Вет-английский

VETERINARY

UNIT 1

ANATOMY OF FARM ANIMALS

Ex. 1. Read the text. Pay attention to the words given below.

Introduction to veterinary

Veterinary was founded many thousand years ago in relation with man’s requirements. The word “veterinarius” is a Latin word. It means taking care of animals and treatment of livestock. The development of veterinary is connected with domestication of wild animals.

Veterinary Science is also called veterinary medicine and includes the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases of domestic animals and the management of other animal disorders. The field also deals with those diseases that are intercommunicable between animals and humans. Farm animals are susceptible to various infectious diseases and may suffer from viruses and harmful bacteria, so animals should be examined by veterinary surgeons regularly in order to notice disease symptoms in time and take the necessary preventive and control measures. Such common animal diseases as mastitis, brucellosis, swine fever, anthrax, and leptospirosis can quickly spread and cause major losses among stock animals, so they must be controlled or prevented by veterinary surgeons.

Vaccination and immunization, sanitary measures, and the severe segregation, or quarantine of sick animals should be used by farmers and veterinary surgeons to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, canine distemper, and rabies. Sanitary control of animal housing and proper pasture management are to eliminate any carriers of animal infectious diseases which can be easilytransmitted by water and soil.

The pathologic changes in the body which follow disturbances in various organs or parts of organs disclose facts of great importance to the veterinarians.

Veterinary surgeons also treat parasitical infections, unsanitary conditions which may cause lower fertility in livestock, and nutritional disorders.

A veterinary surgeon’s training must include the study of the basic preclinical disciplines of anatomy, histology, physiology, pharmacology, microbiology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and pathology. The clinical subjects of study may be divided into internal medicine, preventive medicine, surgery and clinical practice. Internal medicine includes the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as they affect animals. Preventive medicine should consider the aspects of disease prevention and control, especially such diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans or diseases that may influence human health. Surgery includes wound treatment, fracture repair, the excision of body parts

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and the use of such techniques as radiology, anesthesiology, obstetrics, treatment of lameness, etc.

Veterinary depends on several disciplines. Knowledge of Physics is essential in understanding the function of the heart and blood vessels, the mechanics of respiration, the formation of images in the eye, and the transmission of sound waves in the ear.

Knowledge of Chemistry is indispensable in unraveling secrets of digestion and metabolism and in understanding the way in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried in the blood.

Physiology is the study of the phenomena presented by living organism. It is primarily a study of the function in the organs and the conditions which determine their function in the living animal.

To know the structure of the animal body veterinarians study Anatomy. Veterinarians must get deep knowledge of Biological chemistry because it

is the basis of clinical laboratory diagnostics and therapy.

Pharmacology is the scientific study of drugs and their use in the treatment of animal diseases and injuries.

Hygiene is the practice of keeping animals and areas clean in order to prevent illness and disease.

Veterinary and Animal husbandry are closely connected with each other. Animal husbandry includes the breeding of farm animals and their use. Farm animals are highly important sources of food for man. They are known to produce highly important products such as milk, meat and eggs. In addition, the skin of animals, down and feather of poultry and wool of sheep are used as raw materials to produce clothing and for many other purposes. The blood of animals is used in Pharmacology to obtain different drugs.

veterinary	[′vetrənri]	ветеринария
treatment	[′tr:tmənt]	лечение
livestock	[′laivstɒk]	скот, живой инвентарь
demestification	[di′mestifi′kei∫n]	одомашнивание
prevention	[pri′ven∫n]	предотвращение,
		предупреждение
disease	[di′zi:z]	болезнь
management	[′mæniʤmənt]	управление
disorder	[dis′ɒ:də]	расстройство
intercommunicable	["intəkə′mju:nikəbl]	передаваемый
farm	[fa:m]	фермерский,
		сельскохозяйственный
animal	[′æniməl]	животное
infectious	[in′fek∫əs]	инфекционный
surgeon	[′sə:dʒən]	хирург
preventive	[pri′ventiv]	профилактический,

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measure	[′meʒə]
brucellosis	["bru:si′ləʊsis]
swine	[swain ]
fever	[′fi:və]
anthrax	[′æntræks]
leptospirosis	["leptɒspi′rəʊsis]
immunization	[i"mju:nai′zei∫ən]
segregation	["segri′gei∫ən]
quarantine	[′kwɒrenti:n]
sick	[sik]
spread	[spred]
bovine	[′bəʊvain]
tuberculosis	[tju:"bəkju′ləusis]
canine distemper	[′kænain dis′tempə]
rabies	[′reibi:z]
pasture	[′pa:st∫ə]
to transmit	["trænz′mit]
body	[′bɒdi]
disturbance	[dis′tə:bəns]
veterinarian	["vetəri′nεəriən]
parasitical	["pærə′sitikəl
infection	[in′fek∫ən]
fertility	[fə:′tiliti]
livestock	[′laivstɒk]
nutritional	["nju:′tri∫ənəl]
internal	[in′tə:nəl ]
medicine	[′medsin]
surgery	[′sə:ʤəri]
wound treatment	[wu:nd ′tri:tmənt]
fracture repair	[′frækt∫ə ri′pεə]
excision	[ek′si ∫n]
obstetrics	[əb′stetrik
lameness	[′leimnis]
heart	[′ha:t]
blood	[′blΛd]
vessel	[′vesl]
respiration	["respə′reiſn]

предупредительный

мера

бруцеллез

домашняя свинья лихорадка, жар сибирская язва лептоспироз иммунизация отделение, выделение, сегрегация карантин больной распространение жвачное животное, бычий, коровий туберкулез чума собак бешенство

пастбище, пастись передавать тело нарушение ветеринар паразитический инфекция

плодовитость, способность, к воспроизведению потомства домашний скот питательный внутренний медицина хирургия

обработка, лечение ран лечение переломов удаление акушерство хромота сердце кровь сосуд дыхание

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digestion	[di′ʤe∫n]	пищеварение
oxygen	[′ɒksiʤən]	кислород
carbon dioxide	[′ka:bən"daiɒ′ksaid]	двуокись углерода
phenomena	[fi′nɒminə]	явление, феномен
treatment	[′tri:tmənt]	лечение
injury	[′inʤəri]	рана, ушиб
hygiene	[′haiʤi:n]	гигиена
illness	[′ilnis]	болезнь
animal husbandry	[′əniməl 'hΛzbəndri]	животноводствo
breeding	['bri:diŋ]	разведение
poultry	['pɒʊltri]	домашняя птица

Ex. 2. Answer the questions to the text.

1.When was veterinary founded?

2.What does Veterinary Science include?

3.What must be controlled or prevented by veterinary surgeons?

4.What measures should be taken to prevent infectious diseases?

5.What must a veterinary surgeon’s training include?

6.What disciplines does veterinary depend on?

7.What does Veterinary Science study?

8.What does Preventive medicine concern?

9.What is Animal husbandry? What science does it depend on?

Ex. 3. Translate the text with a dictionary.

Ветеринария – область науки и практическая деятельность человека, направленная на предупреждение и лечение болезней животных, на производство полноценных в ветеринарно-санитарном отношении продуктов животноводства и на защиту населения от болезней, общих для человека и животных.

Основные направления современной ветеринарии – разработка новейших методов защиты животных от возбудителей болезней, в первую очередь, от вирусных и гельминтозов, и своевременное ветеринарное обслуживание животных в животноводческих комплексах.

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Ex. 4. Read and translate the text. Pay attention to the notes and commentary.

The anatomy of domestic animals and sciences connected with it

Anatomy is the branch which dealswith the form and structure of the principal domestic animals. To understand the structure of the organism in light of the connection between form and function, anatomy uses the data of physiology. Two chief methods of study are employed – systematic and topographic. In the former the body is regarded as consisting of systems of organs or apparatus which are similar in origin and structure and are associated in the performance of certain functions. The approach of systematic anatomyis to divide the organism artificially into parts usingthe analytical method. The divisions of systematic anatomy are:

1)Osteology (Osteologia), the description of the skeleton;

2)Arthrology (Arlhrologia), the description of the joints;

3)Myology (Myologia); the description of the muscles and accessory

structures;

4)Splanchnology (Splanchnologia), the description of the viscera. It includes the following subdivisions:

4.1) Digestive system (Apparatus digestorius);

4.2) Respiratory system (Apparatus respiratorius);

4.3) Urogenital system (Apparatus urogenitalis): a) urinary organs (Organa uropoetica),

b) genital organs (Organa genitalia);

5)Angiology, the description of the organs of circulation;

6)Neurology, the description of the Nervous system;

7)Aesthesiology, the description of the sense organs and common in-

tegument.

Besides systematic anatomy there is topographic anatomy which studies the spatial relationships of the organs in the different body regions. The term topographic anatomy designates the methods by which the relative positions of the various parts of the body are accurately determined. It presupposes a fair knowledge of systematic anatomy.

The consideration of anatomical facts in their relation to surgery, physical diagnosis, and other practical branches is termed applied anatomy.

As animal is a part of nature, anatomy, the science studding animal`s structure, is part of biology. Animal body is the complex of living matter. The structure of living matter comprises not only the form but the function, not only the morphological but the functional peculiarities of the organism.

Anatomy that studies the normal healthy organism is called normal anatomy, as distinct from pathological or morbid anatomy, which is concerned with the study of the sick organism and the morbid changes in its organs.

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Anatomy is also related closely to histology, the science of tissues, particularly to the branch of histology known as microscopic anatomy. Histology and cytology, the science of the cell, are considered independent branches of science.

With the invention of the electron microscope, a newscience, cytochemistry, was born at the junction of cytology and chemistry. As a result the structure of the animal organism is now studied at different levels: 1) at the level of systems and organs – macroscopic anatomy, micro-macroscopic anatomy, microscopic anatomy; 2) at the level of tissues – histology; 3) at the cellular level – cytology; 4) at the molecular level.

Thus, anatomy and histology are currently divided according to level and technique of examination. Anatomy, histology, cytology and embryology constitute the general science of the form, structure and development of the organism which is called morphology.

osteology skeleton arthrology joint myology

accessory structures

splanchnology viscera pl. лат digestive respiratory urogenital urinary genital angiology circulation neurology nervous aesthesiology sense organs integument surgery applied morbid tissue

cell cellular

["ɒsti′ɒləʤi]		остеология
[′skələtɒn]		скелет
[a:θ′rɒləʤi]		артрология
[′dɒɒint]		сустав
[mai′ɒləʤi]		миология
[æk′səsəri ′strΛkt∫əz]		вспомогательные
		структуры
["splæηk′nɒləʤi]		учение о внутренностях
[′visərə]		внутренности (кишки)
[di′ʤestiv]		пищеварительный
[ris′paiərətəri]		дыхательный
ʒ		мочеполовой
["juərɒ′d enitəl]
[juə′rinəri]		мочевой
[′dʒenitəl]		половой
ʒ	ʒ	ангиология
["ænd i′ɒləd i]		циркуляция (крови)
["sə:kju′lei∫n]
[nju′rɒləʤi]		неврология
[′nə:vəs]		нервный
[i:s′θezi′ɒlədʒi]		эстезиология
[′sens′ɒ:gəns]		органы чувств
[in′tegjumənt]		кожа, наружный покров
[′sə:ʤəri]		хирургия
[ə′plaid]		прикладной
[′mɒ:bid]		патологический
[′ti∫u:]		ткань
[sel]		клетка
[′seljulə]		клеточный

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Ex. 5. Answer the following questions.

1.What is anatomy?

2.What does anatomy deal with?

3.What does anatomy use to understand the structure of the organism?

4.What sciences is anatomy connected with?

5.What are the chief methods of study?

6.How many parts does the systematic anatomy consist of?

7.What is physiology?

8.What is histology?

9.What is embryology?

10.What is osteology?

11.How is arthrology termed in Latin?

12.What is myology?

13.What is the Latin for splanchnology?

14.What subdivisions does splanchnology include?

15.What is the Latin term for urogenital system?

16.What organs does it include?

17.What is angiology?

18.What is neurology?

19.What does aesthesiology describe?

20.What does topographic anatomy study?

21.What is applied anatomy?

22.What is normal anatomy?

23.What is pathological anatomy?

24.What is microscopic anatomy?

25.How many levels is the animal organism studied at? What are they?

26.What is morphology?

Ex. 6. Read some short texts. Answer the questions, and work with new words using them in speech.

1. What are the main parts of the animal body?

The main parts of the animal body are the head, the trunk and the pelvic and thoracic limbs. The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.

head	[hed]	голова
trunk	[trΛnk]	туловище
pelvic	[`pelvik]	тазовый
thoracic	[θɒ:'ræsik]	грудной
limb	[lim]	конечность
neck	[nek]	шея

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2. What parts is the head formed by?

The head is formed by the face, nasal, temporal, cheek, eye, ear areas, the area of parotid gland and the frontal area with the area of horns at the

horned cattle.
face	['feis]	лицевая область
nasal	['neizəl]	носовой
temporal	['təmpərəl]	височный
cheek	['t∫i:k]	щека
eye	['ai]	глаз
ear	['iə]	ухо
parotid gland	['pærətid 'glænd]	околоушная железа
frontal	['frΛntəl]	лобный
horn	[hɒ:n]	рог
horned cattle	['hɒ:nd 'kætəl]	рогатый скот

3. What organs are there according to structure? There are two types of internal organs according to structure: soft parenchymatous organs – lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, genital organs and hollow tubular organs – intestine, trachea, bronchi, ureters, genital tracts.

internal	[intə:nl]	внутренний
parenchymatous	["pəreŋ'kimætəs]	паренхиматозный
lung	[lΛŋ]	легкое
liver	['livə]	печень
kidney	['kidni]	почка
spleen	['spli:n]	селезенка
genital	[′dʒenitl]	половой
hollow	[′hɒləu]	полый
tubular	[′tju:bjulə]	трубчатый
intestine	[in'testin]	кишечник
trachea	[trə'ki:ə]	трахея
bronchi	['brɒŋki]	бронхи
ureter	[juə'ri:tə]	мочеточник
tract	[trækt]	путь

4. What are the parts of the face?

The upper part of the face is formed by the forehead and temples. Below there are the eyes, the nose, the cheeks, the mouth, the chin, and nostrils. On the both sides of the head there are the ears.

forehead	['fɒrid]	лоб
temple	['templ]	висок

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nose	['nɒʊz]	нос
mouth	['maʊθ]	рот
chin	['t∫in]	подбородок
nostril	['nɒstril]	ноздря

5. What parts is the eye composed of?

The eye is composed of the eyeball and the pupil. Eyebrows, lasher and the lid protect the eye.

eyeball	['aibɒ:l]	глазное яблоко
pupil	['pju:pl]	зрачок
eyebrow	['aibrau]	бровь
lasher	['læ∫ə]	ресница
lid	[lid]	веко
to protect	[prə'tekt]	защищать

6. What organs does the oral cavity include?

The oral cavity contains the teeth which are set in the gums, the tongue, the hard and the soft palate, the tonsils and the throat. The margins of the mouth are the lips. The jaws form the framework of the mouth.

oral cavity	['ɒ:rəl 'kæviti]	ротовая полость
tooth (pl. teeth)	['tu:θ]	зуб (зубы)
set	[set]	размещать
gum	[gΛm]	десна
tongue	[tΛŋ]	язык
hard palate	['ha:d 'pælit]	твердое небо
soft palate	['sɒft 'pælit]	мягкое небо
tonsil	['tɒnsil]	миндалевидная железа
throat	['θrɒʊt]	горло
margin	['ma:dʒin]	край
lip	[lip]	губа
jaw	['dʒɒ:]	челюсть

7. What are the organs of senses?

The organs of senses are the eyes, the ears, the nose and the tongue.

8. What are the parts of the trunk?

The parts of the trunk are the thoracic cavity, the pelvic cavity, the abdominal cavity, the back, the genitals and the buttocks. Inside the body there are two large cavities – the anterior cavity and the posterior cavity. The thorax is in the anterior cavity. The abdomen or belly is located in the posterior cavity. The thorax is in the anterior cavity. The abdomen or belly is located in the poste-

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rior cavity. These two cavities are separated by a tense sheet of muscle called the diaphragm.

back	['bæk]	спина
genital pl.	[′dʒenitl]	половые органы
buttock	['bΛtek]	ягодица
anterior	['æn'tiəriə]	передний
posterior	[pɒs'tiəriə]	задний
abdomen	['æbdəmən]	брюшная полость

9.What organs are there in the thorax or the thoracic cavity?

In the thoracic cavity are the respiratory, the circulatory and the digestive organs.

thorax	['θɒ:ræks]	грудная клетка
circulatory	['sə:kjulətəri]	кровеносный

10. What does the system of circulation comprise and what is its function?

The circulatory system comprises the heart and the blood vessels – the arteries, the arterioles, the capillaries, the venulae and the veins. The heart pumps blood to various parts of the body.

to comprise	[kəm'praiz]	охватывать
artery	['a:teri]	артерия
capillary	[kə'piləri]	капилляр
venule pl. venulae	[ve'nʊl]	венула (венулы)
vein	[vein]	вена
to pump	[pΛmp]	качать, гнать

11. What are the main organs of respiration? What is their function?

The main organs of respiration are the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, the lungs and the diaphragm. They breathe with their lungs.

pharynx	['færiŋks]	глотка
larynx	['læriŋks]	гортань
trachea	[trə'ki:ə]	трахея
bronchi	['brɒŋki]	бронхи
lung	[lΛŋ]	легкое
diaphragm	['daiəfrægm]	диафрагма
to breathe	['bri:ð]	дышать

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