Text: Sir Alexander Fleming.

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

EXERCISE 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Research [ ri s: t∫]

Bacteria [b æ k ti ə ri ə]

Colony [kl ə ni ]

Dangerous [ d e i n d ə r ə s]

Expert [eksp: t]

Experiment [ iks perimənt]

Appear [ə pi ə]

Disappear [dis ə  pi ə]

Immediately [ i mi:di ə tli]

Growth [ grəu]

Pure [ pu ə]

Penicillin [peni  silin]

Biology [ bai l əd i]

Biologist [bai  l əd ist]

Pure [ pju ə ]

Cure [ kju ə]

EXERCISE 2. Topic vocabulary:

Research – (часто pl) наукове дослідження; вивчення; дослідницька робота; досліджувати, займатися дослідженнями;

Investigation – дослідження;

Dangerous – небезпечний, ризикований;

to disappear – зникати, пропадати; щезати;

immediately – негайно, невідкладно; як тільки;

phenomena – pl від phenomenon – явище;

numerous – численний;

to grow (grew; grown) – рости; посилюватися; збільшуватися;

Growth – ріст, зростання; розвиток;

By means of – за допомогою;

Expert – досвідчений; обізнаний (в, на - at, in); кваліфікований; знавець, експерт; фахівець;

Discover – відкриття;

Production – продуктивність;виробництво;виготовлення;

Pure – чистий; бездомішковий;

to cure – лікування; виліковувати, зціляти(ся);

to mark – відзначати; позначати.

EXERCISE 3. Read the following words, paying attention to the rules of reading:

[ ] – come; become, accompany; comfort, discomfort.

[ ə  ] – dangerous, fibrous, nervous, infectious, various, croupous.

[ ] – autumn; because, August, trauma.

[ d] – Damage, cabbage, marriage, passage, message, cartilage, storage.

[ ə] – Bacterium, cementum, sputum, fungus, August, septum, tetanus, serum, column, autumn.

[ ə ] – bacteria, pneumonia, insomnia, edema, anuria, malaria, cholera.

[ a] – ( - i . pl. ) – cocci, calculi, fungi, bacilli, glomeruli, streptococci.

EXERCISE 4. Translate the following word combinations:

Research work; bacterial action; dangerous bacteria; to study the phenomenon; experiments on animals; to stop the growth; to appear on dry bread; a method of extracting pure penicillin; to interest biologists; the beginning of penicillin treatment; to receive the Nobel Prize; to save the life.

EXERCISE 5. Match the following terms with their definitions:

Bacteria	- any of a group of antibiotics with powerful bactericidal action, used to treat many types of infections, including pneumonia, gonorrhoea, and infections caused by streptococci and staphylococci: originally obtained from the fungus Penicillium, esp P. notatum;
pneumonia	- any of various chemical substances, such as penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, produced by various microorganisms, esp. fungi, or made synthetically and capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, esp. bacteria;
Antibiotic	- a very large group of microorganisms comprising one of the three domains володіння of living organisms. They are prokaryotic, unicellular одноклітинний, and either free-living in soil or water or parasites of plants or animals;
Microbe	- inflammation of one or both lungs, in which the air sacs (alveoli) become filled with liquid, which renders виконувати them useless for breathing. It is usually caused by bacterial (esp. pneumococcal) or viral infection
Penicillin	- any microscopic organism, esp. a disease-causing bacterium.

EXERCISE 6. a). Pay attention to Grammar.

He said: » I get up at eight o'clock. » Не said, "We have finished our work." He said, "I will write the letter tomorrow."

Не said that he got up at eight o'clock. Не said that they had finished their work. Не said that he would write the letter the next day.

*Вказівні займенники та прислівники часу та місця в прямій мові замінюються в непрямій мові за змістом іншими словами, як і в українській мові:

this	замінюється на that
these		–	those
now		–	then
today		–	that day
tomorrow		–	the next day
the day after tomorrow		–	two days later
the day before yesterday		–	two days before
next			the next
ago next year в будущем году		–	before the next year, the follow­ing year в следующем году
here		–	there
yesterday		–	the day before накануне

b). Change the following sentences into Indirect speech:

1. The doctor said: “As soon as the analysis of the gastric juice is ready, I will administer you a treatment”.

2. "This plate cannot be used for the experiment," said the assistant.

3. "Some mould [mould] (плесень) has formed on it and I'll have to take another plate," he said.

4. The assistant said: “The dish is dotted усівати with bacterial growth, apart from one area where a patch пляма неправильної форми of mould is growing”.

5. But he said: "Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives. I do not know why they do it. I didn't do anything. Nature makes penicillin. I only found it."

6. The researcher said: “The disease spread very rapidly from one place to another and thousands of healthy people died.”

EXERCISE 7. Read the text and then translate it paying attention to Emphatic Construction:

TEXT: Sir Alexander Fleming.

Fleming (centre) receiving the Nobel Prize from King Gustaf Vof Sweden (right), 1945

Alexander Fleming was born in 1881. He did research work at one of the hospitals in London and became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs.

One day Fleming's assistant brought him a plate on which a colony of dangerous bacteria were being grown. "This plate cannot be used for the experiment," said the assistant. "Some mould [mould] (плесень) has formed on it and I'll have to take another plate." Fleming was ready to allow his assistant to do so. Then he looked at the plate and saw that the bacteria around the mould had disappeared. Fleming understood the importance of what had happened and immediately began to study the phenomenon.

He placed some mould on other plates and grew more colonies. By means of numerous experiments on animals he determined that this new substance was not toxic to the tissues and stopped the growth of the most common patho­genic bacteria.

Fleming called this substance penicillin. * It is of the same той (цей) самий family of moulds that often appear on dry bread.

But many investigations had been carried out before a method of extracting pure penicillin was found. It was also very difficult for Fleming to interest biologists and mould experts in penicillin and to decide the problem of its production.