Винник_фонетика

UNIT 25

111

divorce		become	circumstances common			flowers	cause
court		home	dishonest		husband	hurt
conservative		couple	about		however	important
grown		personally	intolerable emotion			front
broken		courage		suffer
[ɒ]		[ ]		[ɜ:]	[ɔ:]	[əʊ]	[aʊ]

[3, p. 80].

UNIT 25 25.1.

The sound [ ɪə ]

No.18, diphthong with a front-retracted, close (broad variation), unrounded nucleus [ɪ] (not [i:]) and [ə] – glide.

The nucleus is the vowel [ɪ]. For the glide the tongue moves in the direction of

the neutral vowel [ə]. The lips are slightly spread for the nucleus and are neutral for the glide.

					[1, p. 109].
	First practise saying the sounds [i:] and [ɪə], then practise saying them in
contrast. Listen and repeat:
[i:]	E	bee	tea	pea	bead
[ɪə]	ear	beer	tear	pier	beard

112	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

25.2. Intonation.

25.2.1. Showing surprise.

In the following dialogues A is telling B some of the interesting facts that he discovered. Listen and write in what B says.

a.A: Paul McCartney lives in a two-bedroom house!

B:_____________________

b.A: Linda McCartney has a 17-year old daughter!

B:_____________________

c.A: The McCartneys are all vegetarians!

B:____________________

d.A: Paul McCartney knows how to bake bread!

B:____________________

e.A: Linda drives a very small car!

B:____________________

f.A: Linda does all the cooking herself!

B:____________________

g.A: Paul and Linda both love football!

B:_____________________

h.A: Linda much prefers living in the country!

B:_____________________

i.A: In the evening the McCartneys usually just watch TV!

B:_____________________

Speaker B is surprised by what A says, so his intonation goes up: ͵Does he? To practise the intonation try exaggerating like this: listen and repeat:

͵Does he?	͵Does she?	͵Are they?
		[3, p. 3].
25.2.2. Joining words
" r " not pronounced	" r " not pronounced
Listen and repeat:	Listen and repeat:
Here they are.	Here are all the books.
Here's the beer.	The beer is here on the table.
I can hear Mr. Lear.	He can hear us too.
Mr Lear calls her "dear".	Dear old Mrs. Lear is here in the kitchen.
He's a mountaineer.	A mountaineer always drinks beer in the
	mountains.
Claire	Claire and Mary.
a pair	a pair of shoes
a square chair	a square envelope
It's there	There it is.

UNIT 25

113

They're here

I've looked everywhere for them.

25.3. Dialogue

They're under a table.

I've looked everywhere in the house.

Read the dialogue, transcribe it, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in it. Then listen to the dialogue, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture it on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogue a lot of times and learn it by heart.

Practice saying some words from the dialogue below illustrating the sound [ɪə]. Listen and repeat:

Lear	dear	idea	Cheers!	disappeared	easier
here	clear	atmosphere	nearly	Austria
hear	year	mountaineer	bearded	windier
Dialogue		A Bearded Mountaineer
		(Mr. and Mrs. Lear are on holiday in Austria).
Mr. Lear: Let's have a beer here, dear.

Mrs. Lear: What a good idea! They have very good beer here. We came here last year.

Mr. Lear: The atmosphere here is very clear. Mrs. Lear: And it's windier than last year.

Mr. Lear: (speaking to the waiter) Two beers, please.

Mrs. Lear: Look, dear! Look at that mountaineer drinking beer. Mr. Lear: His beard is in his beer.

Mrs. Lear: His beard has nearly disappeared into his beer! Mr. Lear: Sh, dear! He might hear.

Waiter: (bringing the beer) Here you are, sir. Two beers. Mr. Lear: (drinking his beer) Cheers, dear!

Mrs. Lear: Cheers! Here's to the bearded mountaineer.

[2, p. 27].

25.4. Sounds and spelling.

Complete each of the following words with the letters which make the sound in brackets.

a. [ i: ]	bel___ve,	____ch,	bl____d,		c____ling,		p____ple.
b. [ f ]	rou_____,	to____ee,		____otograph, ha____.
c. [ еə ]	ch_____,	th_____,		pr_____,	r______, p_____ .
d. [ ʤ ]	ba_____,	_____oke,		sol_____er,		ur_____ .

[8, p. 34].

114	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

25.5. Word stress

Write the word from the box in the correct column according to the stress pattern and transcribe the words.

politician	business	forget	apply	application	resignation
factory	career	uniform	retired	unemployment	interview
employee	politics	Director	interpreter	murderer	redundant
resign	degree	millionaire	employer	interviewee	foreign
magazine	kidnapped

■ ■■ ■■ ■ ■■ ■ ■■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■

[6, p. 47].

UNIT 26 26.1.

The sound [ еə ]

No.19, diphthong with a front, open (narrow variation), unrounded nucleus and [ə] – glide.

The nucleus of this diphthong is a vowel between [е] and [æ]. The tongue is in the half-open front position. For the glide the tongue moves in the direction of the neutral sound [ə]. The lips are neutral.

						[1, p. 110].
	First practise saying the sounds [ɪə] and [еə], then practise saying them in
contrast. Listen and repeat:
[ɪə]	ear	beer	pier	hear	tear	Cheers!
[еə]	air	bear	pear	hair	tear	chairs

UNIT 26

115

26.2. Intonation and sentence stress

Sowing interest. Listen:
A	B
I was working in France last summer	Were you?
I earned lots of money.	Did you?

To show that you are interested and want to hear more, your intonation should start high, go down, and then go up at the end. Remember, if your intonation is flat you sound bored. You can practise by first exaggerating, like this: listen and

repeat:
a) Were ͵you?	b) Did ͵you?	c) Was ͵he?

Listen to these short dialogues between A and B, and write short questions.

a.A Last summer we hitchhiked all the way to Turkey. B Did you?

b.A Yes, and it only took three days. B __________________ ?

c.A We were in Hawaii this time last week. B ___________________ ?

d.A Mmm. It was absolutely fantastic. B ___________________ ?

e.A John and Vera had a lovely holiday in Corfu. B ___________________ ?

f.A Yes, and John took some lovely photographs. B ___________________ ?

g.A We spent our holidays in Britain this year. B ___________________ ?

h.A Yes, but it was more expensive than going abroad. B ___________________ ?

i.A June and her husband went to Scotland to play golf last week. B ____________________ ?

j.A Yes. June had a wonderful time. B ____________________ ?

Listen again. In some of the dialogues B sounds interested in what A is saying and in some she does not. If B sounds interested write I and if she sounds uninterested write U.

Listen to some people talking about their holidays. Ask short questions. Try to show that you are interested and want to hear more. Example:

You listen: I went to New Zealand for my holidays. You speak: Did ͵you?

[3, p. 14].

116	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

26.3. Dialogue

Read the dialogue, transcribe it, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in it. Then listen to the dialogue, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture it on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogue a lot of times and learn it by heart.

Practice saying some words from the dialogue below illustrating the sound [еə]. Listen and repeat:

Clair	square	they‟re	hairbrushes	everywhere
pair	where	wearing	nowhere	upstairs and downstairs
chair	there	Mary	anywhere	carefully
Dialogue		A Pair of Hairbrushes

Mary: I've lost two small hairbrushes, Claire. They're a pair. Claire: Have you looked carefully everywhere?

Mary: Yes. They're nowhere here. Claire: Have you looked upstairs?

Mary: Yes. I've looked everywhere upstairs and downstairs. They aren't anywhere.

Claire: Hm! Are they square, Mary?

Mary: Yes. They're square hairbrushes. Have you seen them anywhere? Claire: Well, you're wearing one of them in your hair!

Mary: Oh! Then where's the other one? Claire: It's over there under the chair.

[2, p. 27].

26.4. Ways of pronouncing -ea-

There are several different ways of pronouncing -ea-. Look at the examples in the boxes. Put the words from the box below into the correct column according to the pronunciation of -ea-.

[е]	bread	[i:]	meat	[ɪə]	fear
[еə]	wear	[еɪ]	break	[ɜ:]	learn

Be careful! Words that are marked with an asterisk* have two meanings and two pronunciations.

Dear	hearse	cheat	weary	health	thread	search	gear
Breathe	leapt	beast	scream	yearn	deaf	breath	leap
Cease	theatre	heal	spear	reason	beard	bear	swear
Earth	tear*	jealous	clear	weapon	great	death	Pear
breadth	meant	breast	steak	lead*	pearl
							[4, p. 87].

UNIT 27

117

26.5. Reading aloud

Listen to the first paragraph of the newspaper article. Mark the stressed syllables. Then read the passage together with the tape, paying attention to stress, weak forms, and linking.

The bitter strike over pay and redundancies has now lasted over eight weeks.

Shipbuilders have told their leaders to ”fight to the end” to stop dockyards from closing and two thousand of their men losing their jobs.

Read the rest of the article. Decide where the stress, weak forms, and word linking come. Practise reading it aloud.

Sir Albert Pringle, chairman of British Shipbuilders, has asked Peter Arkwright, the president of the Shipbuilders‟ Union, to attend a meeting next

Thursday. Meanwhile, the Government has ordered Sir Albert to give important naval contracts to the Japanese.

[3, p. 81].

UNIT 27 27.1.

The sound [ ʊə ]

No.20, diphthong with a back advanced, close (broad variation), slightly rounded nucleus and [ə] – glide.

The nucleus of the diphthong is the vowel [ʊ] (not [u:]). For the glide the tongue moves towards the neutral sound [ə], the mouth gets more open. The lips are slightly rounded and get neutral as the mouth opens for [ə].

[1, p. 111].

The sound [ h ] – constrictive fricative, glottal, voiceless.

As [h] occurs only in pre-vocal positions it is the sound of breath passing between the vocal cords and out of the mouth which is already held ready for the following vowel: before [i:] the mouth is in position for [i:], before [u:] it is ready

for [u:] and so on; so there are many [h] -sounds in English because different types of friction will be heard for it in the sequences [hi:], [hɑ:], [hu:] and others.

118	PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

Recommendations. In order to make [h]-sounds, hold the mouth ready for the vowel and push a short gasp of breath by the lungs; breathe the air out weakly adding some slight fricative noise to the vowel. To make the sound [h] you should

push a lot of air out of your mouth without moving your tongue. The sound is similar to the noise you make if you are out of breath.

[1, p. 48].

First practise saying the words without the first consonant sound and [h],

then practise saying them in contrast. Listen and repeat:
(no sound)	ill	eel	and	old	ear	eye
[h]	hill	heel	hand	hold	hear	high

27.2. The sound [h]

Listen and practise saying these words.

hi	have	holiday	hitch-hike	comprehension
hello	home	hotel	farmhouse

Listen to the sentences below and underline the [ h ] sounds that you hear.

a.Helen has cut her own hair again - it's absolutely horrible!

b.Have you heard about Hanna's horrific adventure in Hamburg?

c.Henry's Uncle Herbert has had another heart attack in hospital.

d.Old Hugh hasn't eaten his ham and eggs already, has he?

e.Hazel and Alan have had another unhappy holiday hitch-hiking in Austria and Hungary.

There are six words where the letter h is not pronounced. Go back and cross out these hs. What sort of words have silent hs? Why do you think the h is silent? Practise saying each of the sentences. Start by saying it very slowly, and gradually

say it faster and faster. Pay attention to the [ h ] sounds. Be careful not to put in any extra [ h ] sounds.

Look at the words in the box below. Seven of them are 'exceptions'. They are not weak forms but the letter h at the beginning of the syllable is not pronounced. Consult your dictionary to find the seven words. At the same time you can check the meaning of any words that you do not know.

UNIT 27

119

hole	behind	whole		vehicle	ghost	exhibition
how	hour rehearse		heir	who	childhood
inherit	honest		dishonest

Close your book. Remember the seven words where h is not pronounced? [3, p. 35].

27.3. Dialogue

Read the dialogue, transcribe it, and mark all the phonetic phenomena in it. Then listen to the dialogue, mark stresses and tunes. Then picture it on the tonogram. Then listen to the dialogue a lot of times and learn it by heart.

Practice saying some words from the dialogue below illustrating the sound [h]. Listen and repeat:

hit	hello	having	horrible	horse	perhaps
Hilda	Helen	happened	how	heard	behind
Mrs. Higgins	husband	hospital	house	hope	unhappy
Dialogue		A Horrible Accident

Helen: Hello, Ellen

Ellen: Hello, Helen. Have you heard? There's been a horrible accident. Helen: Oh, dear! What's happened?

Ellen: Hilda Higgins' husband has had an accident on his horse. Helen: How awful! Is he injured?

Ellen: Yes. An ambulance has taken him to hospital. Helen: How did it happen?

Ellen: He was hit by an express train. It was on the crossing just behind his house. Helen: How horrible!

Ellen: He's having an important operation in hospital now. Poor Hilda! She's so unhappy.

Helen: Perhaps he'll be all right. Ellen: I hope so.

[2, p. 52].

27.4. Sounds and letters don’t agree

Read the poem. Write the number of the word in the correct column. Listen to the poem. Practise reading it aloud pronouncing all the sounds correctly.

120 PART II. PRACTICE IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

	Sound and letters don’t agree
	When the English tongue we speak,
	Why does (1) break not rhyme with (2)
	weak?	[ i: ]	[ еɪ]	[ əʊ ]	[ u: ]
	Won't you tell me why it's true
	We say (3) sew, but also (4) few?
	And the maker of a verse
	Cannot rhyme his (5) horse with (6)	[ əʊ ]	[ е ]	[ ʊ ]	[ ɔ: ]
	worse?
	(7) Beard is not the same as (8) heard.
	(9) Cord is different from (10) word,
	(11) Cow is cow, but (12) low is low,
	(13) Shoe is never rhymed with (14) foe.
	Think of (15) hose and (16) dose and	[ ɒ ]	[ ]	[ ɜ: ]	[ ɪə ]
	(17) lose,
	And think of (18) loose and yet of (19)
	choose,
	Think of (20) comb and (21) tomb and
	(22) bomb
		[əʊz]	[əʊs]	[u:z]	[u:s]
	(23) Doll and (24) roll and (25) home
	and (26) some.
	And since (27) pay is rhymed with (28)
	say
	Why not (29) paid with (30) said I pray?
	Think of (31) blood and (32) food and
	(33) good;
	(34) Mould is not pronounced like (35)
	could,
	Why is it (36) done, but (37) gone and
	(38) lone
	Is there any reason known?
	To sum up, it seems to me
	That sounds and letters don't agree.
					[4, p. 27].