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Текст 1

The University of Fine Chemical Technology named after Lomonosov History

Our University is one of the oldest educational institutions in the country. It was founded in 1900. The birthday of the Academy is the 1-st of July 1900, when there was taken a decision to set up the Higher Women’s Courses. In autumn of 1900 the physico-mathematical faculty began its work specializing in chemistry, geology and mineralogy. The present building in M. Pirogovskaya street was built in 1908. The lecture hall for Physics then built was modem and had no analogy either in Russia or in Europe.

In 1918 the Higher Women’s Courses were reformed into a chemical faculty of the 2-nd Moscow State University, and in 1930 it became the Institute of Fine Chemical Technology. In 1940 it was named after M.V. Lomonosov. In 1970 our Institute was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. In 1993 it was renamed into an Academy. The Academy is now based on 2 territories in M. Pirogovskaya street and near South-West underground station. Among outstanding scientists who worked at the institute are the names of Vernadsky, Reformatsky, Chaplygin, Nazarov, Zelinsky, Nesmeyanov, Andrianov, Medvedev, Syrkin, etc.

Текст 2

The Structure of the Academy

The University is headed by the Rector who has 6 subrectors in charge of academic and scientific work. There are day (full-time) and evening (part-time) departments at the University. There are eight faculties at the day department: 1) biotechnology' and organic synthesis; 2) polymers physics, chemistry and technology; 3) chemistry and technology of rare elements and materials for electronic technique; 4) natural sciences; 5) the Humanities 6) supplementary (additional) education 7) marketing and managment and 8) engineering.

Each faculty has a number of departments, there more than 40 departments in the University. At the ltead of each faculty is the Dean, who usually has an assistant-dean. At present the Academy numbers about 3500 students. About 500 freshers come here every year.

The academic year is divided into 3 terms which usually run from September the 1-st to the end of December, from the 10-th of January to the end of April and from the 10-th of May to the end of June. Exams are held at the end of each term. To enter for an exam a student must get all the necessary credit tests. The marks for credit tests and exams are given in a record-book.

At the University a student studies for four or six years. This period is divided into 2 years of general study and 2 years of professional training. After 4 years of studies a student is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree. Then one may continue education going to Master’s courses. It takes 2 more years for completion. Future mathematicians and economist study for 5 years.

Текст 3

Economics: micro and macro

Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. In other words it analizes WHAT, HOW and FOR WHOM society produces. Like the natural and other social sciences, economics tends to formulate laws and principles on the base of deep analysis throughout society. The predictions of the models form the basis of economic theories, which further are to be compared with the facts of real world.

Common distinctions are drawn between various dimensions of economics namely between microeconomics and macroeconomics.

Microeconomics examines the behavior of basic elements in the economy, including individual markets and agents. Microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets. Typically, it applies to markets where goods or services are being bought and sold. Microeconomics examines how these decisions and behaviours affect the supply and demand for goods and services, which determines prices, and how prices, in turn, determine the quantity supplied and quantity demanded of goods and services. Microeconomics also studies how government regulations and taxes affect individual markets. Besides, it tries to understand what factors affect the prices, wages and earnings.

Macroeconomics, however, addresses issues affecting an entire economy, including unemployment, inflation, economic growth, and monetary and fiscal policy. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomic models explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. Macroeconomics is that branch of economics which is concerned with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the entire economy. This includes a national, regional, or global economy. It tries to understand the picture as a whole rather than a small part of it. Macroeconomic models and their forecasts are used by both governments and large corporations to assist in the development and evaluation of economic policy and business strategy. Overall values of output, of unemployment and of inflation are of special interest to macroeconomists.