PART I INTRODUCTION 6

I. GENERAL NOTES ON STYLE AND Stylistics 6

2. EXPRESSIVE MEANS (EM) AND STYLISTIC DEVICES (SD) 21

3. GENERAL NOTES ON FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF LANGUAGE 28

4. VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE 30

5. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LITERARY (STANDARD) LANGUAGE 36

6. MEANING FROM A STYLISTIC POINT OF VIEW 51

PART II STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 62

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 62

2. NEUTRAL, COMMON LITERARY AND COMMON COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 64

3. SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY 68

a) Terms 68

b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words 71

c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words 74

d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms 78

e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) 83

4. SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 95

a) Slang 95

b) Jargonisms 100

c) Professionalisms 103

d) Dialectal words 105

e) Vulgar words or vulgarisms 108

f) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings) 108

PART Ш PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 112

GENERAL NOTES 112

Onomatopoeia 113

Alliteration 114

Rhyme 116

Rhythm 117

PART IV LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 123

A. INTENTIONAL MIXING OF THE STYLISTIC ASPECT OF WORDS 123

B. INTERACTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEXICAL MEANING 125

1. INTERACTION OF PRIMARY DICTIONARY AND CONTEXTUALLY IMPOSED MEANINGS 126

Metaphor 126

Metonymy 131

Irony 133

3. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND EMOTIVE MEANINGS 139

Interjections and Exclamatory Words 140

The Epithet 143

Oxymoron 148

4. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND NOMINAL MEANINGS 150

Antonomasia 150

C. INTENSIFICATION OF A CERTAIN FEATURE OF A THING OR PHENOMENON 152

Simile 152

Periphrasis 154

"The hoarse, dull drum would sleep, And Man be happy yet." (Byron 156

Euphemism 158

Hyperbole 160

D. PECULIAR USE OF SET EXPRESSIONS 161

The Cliche 162

Proverbs and Sayings 165

Epigrams 167

Quotations 169

Allusions 171

Decomposition of Set Phrases 173

PART V SYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 174

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 174

B. PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE COMPOSITION OF SPANS OF UTTERANCE LARGER THAN THE SENTENCE 176

Supra-Phrasal Units 177

The Paragraph 181

C. COMPOSITIONAL PATTERNS OF SYNTACTICAL ARRANGEMENT 185

Stylistic Inversion 186

Detached Construction 188

Parallel Construction 190

Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) 191

Repetition 193

Enumeration 197

Suspense 198

Climax (Gradation) 200

Antithesis 202

D. PARTICULAR WAYS OF COMBINING PARTS OF THE UTTERANCE (LINKAGE) 205

Asyndeton 206

Polysyndeton 206

The Gap- Sentence Link 207

E. PARTICULAR USE OF COLLOQUIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 209

Ellipsis 211

Break-in-the-Narrative (Appsiopesis) 213

Question-in-the-Narrative 214

Represented Speech 215

a) Uttered Represented Speech 217

b) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech 220

F. STYLISTIC USE OF STRUCTURAL MEANING 222

Rhetorical Questions 223

Litotes 224

PART VI FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 226

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 226

A. THE BELLES-LETTRES STYLE 228

1. LANGUAGE OF POETRY 229

a) Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement 230

Metre and Line 230

The Stanza 235

Free Verse and Accented Verse 237

b) Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse 240

2. EMOTIVE PROSE 246

3. LANGUAGE OF THE DRAMA 256

B. PUBLICISTS STYLE 262

1. ORATORY AND SPEECHES 263

2. THE ESSAY 267

3. JOURNALISTIC ARTICLES 269

C. NEWSPAPER STYLE 270

1. BRIEF NEWS ITEMS 272

2. ADVERTISEMENTS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS 275

BIRTHS 275

3. THE HEADLINE 277

4. THE EDITORIAL 279

D. SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE 281

E. THE STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 285

FINAL REMARKS 291

. Introduction

1. General Notes on Style and Stylistics . . 7 ............ 9

2. Expressive Means (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD) .......... 25

3. General Notes on Functional Styles of Language ...... '. . . . 32

4. Varieties of Language ” t ................... 35

5. A Brief Outline of the Development of the English Literary (Standard)

Language t * t ^ t ......................... 41

6. Meaning from a Stylistic Point of View .............. 57

Part II. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary

1. General Considerations > t .................... 70

2. Neutral, Common Literary and Common Colloquial Vocabulary ... 72

3. Special Literary Vocabulary t .................. 76

a) Terms .. t .t .....: \ .-r ............... 76

b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words .............. 79

c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words ............ 83

d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms .................. 87

e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) ........... 92

4. Special Colloquial Vocabulary .................. 104

a) Slang t , t ........................ 104

b) Jargonisms , * , ........................ 109

c) Professionalisms , t , t .................... 113

d) Dialectal Words it t -. .^ ................... 116

e) Vulgar Words or Vulgarisms ............ .\. .... 118

f) Colloquial Coinages (Words and Meanings) ............ 119

Part III. Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

General Notes ............................ 123

Onomatopoeia ... t ........................ 124

Alliteration . e **......................... 126

Rhyme ; ...... %. ....................... 128

Rhythm , , . ” .......................... 129

Part IV. Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

A. Intentional Mixing of the Stylistic Aspect of. Words ... ...... 136

В. Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning ............ 138

1. Interaction of Primary Dictionary and Contextually Imposed Meanings 139

Metaphor ............................. 139

Metonymy t ........ ^ ............... \ ... 144

Irony , 5 ............................ 146

2. Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings ...... 148

Stylistic Devices Based on Polysemantics Effect, Zeugma and Pun .... 148

3. Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meanings ............ 153

Interjections and Exclamatory Words ............... 154

The Epithet ,,,*....................... 157

Oxymoron >“. “ “ ....................... 162

4. Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meanings ........... 164

Antonomasia ........................... 164

C. Intensification of a Certain Feature of a Thing or Phenomenon ...... 166

' Simile ............................... 167

/, • ^Periphrasis .I.....'..............'...-..... 169

!""' Euphemism ............................. 173

Hyperbole .............................. 176

D. Peculiar Use of Set Expressions .................... 177

The Cliche .............................. 177

Proverbs and Sayings .. :< ....................... 181

Epigrams .............................. 184

Quotations ............................. 186

Allusions .............................. 187

.Decomposition of Set Phrases .................... 189“

5 Part V. Syntactical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

General Considerations .......................... '191

ВГ Problems Concerning the Composition of Spans of Utterance Larger than the

Sentence .............................. 193

Supra-Phrasal Units ......................... 194

The Paragraph ........................... 198

C. Compositional Patterns of Syntactical Arrangement .......... 202

Stylistic Inversion .......................... 203

•j Detached Construction ....................... 205

/Parallel Construction ........................ 208

[Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) .............. 209

Repetition ............................. 211

Enumeration . . . ......................... 216

Suspense. . ....... . ..................... 218

Climax (Gradation) ... \ ...................... 219

Antithesis .............................. 222

D. Particular Ways of Combining Parts of the Utterance (Linkage) . . . . ; 225

, Asyndeton ............................. 226

Polysyndeton . > .-,-......................... 226

The Gap-Sentence -Link . .^. .................... 227

E. Particular Use of Colloquial Constructions .............. 230

Ellipsis". .............................. 231

Break-in-the-Narrative(Aposiopesis) .................. 233

Question-in-the-Narrative . . . ................... 235

Represented Speech ......................... 236

a) Uttered Represented Speech ................... 238

b) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech ............. 241

F. Stylistic Use of Structural Meaning ................. 244

Rhetorical Questions V * * . . ................... 244

Litotes ...............................

Part VI. Functional Styles of the English Language

Introductory Remarks ......................... 249

A. The belles-lettres Style ....................... 250

1. Language of Poetry ........................ 252

a) Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement ........ 252

Meter and Line ., ,• ..................... 252

The Stanza ...... §. .................... 258

Free Verse and Accented Verse '. ................ 261

b) Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse ............ 264

2. Emotive Prose .......................... 270

3. Language of the Drama .................... 281

В Publicists Style ........................... 287

1 Oratory and Speeches ^ ...................... 288

2. The Essay ............................ 293

3. Journalistic Articles ........................ 295

С Newspaper Style (written by V. L. Nayer) .............. 295

1. Brief News Items ........................ 298

2. Advertisements and Announcements ................ 301

3.' The Headline ........................... 302

4 The Editorial ........................... 305

D Scientific Prose Style ......................... 307

E. The Style of Official Documents ................... 312

Final Remarks ............*................. 319