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SOURCES OF INFECTIONS

Exercise 1.

Practice the pronunciation:

Source [sᴐ:s]

Route [ru:t]

Invasion [in ̍veiȝ(ə)n]

Species [̍spi:ʃi:z]

Communicable [kə ̍mju:nikəbl]

Contagious [kən ̍teidȝəs]

Virulence [̍viruləns]

Resistance [re ̍zistəns]

Susceptible [sə ̍səptəbl]

Duration [djuə ̍reiʃn]

Gangrene [̍gᴂƞgri:n]

Bacterial [bᴂk ̍tiəriəl]

Exercise 2.

Topic vocabulary:

Source - джерело

Route – шлях, засіб

Invasion - вторгнення

Species – рід, порода; вид

Communicable– який передається

Contagious- заразний, інфекційний

Virulence - вірулентність

Resistance - стійкість

Susceptible - сприйнятливий

Duration- тривалість

Fatigue – втома

Swelling - припухлість

Exercise 3.

Form nouns from the given verbs:

isolate, vaccinate, inflame, incubate, immune, infect, destroy, severe, respond.

Exercise 4.

Read and translate the text:

SOURCES OF INFECTIONS

Sources of infections constitute the field of epidemiology, which may be defined as the science treating the sources and routes of infections and their activities.

An infectious disease is produced as the result of the invasion of the tissues of a person by a living organism. When the invading organism is transferred from individual to individual of the host species, these diseases are termed communicable. Those communicable diseases which are transmitted directly from host to host are called contagious. Following the invasion of the host by an organism capable of producing disease, a variable period elapses before the characteristic symptoms are manifested and during which the ordinary health is apparently maintained. This period is the incubation period. Its duration is dependent upon the number and virulence of the invading organisms on the one hand, and to the specific degree of the host's resistance on the other.

As a result of extensive bacteriologic researches as well as epidemiologic studies it may be stated that all communicable diseases arise from the invasion of a susceptible host by organisms derived from a pre-existing invaded host which is known as the source of infection.

An epidemic is the occurrence within a limited time among a limited population, of an unusual number of cases of a communicable disease. Endemic refers to the usual prevalence of a communicable disease among a limited population.

A pandemic is similar to an epidemic, except the population concerned is much larger, that of an entire continent or the world.

Any infection refers to inflammation caused by the immune system’s defense mechanism (white blood cells). When a virus or bacteria is detected in the body, the immune system immediately sends out white blood cells to eradicate it from the body. As some bacteria and virus are resistant to the body’s immune system, they can continue to grow and multiply. This is when infection spreads. Various types of infection can affect the entire body resulting in tissue loss, gangrene, blood infections and even death.

Infections are usually bacterial or viral. Bacterial infections tend to be localized. Many of them produce pus. Common symptoms of bacterial infections are: swelling, redness, pus production, heat, localized pain.

Viral infections are systemic which means they can infiltrate many different parts of the body at the same time. Their common symptoms are: fatigue and systemic symptoms (throughout the body).

Exercise 5.

Answer the following questions:

  1. What does epidemiology deal with?

  2. How is an infectious disease produced?

  3. What diseases are called communicable?

  4. What is an incubation period?

  5. What does the duration of the incubation period depend on?

  6. What do communicable diseases arise from?

  7. What is epidemic? What is pandemic?

  8. How does the immune system eradicate the virus from the body?

  9. When do infections spread?

  10. What can infections affect?

Exercise 6.

Translate from English into Russian:

To treat sources and routes of infection, the invading organism, host species, a communicable disease, to be transmitted directly, contagious, to be capable of producing a disease, to elapse, to maintain, to manifest, virulence of the invading organism, host’s resistance, duration of the incubation period, a limited population, immune system’s defense mechanism, inflammation, white blood cells, to be resistant, to eradicate, continue to grow and multiply, to affect the entire body, tissue loss, swelling, localized pain, fatigue.

Exercise 7.

Give English equivalents:

Галузь епідеміології, джерело інфекції, передаватися безпосередньо, сприйнятливий, стійкість реципієнта, виникати внаслідок вторгнення, захисний механізм, рости і розмножуватись, викорінювати вірус, припухлість, втома, почервоніння, локалізований біль, заразний, проявляти характерні симптоми.

Exercise 8.

Translate into Russian, paying attention to the conditionals, define their types:

  1. Any person would suffer from numerous infectious diseases, if the resistance of the organism to infections was insufficient.

  2. The man will be given local anesthesia, if he is operated on for appendicitis.

  3. If he hadn’t been ill with diphtheria the membrane wouldn’t have extended over the tonsils, pharynx and larynx.

  4. If a patient is treated for pneumonia properly he may recover without any complications.

  5. The patient wouldn’t have suffered from a severe form of TB, if the doctor had made diagnosis earlier.

  6. If I were you I would follow all the doctor’s prescriptions.

Exercise 9.

Complete the sentences using proper form of the verb in brackets:

  1. If all of us had absolute immunity no infectious diseases (develop) in the human organism.

  2. If the temperature is extremely high viruses (not to survive).

  3. The people may be infected if prophylactic vaccination (not to carry out).

  4. If it were a severe form of diphtheria it (to be characterized) by general prostration.

  5. The diagnosis of a severe infection (to be possible) if the temperature had been accompanied by vomiting.

Exercise 10.

Make your own conditional sentences (3 to each type of conditional) according to the model:

  1. I type (real)

If + Subject+V(Present Simple), Subject+V(Future Simple)

2) II type (unreal, refers to present or future)

If + Subject + V (Past Simple), Subject+would +Infinitive without to

3) III type (unreal, refers to past)

If+Subject+ V (Past Perfect), Subject +would+have+Participle II/-ed.

Exercise 11.

Put questions to the underlined words:

  1. Virus is capable of replication only within living cells.

  2. When bacteria, fungi or viruses invade the body an infection occurs.

  3. A group of microorganisms all of which lack a distinct nuclear membrane and most of which have a cell wall of unique composition is called bacteria.

  4. A host can be defined as an animal or plant in or upon which a parasite lives.

  5. Many viral diseases cause inflammation of tonsils.

Exercise 12.

Give the definitions to the following terms:

Bacterium

Virus

Host

Pandemic

Epidemic

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