- •History of russian seafaring
- •Unit I How Russian explorers reached the Pacific Ocean,
- •Exercises
- •VII. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms
- •VIII. Grammar revision
- •IX. Answer about the article
- •X. Insert prepositions
- •XI. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XII. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XIII. Give English equivalents
- •XIV. Tell your classmates about how Russian explorers reached the Pacific Ocean
- •Unit II
- •The Azov campaigns of Peter the Great and the founding of
- •The Russian Navy,
- •Exercises
- •VII. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms
- •VIII. Grammar revision
- •IX. Answer about the article
- •X. Insert prepositions
- •XI. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XII. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XIII. Give English equivalents
- •XIV. Tell your classmates about the Azov campaign of Russia unit III The expedition of Bering and Chirikov,
- •Exercises
- •VI. Give Russian equivalents
- •VII. Grammar revision
- •VIII. Answer the questions
- •IX. Insert prepositions
- •X. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XI. Give English equivalents
- •XII. Translate into English
- •Unit IV The second Kamchatka expedition,
- •Exercises
- •I. Read and translate the information using the vocabulary
- •II. Translate the verbs, give the three forms
- •III. Give Russian equivalents
- •IV. Grammar revision
- •V. Answer the questions
- •VI. Insert prepositions
- •VII. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •VIII. Agree or disagree to the following statements
- •IX. Give English equivalents
- •X. Translate into English
- •Unit V Mikhail Lomonosov,
- •Exercises
- •VII. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms
- •VIII. Grammar revision
- •IX. Answer about the article
- •X. Insert prepositions
- •XI. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XII. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XIII. Give English equivalents
- •XIV. Tell your classmates about a great Russian scientist or explorer unit VI Admiral Spiridov and the battle of Chesma,
- •Exercises
- •VII. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms
- •VIII. Arrange the following in pairs of antonyms
- •IX. Grammar revision
- •X. Answer about the article
- •XI. Insert prepositions
- •XII. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XIII. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XIV. Give English equivalents
- •XV. Tell your classmates about the victory of the Russian fleet in the battle of Chesma
- •Unit VII
- •The first voyage of Russian seamen round the world
- •(I. Krusenstern and y. Lisyansky),
- •Exercises
- •VII. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms
- •VIII. Grammar revision
- •IX. Answer about the article
- •X. Insert prepositions
- •XI. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XII. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XIII. Give English equivalents
- •XIV. Tell your classmates about the first Russian round-the-world expedition unit VIII The first voyage of Russian seamen round the world,
- •Exercises
- •VII. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms
- •VIII. Grammar revision
- •IX. Answer about the article
- •X. Insert prepositions
- •XI. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XII. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XIII. Give English equivalents
- •XIV. Tell your classmates about the first voyage of Russian seamen round the world
- •Unit IX
- •The discovery of the Antarctic Continent
- •By f. F. Bellingshausen and m. P. Lazarev,
- •Exercises
- •VII. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms
- •VIII. Answer about the article
- •IX. Insert prepositions
- •X. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XI. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XII. Give English equivalents
- •XIII. Tell your classmates about the discovery of the Antarctic continent by Russian seafarers unit X Admiral Dmitry Senyavin,
- •Exercises
- •V. Give Russian equivalents
- •VI. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms
- •VII. Grammar revision
- •VIII. Answer about the article
- •IX. Insert prepositions
- •X. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XI. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XII. Give English equivalents
- •XIII. Tell your classmates about Dmitry Nikolayevich Senyavin unit XI Brig Mercury,
- •Principal dimensions of the ship:
- •Exercises
- •VII. Answer the questions
- •VIII. Insert prepositions and adverbs
- •IX. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •X. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XI. Give English equivalents
- •XII. Tell your classmates all you know about the feat of the brig’s crew unit XII the far eastern territories
- •Exercises
- •VII. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms
- •VIII. Answer about the article
- •IX. Insert prepositions
- •X. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XI. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XII. Give English equivalents
- •XIII. Tell your classmates about the history of the Russian Far Eastern territories unit XIII Arctic Politics
- •Exercises
- •VII. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms
- •VIII. Arrange the following in pairs of antonyms
- •IX. Grammar revision
- •X. Answer about the article
- •XI. Insert prepositions
- •XII. Insert the proper words, see the words below
- •XIII. Say in one word, see the words below
- •XIV. Give English equivalents
- •XVI. Tell your partner about the Arctic
Федеральное агентство морского и речного транспорта
Федеральное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«Морской государственный университет имени Г. И. Невельского»
Субботина Г. Н.
History of russian seafaring
Учебное пособие для студентов 1 курса
Владивосток
2014
Unit I How Russian explorers reached the Pacific Ocean,
1636 – 1644
The advance of Russian explorers into Siberia began after the famous campaign of Yermak (1581 - 1584). Within a period of 55 years they covered a distance of 7,000 km from the Ural mountains up to the Pacific Ocean. They annexed Northern Asia to Russia, making it the biggest country in the world.
In 1636, a company of 50 Cossacks headed by Ataman Dmitry Kopylov set out for the Lena territory.
From the Lena settlement (later called Yakutsk) the Cossacks set out to collect yassak (government tax) from the natives living along the river Lena and its numerous tributaries. From them the Cossacks learned about the great lands and rivers lying beyond the mountains to the east, but the Cossacks were too small in number to proceed farther eastwards, and Kopylov decided to wait for reinforcements from Tomsk. After the arrival of the Tomsk Cossacks, Kopylov and his company started for the river Aldan.
The inhabitants of Aiven told the Cossacks that beyond the Djugdjur range lay the Lama, as they called the Okhotsk Sea, and told them how to get there. In spring Ataman Kopylov ordered Ivan Moskvitin to set out with 31 of his men to explore the new sea and the lands around it and find out what the people living there were like.
Our explorers first went up the river Aldan; they sailed for seven weeks up its tributary Maya; and it took them another six weeks to go up the latter's tributaries and reach the watershed. The journey was extremely difficult, as most of the way the boats had to be towed or punted upstream. So easier was crossing of the Djugdjur mountains, after which the Cossacks went down the river Ulya, finally reaching the Okhotsk Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
In the winter of 1639, at the mouth of the river Ulya, (not far from the present town of Okhotsk) the Cossacks built several huts, surrounding them with a fence and a moat. That was the first Russian settlement on the Pacific coast.
The Amur was reached five years later, in the summer of 1644, by Vasili Poyarkov and a company of 60 Cossacks.
In their reports to the governors the Cossacks scarcely mentioned the hardships they had suffered. A few lines only give an idea of what they endured: “On our way to the Lama (Okhotsk Sea) we had to eat the bark of trees, grass and tree roots, but in the Lama and the rivers there are fish in plenty”.
Such were the difficulties the Russians had to overcome when making their way to the Pacific Ocean.
Exercises
I. Repeat the words after the teacher
explorer, campaign, annexed, 'Cossack, numerous, tributaries, extremely, finally, scarcely, idea, endured
II. Read and translate the international words
campaign, period, distance, Cossack, territory, company, start, boat, cross, hut
III. Read and translate the information using the vocabulary
IV. Translate the verbs, give the three forms
explore, begin, cover, annex, make, set out, collect, learn, proceed, decide, wait, reinforce, arrive, start, tell, lie, call, get, order, find out, go, sail, take, tow, punt, cross, reach, build, surround, settle, mention, suffer, give, eat, overcome
V. Give the derivatives of the words
explore, mount, head, settle, govern, force, tribute, water, extreme, hard, difficult
VI. Give Russian equivalents
Russian explorers, covered a distance, annexed Northern Asia to Russia, headed by Ataman Dmitry Kopylov, set out for the Lena territory, to collect government tax, numerous tributaries, rivers lying beyond the mountains, to proceed farther eastwards, to wait for reinforcements, after the arrival, inhabitants of Aiven, find out, another six weeks, reach the watershed, at the mouth of the river, built several huts, surrounding them with a fence, reports to the governors, scarcely mentioned the hardships they had suffered, what they endured, we had to eat the bark of trees, there are fish in plenty, to overcome difficulties, when making their way to the Pacific Ocean.