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21st Century

POLITICAL

SCIENCE

AReferenceHandbook

21st Century

POLITICAL

SCIENCE

AReferenceHandbook

Edited by

John T. Ishiyama

Marijke Breuning

University of North Texas

Copyright © 2011 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For information:

SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Thousand Oaks, California 91320

E mail: order@sagepub.com

SAGE Publications Ltd.

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Far East Square

Singapore 048763

Printed in the United States of America

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

 

 

 

21st century political science : a reference handbook / editors, John T. Ishiyama, Marijke Breuning.

 

p. cm.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Includes bibliographical references and index.

 

 

 

 

 

ISBN 978 1 4129 6901 7 (cloth)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.

Political science

Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Ishiyama, John T., 1960 II. Breuning, Marijke, 1957

JA66.T94 2011

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

320

dc22

 

2010020638

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This book is printed on acid free paper.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Publisher:

 

 

 

 

 

Rolf A. Janke

 

 

 

 

Assistant to the Publisher:

 

 

Michele Thompson

 

 

Acquisitions Editor:

 

 

 

Jim Brace Thompson

 

 

Developmental Editor:

 

 

 

Sanford Robinson

 

 

 

Reference Systems Manager:

 

 

Leticia Gutierrez

 

 

 

Reference Systems Coordinator:

 

Laura Notton

 

 

 

 

Production Editor:

 

 

 

 

Carla Freeman

 

 

 

Copy Editors:

 

 

 

 

 

Bonnie Freeman, Karen Wolf

Typesetter:

 

 

 

 

 

C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.

Proofreaders:

 

 

 

 

 

Theresa Kay, Scott Oney

Indexer:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kathy Paparchontis

 

 

Cover Designer:

 

 

 

 

Candice Harman

 

 

 

CONTENTS

Preface

About the Editors

About the Contributors

PART I. GENERAL APPROACHES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

1. History of the Discipline

Ellen Grigsby, University of New Mexico

2. Postmodernism

Robert Swan, Western Oregon University

3. Neoinstitutionalism

Mark C. Miller, Clark University

4. Systemism

Hyunsun Choi, University of North Florida

5. Rationality and Rational Choice

Richard A. Wandling, Eastern Illinois University

6. Principal–Agent Theory

John James Quinn, Truman State University

7. Political Psychology

David Patrick Houghton, University of Central Florida

8. Straussians

Scot J. Zentner, California State University, San Bernardino

PART II. COMPARATIVE POLITICS

9. Systems Theory and Structural Functionalism

John R. Fisher, Northwest Missouri State University

10. Political Development and Modernization

Sarah Wilson Sokhey, The Ohio State University

11. Statism

Anna Batta, University of North Texas

12. Dependency and Development

Frank A. Boyd Jr., Illinois Wesleyan University

xi xiii xiv

3

11

22

29

34

43

51

60

71

81

91

99

13. Civil Wars

M. Israel Stephens, University of North Texas

14. Terrorism

Erik S. Case, University of North Texas

15. Political and Military Coups

Christopher D. Moore, Bethel University

16. Resource Scarcity and Political Conflict

Walter Thomas Casey II, University of Texas at Dallas

17. Ethnic Conflict

Tina Kempin Reuter, Christopher Newport University

18. Comparative Political Parties: Systems and Organizations

Alexandra Cole, California State University, Northridge

19. Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective

William M. Downs, Georgia State University

20. Comparative Federalism, Confederalism, Unitary Systems

William M. Downs, Georgia State University

21. Presidentialism Versus Parliamentarism

Joseph W. Robbins, Shepherd University

22. Comparative Judicial Politics

David L. Weiden, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis

23. Civil Society

Ryan Salzman, University of North Texas

24. Political Culture

Marc Hooghe, University of Leuven

25. Religion and Comparative Politics

Bryan A. S. Rasmussen, Collin College

26. Ethnic and Identity, Politics

Dwight Vick West Texas A&M University

John T. Ishiyama, University of North Texas

27. Social Movements

Marc Hooghe, University of Leuven

28. Gender and Politics

Karen J. Vogel, Hamline University

29. Comparative Environmental Politics and Conflict

Amanda M. Rosen, Webster University

30. Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism

Edward Webb, Dickinson College

31. Semiauthoritarianism

Christian Göbel, Lund University

32. Models of Democracy

John T. Ishiyama, Tatyana Kelman, and Anna Pechenina, University of North Texas

33. Processes of Democratization

Eric M. Jepsen, University of South Dakota

34. Comparative Methods

Michelle C. Flores, University of Southern California

35. Case Studies

Catherine L. Johnson, University of North Texas

107

115

124

133

141

150

159

168

177

186

193

201

209

217

225

233

242

249

258

267

275

283

293

PART III. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

36. History of International Relations

Anthony D. Lott, St. Olaf College

37. Realism and Neorealism

Svetla Ben Itzhak, University of Kansas

38. Idealism and Liberalism

Eric A. Heinze, University of Oklahoma

Brandy J. Jolliff, University of Colorado at Boulder

39. Dependency and World-Systems

Gloria C. Walker, Centenary College of Louisiana

40. Foreign Policy Analysis

Baris Kesgin, University of Kansas

41. Feminist International Relations

Karen J. Vogel, Hamline University

42. Leadership and Decision Making

Tobias Van Assche, University of Antwerp

43. Balance of Power

Brian R. King, Muskingum University

44. Deterrence Theory

Seth M. Goldstein, The Ohio State University

Brian R. King and Richard Arnold, Muskingum University

45. Rivalry, Conflict, and Interstate War

Eric Cox, Texas Christian University

46. The Democratic Peace

Steven R. Liebel, University of North Texas

47. Global Politics of Resources and Rentierism

Giray Sadik, Gazi University

48. Complex Interdependence and Globalization

Djamel Eddine Laouisset, Canada Consulting Group, Inc.

49. International Political Economy and Trade

Stefan Fritsch, Bowling Green State University

50. Nonstate Actors in International Relations

Michael Kuchinsky, Gardner Webb University

51. International Organizations and Regimes

Byungwon Woo, The Ohio State University

52. International Law

Tina Kempin Reuter, Christopher Newport University

53. International Environmental Politics

Jerald Mast, Carthage College

303

311

319

327

336

344

353

361

368

376

384

393

401

407

414

422

431

440

PART IV. POLITICAL SCIENCE METHODOLOGY

54. Evolution of Science in Political Science

James K. L. Wong, London School of Economics and Political Science

55. Positivism and Its Critique

William Rose, Albion College

56. Constructivism

Mariya Y. Omelicheva, University of Kansas

57. Regression Analysis

Mark Zachary Taylor, Georgia Institute of Technology

58. Content Analysis

Marijke Breuning, University of North Texas

59. Longitudinal Analysis

Shane Nordyke, University of South Dakota

60. Qualitative Versus Quantitative Research

Alicia Jencik, University of New Orleans

61. Survey Research

H. Whitt Kilburn, Grand Valley State University

62. Experiments

Elizabeth A. Bennion, Indiana University South Bend

63. Formal Theory and Spatial Modeling

Donald M. Gooch, Arkansas Tech University

64. Game Theory

Byungwon Woo, The Ohio State University

PART V. POLITICAL THOUGHT

65. The Ancients

Steve G. Hartlaub, Frostburg State University

66. Asian Political Thought

Timothy J. Lomperis, Saint Louis University

67. Islamic Political Thought

Svetla Ben Itzhak, University of Kansas

68. Christian Political Thought

Michelle D. Deardorff, Jackson State University

69. Early Moderns and Classical Liberals

David Schultz, Hamline University

70. Neoclassical Liberals

Ellen Grigsby, University of New Mexico

451

459

470

478

490

497

506

514

523

532

541

553

560

568

577

587

596

71.

Modern Democratic Thought

 

Jeffrey D. Hilmer, University of British Columbia

72.

Modern Liberalism, Conservatism, and Libertarianism

 

Johnny Goldfinger, Marian University

73.

Anarchism

 

Leonard Williams, Manchester College

74.

Nationalism

 

Salih Bicakci, Isik University

75.

Fascism and National Socialism

 

Gerald L. McCallister, University of North Texas

76.

Marxism

 

Michael D’Amore, Sussex County Community College

 

John T. Ishiyama, University of North Texas

77.

Revisionism and Social Democracy

 

Jutta A. Helm, Western Illinois University

78.

Leninism, Communism, Stalinism, and Maoism

 

Anna N. Makhova Gregg, Austin Peay State University

79.

Socialism in the Developing World

 

Lilly Kelan Lu, University of North Texas

PART VI. AMERICAN POLITICS

80.

Founding of the American Political System

 

Richard J. Hardy, Western Illinois University

81.

Urban Politics

 

June Sager Speakman, Roger Williams University

82.

Media and Politics

 

Bas W. van Doorn, The College of Wooster

83.

U.S. Congress

 

Tom Miles, University of North Texas

84.

The Presidency

 

Rebecca E. Deen, University of Texas at Arlington

85.

American Judicial Politics

 

Shannon Ishiyama Smithey, Westminster College

86.

American Bureaucracy

 

William J. Miller, Southeast Missouri State University

 

Julia Beckett, The University of Akron

87.

Interest Groups and Pluralism

 

Stephen Sussman, Barry University

88.

American Federalism

 

Brian P. Janiskee, California State University, San Bernardino

89.

American Political Parties

 

Jeffrey Kraus, Wagner College

90.

State and Local Government

 

June Sager Speakman, Roger Williams University

91.

Public Policy and Administration

 

Candace C. Young, Truman State University

92.

Campaigns

 

Chapman Rackaway, Fort Hays State University

93.

Political Socialization

 

Vanessa P. Bouché, The Ohio State University

605

615

625

633

639

648

655

664

673

685

699

708

717

725

735

743

752

760

769

779

786

796

805

94. Voting Behavior

C. J. Williams, University of North Texas

95. American Foreign Policy

Jeremy R. Backstrom, University of North Texas

96. Race, Ethnicity, and Politics

Anthony DeForest Molina, University of South Dakota

97. Gender and Politics in the United States

Angela L. Bos, College of Wooster

Paula L. O’Loughlin, University of Minnesota, Morris

98. Religion and Politics in America

Bryan A. S. Rasmussen, Collin College

99. LGBT Issues and the Queer Approach

Robert Kulpa, Birkbeck College

Index

813

822

831

840

847

856

865