Крок 1 stom. по темам1

MODULE 1 dental

№	TOPIC	TEST
1.	Histology as
	object.
	Microscope.
	Research methods
	are in histology
	Methods of
	making of
	histological
	preparations for a
	light and
	electronic
	microscopy.
2.	Basic	On the electrocardiogram of the man of 23 years there are attributes of infringement of
	organization of	carrying out of excitation from auricles to ventricules (that is connected to
	cell. Cellular	infringement of an exchange of ions between cells), caused rheumatic myocarditis.
	surface	What change of structures of contacting surfaces of cells of heart these phenomena
		most authentically speak?
		A. Gap junctions*
		B. Microvillies
		C. Tight junctions
		D. Desmosome
		E. Nexuses
		At research of blood at the patient increase of lactatdehydrogenase’s activity is
		revealed. What changes in an organism at a cellular level result in similar
		infringements?
		A.Destruction of plasmatic membranes *
		В.Metabolic disfunction
		С. Infringement of intercellular interactions
		D. Damage of the genom
		E.Decreased activity of enzymes’ system
3.	Structure of	A 50 year old woman tooth extracted. The tissue regenerated. Which of the following
	cytoplasm.	organella are the most active during tissue regeneration?
	Organelles and	A Ribosomes*
	inclusions	B Centrosomes
		C Postlysosomes
		D Agranular endoplasmic reticulum
		E Lysosomes
		Formation of ribosome subunits in a cell was disturbed in course of an experiment (by
		means of activated mutagenic factors). This will have an effect on the following
		metabolic process:
		A Protein biosynthesis*
		B Carbohydrate biosynthesis
		C ATP synthesis
		D Photosynthesis
		E Biological oxidation
		Electron microscopic study of a cell revealed roundish bubbles confined by a
		membrane and containing a lot of various hydrolytic enzymes. It is known that these
		organellas provide intracellular digestion and protective functions. These elements
		are:
		A Lysosomes*
		B Centrosomes
		C Endoplasmic reticulum
		D Ribosomes
		E Mitochondria

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An animal had been intensively fed with carbohydrates. Histologic examination of its liver revealed a significant number of glycogen granules. Glycogen relates to the following group of cell structures:

ATrophic granules*

BSecretory granules

CExcretory granules

DPigment granules

ESpecial organelles

At the man 42 years old for specification of the diagnosis it is lead is carried out biopsy of the liver. At research of biopsy material it was revealed, that its cells have risen increased of cytoplasms’ basophylia. It testifies that in cells occurs:

A.Activation of protein syntesis*

B.Formation of lipids

C.Activation of transmembranouse transport

D.Active absorbtion of substances

E.Mitotic division

Cells of a laboratory animal to process by superfluous x-ray radiation. In result protein’s fragments in cytoplasm were formed. What organelles of cells will take participation in their recycling?

A.Lуsosomes*

B.Golgy complex

C.Ribosomes

D.Endoplasmic reticulum E.Cell center

Mucopolysacharidosis concerns to illnesses of accumulation. For the lack of enzymes that destroing polysacharides is broken. At patients increase of their allocation with urine and accumulation in one of cells’ organelles is observed. In what organelles collect mucopolysacharides?

А. In Golgy complex

В. In Lisosomes

С. In cellular center

D. In endoplasmic reticulum Е. In mitochondrias

For the person it is diagnosed galactozemia - illness of accumulation. As a result of infringement of what cellular structure there was this illness?

A.Golgy complex B.Centrioles C.Lisosomes*

D. Cellular center E.Mitochondrias

At electron micrographs of nerve cells of spinal node there were found organelles. They were consisted of tanks flattened in the central and extended to the periphery and small vesicles. What are these organelles?

ALysosomes

BCentrioles

CGolgi complex*

Dperoxisomes

EMitochondria

During histochemical research of hepatocyte in the cytoplasm the were detected vesicles diameter 0,05-1,5 micron with peroxidation enzymes - catalase, peroxidase. What are these organelles?

A.Lysosomes

B.Peroxisomes*

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		C Melanosomes.
		D Liposomes.
		E Phagosome.
		Low level of albumins and fibrinogen was detected in the patient's blood. Decreased
		activity of what organelle of the liver hepatocytes can cause it?
		A Granular endoplasmatic reeticulum*
		B Agranular endoplasmatic reticulum
		C Mitochondrions
		D Golgi complex
		E Lysosomes
		Аt ultramicroscopic research of hepatocytes in there cytoplasm rough endoplasmic
		reticulum was determined. What is the function of this organell?
		A Synthesis of plasma proteins*
		B Synthesis of carbohydrates
		C detoxification.
		D production of bile.
		E depositing calcium ions.
		The tumour of a uterus is removed the woman of 67 years. At histologic research in
		cells of a tumour are found out multipolar mitosises - pictures of a divergence to
		several poles. With infringement of what organelles’ condition the most authentic
		occurrence multipolar mitosises?
		A. Secondary lysosomes
		B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
		C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
		D. Peroxysomes
		E. Centrioles*
		In a nutrient substance where cells of animals are raised, have added aminoacid leucin
		with a radioactive label. After a while a method of radioautography have found out
		high concentration labeled aminoacid near certain determined organelles. These
		organelles can be:
		A. Ribosomes*
		B. Lysosomes
		C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
		D. The cellular center
		E. Golgy complex
		In the cytoplasm of pancreatic cells during the secretory cycle secretory granules are
		appearing and disappearing in apical part of cell. Which structural elements can be
		attributed these granules?
		A To inclusions*
		B To microfilaments
		C To lysosomes
		D To Golgy complex
		E To rough endoplasmic reticulum
4.	Cell nucleus	In a nutrient substance with cells which are cultivated, the solution of Thimin (Т) with
	Mitosis. Cellular	a radioactive label is brought. In what structures of cells will find out designated
	cycle.	Thimin during radioautography?
		A. Nucleus*
		B. Ribosomes
		C. Golgy complex
		D. Endoplasmic reticulum
		E. Lysosomes
		In culture of tissue by a nuclear irradiation are damaged injured nucleoles. What

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organelles renewaled in cytoplasm of cells become problematic? A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B.Ribosomes*

C.Lysosomes

D. Golgy complex E.Microtubules

In the cell the synthesis of histone proteins was blocked artificially. What cell structure is damaged?

A Golgi complex

BNucleolus

CNuclear chromatin*

DCell membrane

E Nuclear membrane

During division of a cell the researcher managed to observe a phase at which were absent a membrane of a nucleus and nucleola, and centrioles were on poles of a cell.

Chromosomes looked like a ball of strings which are freely located in cytoplasm. It is typical of what phase?

A.Metaphase

B.Prophase*

C.Telophase

D. Anaphase

E.Interphase

Doctor made smea from mucous shall of the oral cavity of the person. In not destroyed epithelial cells painted smea it is well visible oval nucleus, unequal in the sizes. What way occured division of these cells?

A.Mitosis B.Endomitosis C.Shizogonia

D. Amitotic division *

E.Mejosis

At microscopic research of liver’s tissue have been found out, that some cells have broken up to small fragments with separate organelles and nucleus’ fragments surrounded with a membranes. Inflammatory reaction is absent. For what pathological process these changes are characteristic?

A.Apoptosis *

B.Karyoreksis

C.Plasmoreksis

D. Plasmolisis E.Nekrosis

5.Bases of general embryology and gametogenesis.

6. Fertilization.	At a certain stage of development of a human embryo one can observe formation of a
Implantation.	cavity in its structure, small light blastomeres on the periphery and large dark
Formation of	blastomeres at one of the poles. The embryo at this stage of development is called:
extraembryonic	A Blastocyst*
shells.	B Morula
	C Zygote
	D Gastrula
	E Blastodisk
	For an unknown reason the fertilization membrane of an embryo dissolved in the
	fFllopian tube in the first critical period. What complication of pregnancy is possible
	in this case?

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		A Embryo implantation into the Fallopian tube*
		B Embryonic death
		C Invagination of the blastocyst wall
		D Return of blastocyst back to the ampullary portion of the tube
		E Formation of two blastocysts
		Implantation process has two stages: adhesion and invasion. Morphological
		manifestation of blastocyte adhesion is:
		A Attachment of blastocyte to the endometrium*
		B Destruction of endometrium epithelium
		C Destruction of connective tissue of endometrium
		D Destruction of endometrium vessels
		E Formation of lacunes
		During experiment above frog’s blastula at a stage of 16 blastomeres have been
		removed 1 blastomere. This cell continued to develop normally and has begun a new
		germ. What is important property of blastomeres was is shown?
		A.Totipotentnist*
		B.Embryionic induction
		C.Differentiation
		D. Formation of poles of an embryo
		E.Germinal layers’ formation
		At microscopic research of embryo bodies which are removed during operation, the
		germ consists of two blastomeres has been found. Named a place of its localization in
		condition of normal embryo’s development.
		A. Ovaries
		B. Uterine tube near uterus
		C. Uterine cavity
		D. Ampullary part of the uterine tube *
		E. Abdominal cavity
		Process of segmentation of zygote comes to the end with formation of blastocyst.
		What is the type of human blastocyst?
		A. Morula
		B. Celoblastula
		C. Discoblastula
		D. Amphyblastula
		E. Blastocyst *
		Human embryo was found in the uterus. He wasn’t attached to the endometrium.
		What stage of development the embryo is responsible?
		A Blastocysts*
		B Zygote
		C Morula
		D Gastrula
		E Neurula
7.	Gastrulation.	Microspecimen analysis of child's finger skin revealed that epidermis has signs of
	Tissueand	inadequate development. What embryonal leaf was damaged in the process of
	organogenesis.	development?
		A Ectoderm*
		B Mesoderm
		C Entoderm
		D Mezenchym
		E Ectomezenchym
		During gastrulation the Hensen's node remained underdeveloped in the embryo.
		Which axial organ will slow down its development?
		A Chord*

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BNeural crests

CNeural groove

DNeural tube

EMantle layer of the neural tube

On a section of a germ of the person taken from spontaneous abortion, we see embryonic disk in which two layers are distinguished, - еndo-and еctoderm. At what stage of embryonic development there was an embryo?

A.Blastula formation B.Histogenesis C.Progenesis D.Gastrulation*

E.Organogenesis

One of the critical periods of human embryogenesis is implantation of a germ in a wall of a uterus during 5th-7th days. What mechanism of gastrulation occurs in embryo during this period?

A.Еpibolia

B.Migration

C.Delamination*

D.Invagination

E.Neurulation

During gastrulation in a germ it was insufficiently generated primary node. What structure of developed embryo’s body will be broken?

A.Chord *

B.Nervous crests

C.Ectoderm

D.Nervous tube

E.Mantile layer of a nervous tube

Early gastrulation of a human germ occurs by delamination of embryoblast. From what structure will be formed nervous system?

A.From hypoblast

B.From trophoblast

C.From epiblast*

D.From chord

E.From primitive segments

Implantation of human blastocyst begins. How the period of embryogenesis refers to, what begins simultaneously with implantation?

A.Histogenesis

B.Invagination

C.Differentiation

D.Gastrulation *

E.Segmentation

In newborn infringement of development of a myocardium is diagnosed. To what infringement of development of embryonic source this pathology is connected? A.Ectoderm

B.Entoderm C.Splanchnopleure*

D. Mesenchyma

E.Somatopleure

At Addison illness’ patient hyperpigmentation of integuments is observed. It connects with a generality of sources of melanocytes’ development and suprarenal gland’s medulla. What is a source of their development?

A.Ectoderm

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B.Mesoderm

C.Mesenchyma

D. Nervous crest*

E.Endoderm

At the newborn boy (10th days) numerous defects of development of skeleton are observed. What infringement of embryonic development a rudiment has most authentically led to occurrence of the given pathology?

A.Miotomes

B.Mesenchyma

C.Dermatome

D.Еctoderm

E.Sklerotome*

In experiment on frog’s germ the external germinal layer - еctoderm is destroyed. What morphological structure from listed further will not develop at the given germ?

A.Bone tissue

B.Blood

C.Epidermis *

D.Cartilage tissue

E.Muscle tissue

In experiment at germ of rabbit is destroyed myotome. Infringement of development of what structure will be observed at the given germ?

A.Epidermis

B.Bone tissue

C.Connective tissue

D.Smooth muscles

E.Skeletal muscles *

On histological section it is visible a hen’s germ at a stage of differentiation of mesoderm to somites, segment legs and splanchnotome. From what material does the skeleton develop?

A.Myotome

B.Dermatome

C.Celom

D.Splanchnotome

E.Sklerotome*

In course of a conditional experiment the development of mesenchyma cells was completely inhibited. Development of the following muscular tissue will be disturbed: A Smooth muscular tissue *

BNeural muscular tissue

CEpidermal muscular tissue

DCardiac muscular tissue

ESkeletal muscular tissue

An embryo displays disturbed process of dorsal mesoderm segmentation and somite formation. What part of skin will have developmental abnormalities?

A Derm *

BHair

CSebaceous glands

DEpidermis

ESudoriferous glands

Study of the biopsy material of an embryo revealed a zone of developmental abnormality in a somite. The zone was located close to the endoderm and the notochord. What formations may have abnormal development in case of pregnancy continuation?

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		A Skeletal tissues *
		B Genito-urinary system
		C Skeletal striated muscle tissue
		D Cardiac striated muscle tissue
		E Fibrous connective tissue of skin
8.	Provisional	By producing a number of hormones placenta plays a part of temporary endocrine
	organs. Placenta.	gland. What hormone may be detected in woman's blood on the third or the forth day
	Umbilical cord.	after begin of implantation, that is used in medicine for early pregnancy detection?
		A Chorionic gonadotropin*
		B Somatostatin
		C Progesterone
		D Vasopressin
		E Oxytocin
		At microscopic research of environments of a germ it is defined determined chorion.
		What basic function is provided with this structure?
		A. Metabolism between mother’s blood and fetus’ blood*
		B. Haemopoietic function
		C. Production of amniotic water
		D. Formation of primary reproductive cells
		E. Differentiation of the lymphocytes
		Ultrasound examination of pregnant women was diagnosed with polyhydramnios. In
		violation of which structure can be attributed this pathological condition?
		A Amnion*
		B Chorion
		C Placenta
		D Yolk sac
		E Allantois
		The examination of amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis (amnion puncture) there
		were found cells which nucleuses contain sex chromatin (Barr’s body). What could
		this mean?
		A The development of male fetus
		B Development of female fetus*
		C Genetic disturbances in fetal development
		D Trisomy
		E Polyploidy
9.	Control of
	mastering of the
	submodule 1.
10.	Basic principles	Histological examination of a tissue sample revealed that the tissue have no blood
	of organization of	vessels, and the cells were packed tightly together making layers. Specify this tissue:
	tissues. Epithelial	A Epithelial*
	tissues	B Cartilaginous
		C Osseous
		D Nervous
		E Muscular

In the patient it is found out hyperemia of skin. Borders of the damaged injured sites of skin are precisely outlined, have the wrong form and painless. What type of epithelia is struck with a mycosis?

A.Simple

B.Stratified cuboidal

C. Keratinazed stratified*

D.Transitional

E.Pseudostratified columnar

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To the man 48 years old with the diagnostic purpose it is lead is carried out biopsy of a stomach tumor located in the mucosa. Immunomorfological research of bioptate has shown presence in cytoplasm of cells keratin filaments. The most probable source of development of a tumor is:

A.Epithelial tissue*

B.Areolar connective tissue

C.Dense connective

D.Muscle tissue

E.Nervouse tissue

At the patient with a dry pleuritis noise of friction of pleura is listened. At what defeat of type of epithelia this symptom is marked?

A.Stratified epithelium

B.Simple squamous*

C.Transitional

D.Cuboidal

E.Cilindrical

In the experiment the structure of contact between epithelial cells affected. What is the function of epithelium suffered?

A Mechanical *

BAbsorbing

CVitamin "D"-producing

DSecretory

EExcretory

Tumor of the pericardium was diagnosed in the man. What epithelium is a source of tumor development?

A Simple squamous*

B Pseudostratified epithelia C Transitional

D Stratified epithelium keratinized

E Stratified epithelium non-keratinized

The secretory part of apocrine sweat glands contains myoepithelial cells. What is the function of these cells?

AContractility*

BSecretory.

CSecurity.

DRegeneration. E Maintance.

A scheme presents an exocrinous gland that has unbranched excretory duct with a terminal part in shape of a saccule openining into the duct. How this gland is called according to the morphological classification of exocrine glands?

A Simple unbranched alveolar *

BCompound branched alveolar

CSimple branched tubular

DCompound unbranched alveolar

ECompound unbranched alveolar tubular

11 Blood and lymph. A 30 y.o. man was irradiated with approximately 3 Gy. What blood changes will be revealed 8 hours after exposure to radiation?

ALymphopenia*

BLeukopenia

CGranulocytopenia

DThrombocytopenia

EAnemia

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In course of an operation on account of a granuloma in the area of the right upper incisor a patient began to bleed. The hemorrhage was stopped just only 3 hours later. The patient's anamnesis contains information about chronic lymphatic leukemia. What is the most probable cause of hemorrhage?

AThrombocytopenia*

BThrombocytopathia

CLymphocytosis

DLeukopenia

EEosinophilia

As a result of a road accident a 26-year-old man is in the torpid phase of shock. Blood count: leukocytes - 3,2x109/l. What is the leading mechanism of leukopenia development?

ALeukocyte redistribution in the bloodstream*

BLeukopoiesis inhibition

CFaulty release of mature leukocytes from the bone marrow into the blood

DLeukocyte destruction in the hematopietic organs

EIncreased excretion of the leukocytes from the organism

Examination of mountain climbers who have spent a long time in a high-altitude region revealed increase of erythrocyte number (over 6x1012/l) and haemoglobin concentration (over 170 g/l). What mechanism caused this phenomenon?

AIntensified production of erythropoietin by the kidneys*

BWeakening of erythrocyte haemolysis in bloodstream

CImproved ability of tissue for oxygen utilization

DIntensified processes of anoxic energy production

EWeakening of intracellular erythrocyte haemolysis

In smear of peripheral blood among leukocytes prevalate spherical cells with the segmented nucleus. Fine granularity in their cytoplasm colorated in blue and red colours. How these cells refer to?

A.Young neutrophills

B.Basophills

C.Acidophills

D.Segment-shape-nucleus neutrophills *

E.Моnocytes

At the analysis of blood the reduced maintenance hemoglobin’s contents is revealed. What function of blood will be disturbed thus?

A.Transport of hormones

B.Transport of gases *

C.Maintenance of immunity

D.Blood regeneration

E.Transport of nutrients

Inflammation is characterized by reaction of blood capillaries on a site of damage, reduction of blood circulation, increase of permeability of the vessels’ wall. To what cells, mentioned below, possesses a leaguing role in it?

A.To macrophages

B.To fibroblasts

C.To plasma cells

D.To acidophills

E.To basophills*

In the analysis laboratory assistant has the additional conclusion that the blood belongs to the women. Features of the structure of what formed elements allow making a conclusion?

A Neutrophilic leukocytes*

B Erythrocytes

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