- •1. Look at the pictures. Which could be connected to the following aims? Discuss in pairs.
- •2. A. What do you think the most important factors in keeping healthy are?
- •3. Paraphrase the following quotations. Which do you agree with? Why? Discuss.
- •1. A. You will read a text about four great medical discoveries. Before you read, discuss the following with a partner.
- •Throughout history, key discoveries have changed the course of medical science. We look at four historic medical breakthroughs.
- •Penicillin
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •1. Explain the highlighted words in the passage.
- •2. Match the beginnings with the endings.
- •3. Match the English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •4. Discussion
- •Vocabulary and Speaking
- •1. Label the numbered parts of the body, using the words in the box. The numbers in black boxes are inside the body.
- •3. What part of your body do you use to do these things?
- •4. A. Say where each of the following body parts is located. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •If you’re fit, you don’t need to exercise. If you aren’t fit, exercise is dangerous.
- •If your total score is:
- •Say No to Death
- •1. Define the statements as true or false.
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •3. Match the beginnings with the endings.
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •4. Мatch the English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •5. Paraphrase the sentences using the word combinations from the previous exercise.
- •6. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •1. Study the ‘case history’ below. Then write ten headlines for the President’s ten-day illness, from President taken ill to The nation holds its breath.
- •2. After all that, do you feel well enough to read on? Note the ways that illnesses can be spoken of and reported in the text below. Examination Fever
- •4. Without looking back at the previous two texts (Ex. 1,2), try to supply the missing word that completes these expressions. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •5. This is a section on symptoms, possible diagnosis and remedies. These six exchanges between doctor and patient have been mixed up. Decide which response should follow which question.
- •6. Rearrange these six paragraphs in the same way.
- •Vocabulary Practise
- •1. What are your symptoms? Study the material that follows to enlarge your vocabulary.
- •2. What does the doctor prescribe?
- •3. Match the diseases with their symptoms.
- •4. Fill in the missing words in these sentences. Use words from the box.
- •5. Make collocations by matching words from two columns.
- •Health: illness and disease
- •Aches and pains
- •6. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word.
- •7. Translate the following phrasal verbs and verb-preposition collocations for health and illness.
- •8. Read the text below and find words in the text which mean the following.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10. Learn the following vocabulary.
- •11. Sort these everyday phrasal verbs and expressions connected with health and illness into two groups, depending on whether they have positive or negative meanings with regard to health.
- •12. Translate the sentences with minor ailments and ways of talking about minor problems.
- •13. Rewrite the underlined parts of these sentences using the active vocabulary.
- •1. What do you know about alternative medicine? Learn the new words and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •2. What do we call the type of alternative medicine which...
- •3. Read the text. Make sure you study the language of the text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.
- •4. Match the words with their definitions.
- •5. Match the two columns to form meaningful word combinations.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •7. Translate these sentences into English.
- •8. Complete the sentences using the material of the text about acupuncture (ex.3)
- •9. Translate into English.
- •1. Look at the pictures. What is the text about?
- •2. Do you take any exercise? Why/Why not?
- •1. Qigong is perfect for those who
- •3. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once.
- •4. Which of the treatments and procedures below, relate to conventional and which to alternative medicine?
- •5. Match the medical people with what they might say...
- •6. Find the odd word out.
- •7. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in bold, then cover the text and talk about the two types of medicine.
- •8. Fill in the missing words related to medicine and health. The first letter is given to help you.
- •9. Underline the correct item.
- •A Visit to a Doctor
- •10. Read the text and describe your last visit to the dentist. At the dentist’s
- •11. Answer the questions.
- •12. Explain the meanings of the following words and word combinations in English and use them in situations of your own.
- •13. Translate into English.
- •14. Choose the right form.
- •15. Fill in the blanks with the words below. You may need to change the form оf the words. Each word can be used only once.
- •General Dental Practice
- •16. Give English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
- •Parts of the body
- •3. Choose the correct answer
- •4. Body. Match the Ukrainian names of the parts of the body with their English counterparts.
- •5. Body. Match the following parts of the body with the jumbled definitions on the right.
- •7. Body. Choose one of the four possibilities that best completes the sentence.
- •8. Body. Complete the sentences.
- •The Science of Life
- •A symbol of medicine, a triumph of simplicity
- •5. Read the article and answer the questions (1-7).
- •3. Match words from columns a and b to make collocations, then make sentences.
- •4. Match the sets of adjectives to the nouns to form collocations. Choose any 3 sets and make sentences.
- •5. Select two suitable words which can complete each sentence.
- •6. Study the pairs of words/phrases below and make sentences in order to show their difference in meaning.
- •1. Study the difference.
- •3. Give English equivalents for the following words.
- •4. Here is a list of injuries. Look them up in your dictionary to check the meaning and the pronunciation, and fill in the chart. Use your imagination to think of a cause for the injuries.
- •Diseases
- •5. Give the Ukrainian names of the following diseases.
- •6. Diseases. Choose the correct answer.
- •7. Read the article. Work in pairs and discuss the health problems people might have in the 21st century.
- •8. Find the appropriate word for the definitions.
- •9. Translate the following text into English. Україна – перша у Східній Європі за кількістю віл-інфікованих.
- •Doctors and specialists
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following phrases.
- •2. Give the name of the people defined below.
- •3. Translate the article about the the world-famous Ukrainian surgeon, scientist and philosopher Mykola Amosov.
- •4. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate forms of the Verbals. Define their functions. What do you think of the new ailment? help me, doctor, I'm too wealthy
- •Are you ontop of the world?
- •6. Discuss the answers to the questions below.
- •7. Translate the following into English.
- •8. Match the words to form the meaningful word combinations.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10. Choose the correct answer.
- •1. Read the article.
- •3. Explain the meaning of the words and word combinations in English and use them in the situations of your own.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •5. Transcribe the words.
- •6. Match the words to form the meaningful word combinations.
- •7. Read the text and discuss it using the active vocabulary.
- •8. Think ahead. Look at the title of the article and guess what the article runs about. Read the article through once to see if you have guessed correctly.
- •9. Answer the questions.
- •10. Find words or phrases in the text which have these meanings.
- •11. Match the words into collocations.
- •12. Choose a word from the box to match one of the definitions below.
- •13. Complete the sentences with the words from the previous exercise. Change the word forms if necessary.
- •14. Give the Ukrainian equivalents.
- •15. Give the English equivalents.
- •16. Explain the meaning of the following words and word combinations in English and make up your sentences with them.
- •17. Discuss the following.
- •18. Read the text. Make sure you study the language of the text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.
- •18. Answer the questions.
- •19. The text contains quite a few words whose pronunciation could pose difficulty. Transcribe the following words to avoid possible mispronunciation and miscommunication in future.
- •20. Match the words into collocations.
- •21. Explain the meaning of the following word combinations in English and make up your own sentences with them.
- •22. Find the words in the text which correspond to the given definitions.
- •23. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word from the topical vocabulary, making any necessary changes.
- •24. Find synonyms or near synonyms for the following words, and make up your own sentences to explore their associations.
- •25. Explain the contextual meaning of the words in bold and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •26. Translate the text into English.
- •The Subjective – with – the Participle Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
8. Think ahead. Look at the title of the article and guess what the article runs about. Read the article through once to see if you have guessed correctly.
The deadly risk facing
THREE OUT OF EVERY 10 WOMEN
Every year, a staggering 50,000 deaths are caused by high blood pressure. But because it has few symptoms most of us have no idea we could be affected.
We're all well aware that high blood pressure or hypertension is something we should worry about. But for three out of 10 of you reading this article, the reality is far more serious. You could already have high enough blood pressure to put you at very real risk of potentially fatal conditions such as heart disease and stroke.
The tragedy, according to the experts, is that lack of awareness means many people are suffering and dying needlessly 'If everyone's blood pressure was controlled – and with the right treatment it can be in nearly every case – we could prevent around 100,000 strokes and heart attacks and 50,000 deaths every year,' says Graham MacGregor, Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine at St. George’s Hospital and Chairman of the Blood Pressure Association.
A major World Health Organisation study found half of all cardiovascular diseases are caused by high blood pressure. If you ask the average woman what her blood pressure reading is, however, she probably won't have the faintest idea. If you know yours, you should congratulate yourself as you're in the minority. In fact, according to a recent Gallup poll, almost three-quarters of the people interviewed had no idea what their blood pressure level was, and only a scant 16% knew what a healthy reading should be.
High blood pressure rarely has any external symptoms, all the damage is internal, as the force of blood pumping at high pressure through your arteries strains your heart and weakens your blood vessels. The result is damaged, clogged arteries, which increases your risk of heart and kidney disease and makes you six times more likely to have a stroke or heart failure as your heart struggles to pump adequate supplies of oxygenated blood around the body.
On the face of it, controlling your blood pressure should be simple. Regular checks to identify those who have high or borderline pressure, together with medication or lifestyle changes to lower it, would be effective for most of us. Yet an incredible 80% of those with high blood pressure aren't being treated for it. 'The reasons are complex,' says Professor MacGregor 'Some haven't been tested, as there's no national screening programme. Some are tested and aren't concerned enough to make lifestyle changes or take any medication. Others aren't being given the correct medication.'
While some GPs certainly need to be more alert to the dangers of high pressure. Professor MacGregor believes the onus is really on us. “We have to face the fact that half of us are going to have a stroke or heart attack,’ he says. “It’s time individuals took more responsibility for their own blood pressure. The only way you’ll know if it’s high or not is to have it measured. So make an appointment with your doctor and get it checked. Find out what the figures mean, and if your blood pressure is on the high side, talk to your doctor about ways to lower it.
Assess your risk
Hypertension rarely has any symptoms and anyone can be at risk, but some groups are more susceptible and should be extra vigilant. Your risk is higher if:
You have a family history of high blood pressure, strokes or heart attacks.
You’re overweight, eat too much salt, take little exercise, drink too much alcohol, and have a low intake of fruit and vegetables.
You have diabetes, kidney disease or heart disease.
When checked, your blood pressure was at the higher end of the normal range.
And if your blood pressure is still high?
For some people lifestyle changes will be enough to reduce blood pressure to a safe level, but others will need drugs that help open up the blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to function effectively or work through the brain to lower the body’s blood pressure. Once you start medication, you’ll be taking it for life, but there’s strong evidence that, as long as your blood pressure is well controlled, it will reduce your risk of stroke, heart attacks and heart failure.
HIGH
140/90
Your blood pressure is considered to be high if it's at this level.
NORMAL
120/80
If your blood pressure is in the normal range – around 120/80 or below – you should have it checked every three or four years.
RAISED
130/85
You should be concerned if your blood pressure is in the upper range of normal – 130/85. Even at this level, your risk of a stroke or heart attack increases threefold, and the Blood Pressure Association recommends that you have your pressure checked annually. If you have hypertension, your doctor will check it more frequently.
KEY WAYS TO PROTECT YOURSELF
You can't change your genes but you can change your lifestyle, and that alone could be enough to keep your blood pressure down. Even if it's normal, you should take steps to keep it that way. Blood pressure tends to rise with age. 'Not as an inevitable result of getting older,' says Professor MacGregor, 'but almost entirely as the result of eating an unhealthy, salt-laden diet.'
Eat less salt
Research shows that too much salt causes a rise in blood pressure, and the more salt you eat, the higher the rise. A US study found that cutting salt by a third reduced blood pressure in people with both high and normal blood pressure. Most of us eat twice as much salt as we need – around 10-12g daily, when we should be aiming for 5-6g or less. So replace salt in cooking with herbs and spices for flavour and avoid processed food, which accounts for 75% of the salt in our diet. Other high-salt food includes bread, some breakfast cereals, processed meat such as sausages and bacon, soups, ready-prepared meals and takeaways. Check labels for the sodium or salt content, or for other sodium molecules like monosodium glutamate or sodium bicarbonate. To work out the sodium content, divide the salt content by two and a half, low sodium is 0 3g per 100g or under.
Become more active
Research shows that exercise can prevent or delay the development of hypertension and reduce high blood pressure. As well as lowering blood pressure, exercise will help to strengthen your heart, reduce levels of harmful LDL cholesterol and help boost beneficial HDL cholesterol.
Maintain a healthy weight
Being overweight makes your circulatory system and your heart work harder and raises blood pressure. Research shows that if you are overweight, losing just 10lbs can help reduce blood pressure and make medication more effective.
Eat seven to nine servings of fruit and vegetables every day
The Blood Pressure Association says we should eat more than the standard five portions a day of fruit and veg as, besides helping to protect arteries against a build-up of fatty deposits, they're a rich source of potassium (particularly bananas, dried fruit, melons and avocados), which helps lower blood pressure.
Drink sensibly
It's not yet clear how alcohol affects blood pressure, but we do know drinking large amounts causes it to rise. Women should have no more than two or three units daily, avoid binge drinking and spread their alcohol consumption through the week.
Manage your stress
The link between stress and high blood pressure is still unclear – stress certainly causes a transient increase in blood pressure, but the question of whether chronic stress contributes to hypertension remains controversial. However, research by Canadian scientists has shown that stress management counselling helped to reduce blood pressure in both men and women with hypertension.
Know your levels
If you’ve no idea what your blood pressure is, don't wait for your doctor to suggest a check – ask for one yourself.