University) — находится в соседнем штате Коннектикут, названном в честь протекающей по нему самой длинной реки Новой Англии. Основанный в 1702 году в прибреж­ ном городке Клинтон, он вскоре переместился в Нью-Хэвен и, подобно Гарварду, был назван в честь одного из своих благотво­ рителей. В центре старой части университета, как в английском Оксфорде, расположилась зеленая лужайка. В ансамбле доминиру­ ет псевдоготическая Harkness Tower, построенная в 1920 году, но

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кажущаяся гораздо старше первых учебных корпусов, выдержан­ ных в георгианском и федеральном стилях.

Столица штата Коннектикут — город Хартфорд (Hartford), осно­ ванный в 1636 году колонистами Массачусетской колонии, недо­ вольными жесткой диктатурой ее основателя Джона Уинтропа (John Winthrop). Три года спустя они огласили свой устав, впоследствии признанный первой попыткой создать конституцию — прецедент, на основании которого Коннектикут называет себя «Конституци­ онным штатом» (Constitution State). Среди достопримечательностей Хартфорда — дом Марка Твена, в котором он жил с 1874 по 1891 год, и расположенный по соседству дом Гарриет Бичер-Стоу

(Harriet Beecher Stowe). Ее роман «Хижина дяди Тома» (" Uncle Тот 's Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly ") дал в свое время мощный толчок движению за освобождение черных рабов, нашедшему свой вы­ ход в Гражданской войне между Северными и Южными штатами. Но подлинной литературной столицей Новой Англии по праву считается город Конкорд (Concord), в котором жили и творили Натаниэль Готорн (Hawthorne, Nathaniel), автор «Алой буквы» ("77ге

Scarlet Letter"1), Луиза Мэй Элкотт (Alcott, Louisa May), автор вос­ питательного романа «Маленькие женщины» ("Little Women"), а также Генри Дэвид Topo (Thoreau, Henry David). В окрестностях Конкорда находится Уодденский заповедник, где на берегу озера Уолден стояла хижина, в которой этот крупнейший американ­ ский философ написал свой знаменитый трактат «Уолден, или Жизнь в лесу» (" Waiden, or Life in the Woods"). Находящийся не­ подалеку город Салем (Salem) — напоминание о том, что Амери­ ка — «страна контрастов», где просвещение и невежество могут уживаться рядом. Основанный в 1626 году, когда ни Бостона, ни даже Харфорда еще не было, этот старинный по американским меркам городок прославился «охотой на ведьм», которую там раз­ вернули отцы города в 1692 году, в результате которой 20 чело­ век, заподозренных в общении с нечистой силой, были казнены, а название города стало синонимом религиозного мракобесия.

Но если говорить о «старине», то здесь пальма первенства при­ надлежит Плимуту (Plymouth) — городу на побережье Атлантики, основанному в бухте, в которой в 1620 году укрылись от бури пассажиры корабля «Мейфлауэр» ("Mayflower" — «Майский цве­ ток»). Здесь они, благодаря помощи дружественно настроенных индейцев, пережили первую суровую зиму, здесь отметили пер­ вый День благодарения (Thanksgiving Day). Сейчас на этом месте открыт музей под открытым небом: реконструированный корабль «Мэйфлауэр», стоящий на якоре в бухте, восстановленные дома первых поселенцев, возле которых трудятся на грядках и сами «отцы-пилигримы» — актеры в костюмах начала XVII века.

Другое историческое место на побережье Массачусетского залива — город Провиденс (Providence), основанный, как и Харт-

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форд, диссидентами Массачусетской колонии. Еще одна группа недовольных обосновалась на острове, который напоминал им остров Родос в Эгейском море и поэтому был назван Род-Ай­ ленд (Rhode Island). Хотя столицей современного штата с одно­ именным названием является Провиденс, главным городом по праву считается островной Ньюпорт (Newport). Разбогатевшие в годы «разбойничьего капитализма», последовавшего за оконча­ нием Гражданской войны, промышленники, предприниматели, банкиры и прочие «разбойники-бароны» — Астор, Бельмонт, Вандербильт — строили здесь свои роскошные особняки, по стилю напоминающие средневековые замки, скромно называя их сво­ ими «летними коттеджами». Город до сих пор сохраняет свое зна­ чение как курорт и центр парусного спорта, где проводятся меж­ дународные и национальные регаты. Параллельно* Набережной через город проходит улица Темзы, названная хоть и в честь ан­ глийской реки, но с американизированным произношением как "taimz".

Северные штаты Новой Англии — наименее густо населенные на всем восточном побережье. Вермонт (Vermont) занимает боль­ шую часть Зеленых гор (Green Mountains), Нью-Хэмпшир (New Hampshire) — Белых гор (White Mountains), а Мэн (Maine) — по­ луостров Голубых холмов (Blue Hill Peninsula), будто затерявшихся во времени. Население этого края отличается свободолюбием (ло­ зунг Нью-Хэмпшира — «Свобода или смерть!»). Чуть ли не един­ ственным крупным городом является Берлингтон (Burlington), родина «хиппового» капитализма, названного так в противопо­ ложность «разбойничьему», процветавшему в XIX веке. Самым известным достижением «хиппового капитализма» была гигант­ ская корпорация по производству мороженого Ben & Jerry's, ос­ нованная в конце 1970-х годов Беном Коэном и Джерри Гринфил ьдом, стартовый капитал которых составлял каких-то пару тысяч долларов. Своего рода символом города служит брэнд этой фирмы: печальные коровы, стоящие на емкостях со знаменитым мороженым.

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Find Russian equivalents of the words and phrases given below:

densely populated, crooked streets, pastures, residences, wharves and warehouses, historical landmarks, underground expressway, a patch of grass with grazing animals, to donate money, model, the Fundamental Orders, "witch hunt", rough weather, replica, recreated houses, robber barons, the "hippie capitalism", doleful cows

2. Find the following cultural words and expressions in the text, and explain their meanings in English:

Metropolitan area, the Waterfront, City Hall, Custom House Tower, Cantabriagians, the Statue of Three Lies, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Louisa May Alcott, Henry David Thoreau, the Walden Pond State Reservation, Thanksgiving Day

3.Answer the questions in writing:

1)Where is Boston situated and why is its position considered favourable for commerce and manufacturing?

2)What is a-popular explanation of the fact that the streets in the old part of Boston are so crooked?

3)What districts do Bostonians mean by "downtown"? What places of interest are there?

4) What does a line of red brick on the Boston sidewalk indicate?

5)What is the Big Dig?

6)Why are Cantabrigians supposed to be more liberal and better educated than Bostonians?

7) What monument is called the Statue of Three Lies?

8)What town houses Yale, which is often referred to as "Harvard's age old rival"? When was it founded and after what person was it named?

9)What basis does Connecticut have for its claim that was the first state to have a constitution? Whose houses are among the show places of Hartford?

10)What town has more rights than Hartford to the title of the "Literary Capital of America"? Who were its most famous residents?

11)Why do people often recall Salem while speaking about the United States as a "country of contrasts"? What happened there in 1692?

12)What does every American know about Plymouth? What can visitors see at Plymouth Plantation?

13)What colony was established by the dissidents who were exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

14)When did Newport begin its transformation from commercial outpost to resort?

15)What is interesting about the names that the Americans gave to New England's mountain ranges?

16) What is the	name of the biggest city of Vermont?
17) What is the	"hippie capitalism"?

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B. READING

Pages of History of Middle Atlantic States

The early 1600s saw the beginning of a great tide of emigration from Europe to North America. Dense forests, the resistance of some Indian tribes, and the barrier of the Appalachians discouraged settlement beyond the Coastal Plains. Nevertheless, colonization went on, and not from England only. In 1623, the Dutch East India Company purchased the island of Manhattan from local Indians for $24, and the colony was christened New Netherlands, with its capital at New Amsterdam. It had built a protective wall to defend against those Indians who still refused to understand the concept of land transfer. When New Amsterdam became New York City, the wall was torn down and replaced with a street, aptly named Wall Street, which became the center for trading in the city. Like the French in Canada, the Dutch settlers were interested in fur trade and had close relations with the Iroquois, who controlled the fur-rich inland areas. In order to attract investors to the Hudson River region, the Dutch encouraged the so-called patron system, under which any stockholder, or patron, who could convince 50 settlers to move onto his estate, was given a riverfront plot and exclusive fishing and hunting privileges. The Dutch continued to exercise an important social and economic influence even after the fall of New Netherlands and their integration into the British colonial system. Their sharp-steeped roofs were a permanent part of the city's architecture until replaced in the 19th century by new methods of building.

Meanwhile, the English settlers continued to expand their presence in the southern region too. In 1632, Lord Baltimore obtained a charter for land north of the Potomac River, in what became known as the colony of Maryland. Because he was Catholic, he encouraged fellow Catholics to settle in the colony. Maryland's first town, St. Mary's, was founded in 1634 in the junction of the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay. He found that in order to attract settlers, he had to offer people farms, not just tenancy on his estates. As a result, the number of independent farmers increased, and their owners demanded some control over the affairs of the colony. By 1635, Maryland had its own legislature.

In 1681, William Penn, a wealthy Quaker, received a charter and a piece of land west of the Delaware River, which he named after himself Pennsylvania. To encourage immigration, Penn actively recruited European religious dissenters such as Quakers, Baptists, etc. — by guaranteeing them religious freedom similar to that in Rhode Island. Thus he founded Philadelphia, the "City of Brotherly Love" — a city known for its broad, tree-shaded streets, substantial brick and stone houses, and busy docks. By the end of the colonial period, its population reached 30,000. Philadelphia's bent for successful business made

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William Perm

the city one of the centers of colonial America. Though the Quakers dominated Philadelphia, the Germans, mainly from the Rhine region, transplanted their farming skills to Pennsylvania, and were the majority in the countryside. They also brought with them important cottage industries such as weaving, shoemaking, and cabinetmaking.

France also had some rights for colonization of North America, especially in the area of the Great Lakes. It had alliances with Indian tribes in Canada and along the Great Lakes, as well as many settlements in the Mississippi Valley, and a line of forts and trading centers stretching from Quebec to New Orleans. This limited the British colonies to the eastern seaboard, with no possibility of expanding west of the Appalachians. With two strong powers on the same continent, conflicts were inevitable. An armed clash took place in 1754 near the place of modern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, between the French soldiers and Virginian militiamen under the command of George Washington, then just 22 years old. This was the beginning of the Seven Years' War, which in America is also called the French and Indian War.

England defeated the French in the Seven Years' War. In the Peace of Paris, signed in 1763, in addition to the original 13 colonies, Britain got Canada, the Great Lakes, and the upper Mississippi Valley. The population that was predominantly Protestant and English now included French-speaking Catholics and a large number of Native Americans. Defense and administration of these territories would require huge sums of money and many new administrators. With their population increasing, the colonies were looking to the new territories as living space. Almost immediately, the coastal colonies began to

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extend their borders west to the Mississippi River. London, fearful that this migration would provoke new Indian wars, decided to restrict this movement. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 reserved the western territory between the Alleghenies, Florida, the Mississippi River and Quebec for use by Native Americans. This measure, in the eyes of the American colonists, disregarded their manifest destiny to move west, dispossess the Indians, and settle in the new lands. The people of the United States felt it was their national destiny to extend the "boundaries of freedom" across the continent, "from sea to shining sea".

Another repressive course of action of the British Government was their new financial policy: The Sugar Act of 1764 put a duty on some "luxury items" such as sugar, wine, silk and coffee. The Stamp Act of 1715 and other discriminating acts, which the colonists called the Intolerable Acts, played right into the hands of the revolutionaries, as they threatened the very life of the city. Representatives of American colonies met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774, for the First Continental Congress, which passed a resolution which stated that the colonies would refuse to obey the Intolerable Acts. Although there was no unanimity of opinion at the Congress, and there existed a possibility of compromise, King George II refused to take concessions, and wrote to the governor, "The die is now cast,the Colonies must either submit or triumph".

The Second Continental Congress was convened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. The Congress promoted Colonel George Washington of the Virginia Militia to Major General, and appointed him commander- in-chief of the American forces, The War of Independence began, and nothing could stop it. Most of its battles were fought in the Mid-Atlantic region, beginning from the initial defeats at Battle of Long Island, the occupation of Philadelphia by British General William Howe, through the first victories over General Burgoyne in 1776, and the final defeat of the British Army under General Cornwallis at Yorktown in October 1781. In 1782 the peace negotiations started in Paris. American delegates included Benjamin Franklin and John Adams. On April 15, 1783, Congress approved the Treaty of Paris, which acknowledged the independence, freedom and sovereignty of a new country, running west to the Mississippi River, north to Canada, and south to Florida. The 13 original colonies were finally "free and independent states".

EXERCISES

1. Find the following cultural words and expressions in the text, and explain their meanings in English:

the Coastal Plains, Wall Street, the Iroquois, Lord Baltimore, legislature, Quaker, the "City of Brotherly Love", the Seven Years' War, manifest destiny, the Intolerable Acts

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2. Find sentences with the words and phrases given in the text, and translate them into Russian:

land transfer, patron system, sharp-steeped roofs, tenancy, cottage industries, cabinetmaking, seaboard, "from sea to shining sea", to take concessions, the die is cast, to convene the congress

3.Answer the questions:

1)What discouraged the colonial settlement beyond the Coastal Plains?

2)What is the origin of the name of one of the best-known streets of New York?

3)What is meant by patron system and why was it encouraged by the Dutch colonial authorities?

4)In what direction did the English settlers continue to expand their presence, while the Dutch merchants were establishing their colonies in New Netherlands?

5)Who did Lord Baltimore encourage to settle in Maryland and what economic policy did he use to attract them?

6)Who was William Penn? What idea lay behind founding of the colony named after him?

7)What did Philadelphia look like and what made this city one of the centers of Colonial America?

8)What country was especially active in colonization of the Great Lakes area? How did it start the war with England, which lasted seven years?

9)How did England expand its colonial possessions by the Peace of Paris in 1763? What problems did it encounter while trying to administrate the new territories?

10)What repressive actions did British Government put forward in order to get more money from the colonies?

11)What resolution did the First Continental Congress pass? What was the reaction of the British King?

12)What events are usually mentioned as crucial in the War of Independence? What was acknowledged by the Treaty of Paris, which put an end to the war?

2)What happens to the Appalachian Mountains as you approach New Jersey? By what names does this mountain system appear in New York State and in Pennsylvania?

3) What part of the region incorporates the central stage for most of the nation's historical and economic activity? Why does it have eight times as many people per square mile as in the West?

4)Who was the founder of the first English colony in the area of present-day Pennsylvania? Why did this area soon become an important industrial center?

5) What is the cheapest way to carry iron ore of the Great Lakes district to the coal beds of Pennsylvania? In what city do they meet in order to lay the basis for steel manufacturing? Who established its first steel mill? What industries does New Jersey rank in the top ten industrial states?

6)How did the economic slump of the early 1980s hit the coal and steel industries of Pennsylvania? What did the enterprising local authorities decide to do, feeling that steel manufacturing did not give as much profit to the state as it used to?

7)When did the English settlers appear in the state of New Jersey? What does the state produce now? What did the state witness in the days of Industrial Revolution? What university does New Jersey have on its territory? What is the reason for its high reputation among scientists?

8)What is the origin of the name of the state Delaware? What family was Delaware's economy closely tied to? What did that family business produce? Where is the unique museum dedicated to this industry?

9)How did the area of Chesapeake Bay become an English colony? Who founded the first settlement there and for what purpose? What did the governor guarantee to settlers of all religions in his colony? What is the main geographical feature of Maryland? What does the word "Chesapeake" mean in the local language? What does Chesapeake provide the country with?

3.Write a one-page English summary of the text.

D. COMPOSITION

По городам и весям Среднеатлантического региона

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Наше путешествие мы начнем там, где закончили экономи­ ческий обзор, со штата Мэриленд, расположенного на Атланти­ ческом побережье, и затем будем двигаться к северу — в том порядке, в котором происходило историческое заселение регио-

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на. До 1952 года, когда был построен мост, соединивший две части Мэриленда, его восточная часть была практически необи­ таемой. Страхи экологов, что это строительство нарушит покой этого уникального по красоте полуострова, оказались преувели­ ченными. В наши дни он посещается большим количеством тури­ стов, чем когда-либо. Капитан Джон Смит, первым из европей­ цев увидевший эти места с борта своего корабля, писал, что здесь «земля и небо словно договорились о том, чтобы служить достойным обрамлением для людского поселения». Самому ему не довелось обосноваться там, но 25 лет спустя корабли «Ков­ чег» и «Голубка» (the Ark and the Dove) встали на якорь в устье реки Потомак, и группа англичан основала первую в этих местах европейскую колонию.

По мере того как прибавлялось население колонии, поселен­ цы постепенно продвигались в глубь континента, поднимаясь вверх по впадающим в Чесапикский залив рекам под парусом и на вес­ лах. В первой столице Мэриленда, Сент-Мэрис-Сити (St. Mary's City), самым посещаемым музеем считается Морской музей

(Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum). На его территории находится причал, где пришвартованы все образцы плавательных средств, начиная с плоскодонных лодок skipjacks и bugeyers, которыми пользовались охотники за устрицами и крабами. Любители этих деликатесов приезжают сюда каждый год, 7 августа, во время фестиваля «День краба», чтобы увидеть традиционную технику лова в действии, а также вволю наесться знаменитых чесапикских крабов «с пылу с жару» в многочисленных тавернах на набереж­ ной.

В 1694 году столицей штата стал Аннаполис (Annapolis), и це­ лое столетие он был главным портом колонии, откуда одни ко­ рабли уходили с грузом табака и куда приходили другие, достав­ ляя кофе и чай, а также черных рабов для хлопковых плантаций. В 1696 году здесь открылась школа имени царствовавшего в то время в Англии короля Вильгельма Оранского (King William's School), позднее переименованная в Колледж Св. Иоанна (St. John 's College). Сегодня этот колледж, несмотря на протесты Гарварда, претендует на звание старейшего высшего учебного заведения стра­ ны. Неподалеку размещаются корпуса Военно-морской академии (Naval Academy), готовящей офицерские кадры для ВМС США. В 1772 году на холме, с которого открывается вид на бухту и порт, было построено элегантное двухэтажное здание, увенчанное вось­ миугольным куполом — Законодательное собрание штата Мэри­ ленд (Maryland State House), самое старое правительственное зда­ ние в стране, до сих пор использующееся по своему прямому назначению.

Город Балтимор (Baltimore) получил свое название в честь пер­ вых трех губернаторов штата, носивших титул лордов Балтимор.

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