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INDIA

India is independent state, a republic. India is about the same size as the continent of Europe. The population is about 930 mln. The capital of India is New Delhi. The country is in the form of a triangle. India is bordered on the north by China and Nepal; on the east by bangladesh and Burma, on the northwest by Pakistan and Afganistan. The country consists of three major topographical areas: 1) the Himalaya Mountains; 2) the river plains such as Punjab plains, the valleys of the Ganges, Jumna and Gogra, and the Ganges delta; 3) the Deccan Plateau. India has a tropical monsoon climate. Chief rivers: Ganges, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna, Jumna.

India has one of the oldest civilizations in the world.

For a long time India was the biggest of the British colonies, the “biggest jewel in the British Crown”. The people of India have courageously fought for their independence. In 1857 the Sepoy troops mutinied, but their mutiny was brutally suppressed by the British a year later.

The Indian National Congress and the Moslem League demanded constitutional reform.A leader emerged in Mohandas K. Gandhi. He began advocating self-rule, non-violence, removal of untouchability in 1919. In 1935 Britain gave India a constitution providing a bicameral federal congress. The british government partitioned British India into the dominions of India and Pakistan. Aug. 15, 1947, was designated Indian Independence Day. It became a democratic republic, Jun. 26, 1950. Partition of the nation into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan was the cause of much political violence and a great movement of refugees.

The Congress Party has governed the country since 1947, under Nehru until 1964, and under his daughter, Mrs Indira Gandhi, 1966 – 1984. India is the Federal Republic. The head of the state is the President. The head of the government is the Prime minister. India has the bicameral Parliament, consisting of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

The official language is Hindi. English is used as a second language.

There are Hindus 83%, Moslems 11%, Christians 3%, Sikhs 2% in India. The Hindus are divided into countless castes.

The currency of India is rupee.

The industries of India are textiles, steel, processed foods, cement, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers, consumer appliances, autos. India is rich in minerals such as chromium, coal, iron, manganese, bauxite, gypsum, oil. About 50% of the gross national product comes from agricultur and about 15% from mining and manufacturing.

India is one of the biggest countries in the world. It belongs to what is called “developing countries”.

The largest cities of India are Delhi, Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Poona, Nagpur.

India has a rich heritage in the cultural field. India’s leading poet, Rabindranath Tagore, won the Nobel prize for literature, and the distinguished scientist Chandrasekhara Vankata Raman took the same award in sciences.

More films are now prodused in Bombay than in Hollywood. India has a long-established and highly successful commercial film industry.

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