Добавил:
Upload
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Атвичяйу / 1. Предмет и задачи БЖД
.txt яю57>?0A=>ABL 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 ( ) =0C:0 > :><D>@B=>< 8 157>?0A=>< 2708<>459AB288 G5;>25:0 A B5E=>AD5@>9, ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >1;0ABL =0CG=KE 7=0=89, 87CG0NI0O >?0A=>AB8 C3@>60NI85 G5;>25:C 8 @07@010BK20NI85 A?>A>1K 70I8BK >B =8E 2 ;N1KE CA;>28OE >18B0=8O G5;>25:0.
CG51=>9 48AF8?;8=5 " 57>?0A=>ABL 687=545OB5;L=>AB8" A>548=5=K B5<0B8:0 157>?0A=>3> 2708<>459AB28O G5;>25:0 A> A@54>9 >18B0=8O, >E@0=0 B@C40 8 2>?@>AK 70I8BK >B =530B82=KE D0:B>@>2 G@572KG09=KE A8BC0F89.
040G8 :
845=B8D8:0F8O >?0A=>AB8 @0A?>7=0=85 8 :>;8G5AB25==0O >F5=:0 =530B82=KE 2>7459AB289 A@54K >18B0=8O;
?@54C?@5645=85 2>7459AB28O B5E 8;8 8=KE =530B82=KE D0:B>@>2 =0 G5;>25:0;
70I8B0 >B >?0A=>AB8;
;8:2840F8O >B@8F0B5;L=KE ?>A;54AB289 2>7459AB28O >?0A=KE 8 2@54=KE D0:B>@>2;
A>740=85 =>@<0;L=>3>, B> 5ABL :><D>@B=>3> A>AB>O=8O A@54K >18B0=8O G5;>25:0.
&5;L 87CG5=8O 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 D>@<8@>20=85 8 ?@>?030=40 7=0=89, =0?@02;5==KE =0 A=865=85 A<5@B=>AB8 8 ?>B5@L 74>@>2LO ;N459 >B 2=5H=89 D0:B>@>2 8 ?@8G8=. !>740=85 70I8BK G5;>25:0 2 B5E=>AD5@5 >B 2=5H=8E =530B82=KE 2>7459AB289 0=B@>?>35==>3>, B5E=>35==>3> 8 5AB5AB25==>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O. 1J5:B>< 70I8BK O2;O5BAO G5;>25:.
@54<5B 8AA;54>20=8O 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 >?0A=>AB8 8 8E A>2>:C?=>ABL, 0 B0:65 A@54AB20 8 A8AB5<K 70I8BK >B >?0A=>AB59.
@8G8=K 2>7=8:=>25=8O 48AF8?;8=K 2 >AA88:
KA>:0O A<5@B=>ABL ( >A>15==> A@548 <C6G8= @5?@>4C:B82=>3> 2>7@0AB0)
87:85 ?>:070B5;8 A@54=59 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>AB8 687=8 ( E0@0:B5@K 4;O <C6A:>9 G0AB8 =0A5;5=8O)
653>4=>5 A=865=85 A@54=59 >1I59 G8A;5==>AB8 =0A5;5=8O
=0G5=85 8 @5H5=85 40==KE ?@>1;5< >G5=L 206=>9 4;O =0H59 AB@0=K, B0: :0: ?> ?@>3=>70<, >AA88 2 >1>7@8<>< 1C4CI5< 3@>78B 2K<8@0=85. 06=59H0O 7040G0, AB>OI0O ?5@54 3>AC40@AB2>< AB018;870F8O G8A;5==>AB8 =0A5;5=8O.
;O @5H5=8O 45<>3@0D8G5A:>9 ?@>1;5<K =5>1E>48<>:
#25;8G8BL @>AB
>45@=878@>20BL 3>AC40@AB25==CN A8AB5<C 70I8BK G5;>25:0
!D>@<8@>20BL =0CG=K9 ?>B5=F80;, =0?@02;5==K9 =0 @0728B85 CG5=8O > 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 =0A5;5=8O
A5>1I55 >1CG5=85 68B5;59 AB@0=K >A=>20< 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8
5B>4>;>38O 157>?0A>AB8.
!>3;0A=> AB@0B5388 =0F8>=0;L=>9 157>?0A=>AB8 >AA88 2 A>F80;L=>9 AD5@5, =0C:5 8 >1@07>20=88 8 4>;3>A@>G=>9 AB@0B5388 @0728B8O >AA88 ;0=0 CB8=0 D>@<8@>20=85 ;8G=>AB8, A?>A>1=>9 40BL 045:20B=K9 >B25B =0 2K7>2K X X I 25:0 8 >15A?5G8BL CAB>9G82>5 40;L=59H55 @0728B85 >AA88, 2>7<>6=>, 5A;8 ?@8>@8B5B 2 A>45@60=88 >1@07>20=8O 1C45B ?@8=04;560BL DC=40<5=B0;L=K< <8@>2>77@5=G5A:8< 0A?5:B0<, @0A:@K20NI8< F5==>AB=>- A<KA;>2K5 >F5=:8 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, F5;>AB=>5 ?>=8<0=85 O2;5=89 8 ?@>F5AA>2, ?@>8AE>4OI8E 2 =0H59 AB@0=5 8 2 <8@5, 8 =0?@02;5==K< =0 ?>2KH5=85 :0G5AB20 >1@07>20=8O 8 ?0B@8>B8G5A:>3> 2>A?8B0=8O <>;>4>3> ?>:>;5=8O. @8 MB>< O4@>< :><?;5:A=>9 A8AB5<K 2K?>;=5=8O A>F80;L=>3> 70:070 =0 D>@<8@>20=85 :C;LBC@K 157>?0A=>AB8 4>;6=> AB0BL >1@07>20=85 2 >1;0AB8 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8* 4 .
* 4 : { 1@0<>20 !. . , >O@>2 . /. 5B>4>;>38G5A:85 >A=>2K ?>43>B>2:8 A?5F80;8AB0 >1@07>20=8O 2 >1;0AB8 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 / / !>2@5<5==K5 ?@>1;5<K =0C:8 8 >1@07>20=8O. 2 0 1 1 . ! 6 . }
0 A>2@5<5==>< MB0?5 @0728B85 A8AB5<K A>F80;L=>3> >1@07>20=8O 2 >1;0AB8 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 B5A=> 2708<>A2O70=> A >?@545;5==K<8 D0:B>@0<8, 70:>=><5@=>ABO<8 8 B5=45=F8O<8 @0728B8O >1I5AB20 8 >1@07>20=8O. A2O78 A MB8< <5B>4>;>38G5A:8<8 >A=>20<8 ( 70:>=><5@=>ABO<8) ?@0:B8:8 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 O2;ONBAO <5B>4K B5>@5B8G5A:>3> 0=0;870 8 A8=B570 =0CG=>3> 7=0=8O 8 =0CG=KE ?@54AB02;5=89 2 >1;0AB8 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8.
B5@<8=C « 3><>AD5@0»
#45@6820OAL 3@028B0F8>==K< ?>;5< 5<;8, 0B<>AD5@0 8<55B 7>=0;L=>5 AB@>5=85. 86=OO, ?@8;530NI0O : 75<=>9 ?>25@E=>AB8 G0ABL 0B<>AD5@K 4> 2KA>BK 8 0 :< =>A8B =0720=85 3><>AD5@K. ;>B=>ABL 3><>AD5@K C<5=LH05BAO A 2KA>B>9 B0:, GB> 9 9 % 55 <0AAK 70:;NG5=> <564C C@>2=5< ?>25@E=>AB8 >:50=0 8 2KA>B>9 2 9 :<, >4=0:> 55 E8<8G5A:89 A>AB02 ( 8<5NBAO 2 284C :>;8G5AB25==K5 >B=>H5=8O <564C 3070<8) 4>AB0B>G=> ?>AB>O=5=.
><>AD5@0, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, ?>4@0745;O5BAO =0 B@8 >1>;>G:8, @07;8G0NI85AO ?> E0@0:B5@C B5<?5@0BC@=>3> @568<0. 86=OO 87 =8E, =07K205<0O B@>?>AD5@>9, 8<55B >A=>2=>5 7=0G5=85 4;O 687=8 =0 5<;5. 5 25@E=OO 3@0=8F0 - B@>?>?0C70 >B45;O5B B@>?>AD5@C >B AB@0B>AD5@K. "@>?>?0C70 C ?>;NA>2 @0A?>;0305BAO =0 2KA>B5 8 ч 1 0 :<, 0 C M:20B>@0 55 2KA>B0 C25;8G8205BAO 4> 1 7 :<. 01;N40NBAO B0:65 A57>==K5 :>;510=8O 2KA>BK B@>?>?0C7K. 0 C@>2=5 ?>A;54=59 ?@>8AE>48B @57:89 87;>< :@82>9 87<5=5=8O B5<?5@0BC@K A 2KA>B>9. > B@>?>?0C7K >=0 70:>=><5@=> C<5=LH05BAO ?> <5@5 C25;8G5=8O 2KA>BK, 0 2KH5 =55 2 AB@0B>AD5@5 =01;N405BAO ?>AB5?5==>5 >G5=L A;01>5 C25;8G5=85 B5<?5@0BC@K 2?;>BL 4> AB@0B>?0C7K ( 2KA>B0 5 0 :<) , 345 B5<?5@0BC@0 4>AB8305B ?>GB8 0 ° C .
KH5 AB@0B>AD5@K 4> 2KA>BK 8 0 ч 9 0 :< @0A?>;0305BAO 25@E=89 A;>9 3><>AD5@K - <57>AD5@0, 2 ?@545;0E :>B>@>3> B5<?5@0BC@0 2=>2L C<5=LH05BAO A 2KA>B>9.
1>;>G:0 0B<>AD5@K, @0A?>;030NI0OAO =04 3><>AD5@>9, ?>;CG8;0 =0720=85 35B5@>AD5@K.
>:A>AD5@0 ?@>AB@0=AB2>, 2 :>B>@>< ?>AB>O==> ACI5AB2CNB 8;8 ?5@8>48G5A:8 2>7=8:0NB >?0A=>AB8.
!>2<5I5=85 3><>AD5@K 8 =>:A>AD5@K =54>?CAB8<>. 5B>4K:
@>AB@0=AB25==>5 8 ( 8;8) 2@5<5==>5 @0745;5=85 3><>AD5@K 8 =>:A>AD5@K. -B> 4>AB8305BAO A@54AB20<8 48AB0=F8>==>3> C?@02;5=8O, 02B><0B870F88, @>1>B870F88, >@30=870F88 8 4@.
>@<0;870F8O =>:A>AD5@K ?CB5< 8A:;NG5=8O >?0A=>AB59. -B> A>2>:C?=>ABL <5@>?@8OB89, 70I8I0NI8E G5;>25:0 >B HC<0, 3070, ?K;8, >?0A=>AB8 B@02<8@>20=8O 8 B. ?. A@54AB20<8 :>;;5:B82=>9 70I8BK.
A?>;L7>20=85 @07;8G=KE ?@85<>2 8 A@54AB2, =0?@02;5==KE =0 040?B0F8N G5;>25:0 : A>>B25BAB2CNI59 A@545 8 ?>2KH5=8N 53> 70I8I5==>AB8. 5B>4 @50;87C5B 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@>D>B1>@0, >1CG5=8O, ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 2>7459AB28O, A@54AB2 8=48284C0;L=>9 70I8BK.
CG51=>9 48AF8?;8=5 " 57>?0A=>ABL 687=545OB5;L=>AB8" A>548=5=K B5<0B8:0 157>?0A=>3> 2708<>459AB28O G5;>25:0 A> A@54>9 >18B0=8O, >E@0=0 B@C40 8 2>?@>AK 70I8BK >B =530B82=KE D0:B>@>2 G@572KG09=KE A8BC0F89.
040G8 :
845=B8D8:0F8O >?0A=>AB8 @0A?>7=0=85 8 :>;8G5AB25==0O >F5=:0 =530B82=KE 2>7459AB289 A@54K >18B0=8O;
?@54C?@5645=85 2>7459AB28O B5E 8;8 8=KE =530B82=KE D0:B>@>2 =0 G5;>25:0;
70I8B0 >B >?0A=>AB8;
;8:2840F8O >B@8F0B5;L=KE ?>A;54AB289 2>7459AB28O >?0A=KE 8 2@54=KE D0:B>@>2;
A>740=85 =>@<0;L=>3>, B> 5ABL :><D>@B=>3> A>AB>O=8O A@54K >18B0=8O G5;>25:0.
&5;L 87CG5=8O 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 D>@<8@>20=85 8 ?@>?030=40 7=0=89, =0?@02;5==KE =0 A=865=85 A<5@B=>AB8 8 ?>B5@L 74>@>2LO ;N459 >B 2=5H=89 D0:B>@>2 8 ?@8G8=. !>740=85 70I8BK G5;>25:0 2 B5E=>AD5@5 >B 2=5H=8E =530B82=KE 2>7459AB289 0=B@>?>35==>3>, B5E=>35==>3> 8 5AB5AB25==>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O. 1J5:B>< 70I8BK O2;O5BAO G5;>25:.
@54<5B 8AA;54>20=8O 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 >?0A=>AB8 8 8E A>2>:C?=>ABL, 0 B0:65 A@54AB20 8 A8AB5<K 70I8BK >B >?0A=>AB59.
@8G8=K 2>7=8:=>25=8O 48AF8?;8=K 2 >AA88:
KA>:0O A<5@B=>ABL ( >A>15==> A@548 <C6G8= @5?@>4C:B82=>3> 2>7@0AB0)
87:85 ?>:070B5;8 A@54=59 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>AB8 687=8 ( E0@0:B5@K 4;O <C6A:>9 G0AB8 =0A5;5=8O)
653>4=>5 A=865=85 A@54=59 >1I59 G8A;5==>AB8 =0A5;5=8O
=0G5=85 8 @5H5=85 40==KE ?@>1;5< >G5=L 206=>9 4;O =0H59 AB@0=K, B0: :0: ?> ?@>3=>70<, >AA88 2 >1>7@8<>< 1C4CI5< 3@>78B 2K<8@0=85. 06=59H0O 7040G0, AB>OI0O ?5@54 3>AC40@AB2>< AB018;870F8O G8A;5==>AB8 =0A5;5=8O.
;O @5H5=8O 45<>3@0D8G5A:>9 ?@>1;5<K =5>1E>48<>:
#25;8G8BL @>AB
>45@=878@>20BL 3>AC40@AB25==CN A8AB5<C 70I8BK G5;>25:0
!D>@<8@>20BL =0CG=K9 ?>B5=F80;, =0?@02;5==K9 =0 @0728B85 CG5=8O > 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 =0A5;5=8O
A5>1I55 >1CG5=85 68B5;59 AB@0=K >A=>20< 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8
5B>4>;>38O 157>?0A>AB8.
!>3;0A=> AB@0B5388 =0F8>=0;L=>9 157>?0A=>AB8 >AA88 2 A>F80;L=>9 AD5@5, =0C:5 8 >1@07>20=88 8 4>;3>A@>G=>9 AB@0B5388 @0728B8O >AA88 ;0=0 CB8=0 D>@<8@>20=85 ;8G=>AB8, A?>A>1=>9 40BL 045:20B=K9 >B25B =0 2K7>2K X X I 25:0 8 >15A?5G8BL CAB>9G82>5 40;L=59H55 @0728B85 >AA88, 2>7<>6=>, 5A;8 ?@8>@8B5B 2 A>45@60=88 >1@07>20=8O 1C45B ?@8=04;560BL DC=40<5=B0;L=K< <8@>2>77@5=G5A:8< 0A?5:B0<, @0A:@K20NI8< F5==>AB=>- A<KA;>2K5 >F5=:8 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, F5;>AB=>5 ?>=8<0=85 O2;5=89 8 ?@>F5AA>2, ?@>8AE>4OI8E 2 =0H59 AB@0=5 8 2 <8@5, 8 =0?@02;5==K< =0 ?>2KH5=85 :0G5AB20 >1@07>20=8O 8 ?0B@8>B8G5A:>3> 2>A?8B0=8O <>;>4>3> ?>:>;5=8O. @8 MB>< O4@>< :><?;5:A=>9 A8AB5<K 2K?>;=5=8O A>F80;L=>3> 70:070 =0 D>@<8@>20=85 :C;LBC@K 157>?0A=>AB8 4>;6=> AB0BL >1@07>20=85 2 >1;0AB8 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8* 4 .
* 4 : { 1@0<>20 !. . , >O@>2 . /. 5B>4>;>38G5A:85 >A=>2K ?>43>B>2:8 A?5F80;8AB0 >1@07>20=8O 2 >1;0AB8 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 / / !>2@5<5==K5 ?@>1;5<K =0C:8 8 >1@07>20=8O. 2 0 1 1 . ! 6 . }
0 A>2@5<5==>< MB0?5 @0728B85 A8AB5<K A>F80;L=>3> >1@07>20=8O 2 >1;0AB8 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 B5A=> 2708<>A2O70=> A >?@545;5==K<8 D0:B>@0<8, 70:>=><5@=>ABO<8 8 B5=45=F8O<8 @0728B8O >1I5AB20 8 >1@07>20=8O. A2O78 A MB8< <5B>4>;>38G5A:8<8 >A=>20<8 ( 70:>=><5@=>ABO<8) ?@0:B8:8 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 O2;ONBAO <5B>4K B5>@5B8G5A:>3> 0=0;870 8 A8=B570 =0CG=>3> 7=0=8O 8 =0CG=KE ?@54AB02;5=89 2 >1;0AB8 157>?0A=>AB8 687=545OB5;L=>AB8.
B5@<8=C « 3><>AD5@0»
#45@6820OAL 3@028B0F8>==K< ?>;5< 5<;8, 0B<>AD5@0 8<55B 7>=0;L=>5 AB@>5=85. 86=OO, ?@8;530NI0O : 75<=>9 ?>25@E=>AB8 G0ABL 0B<>AD5@K 4> 2KA>BK 8 0 :< =>A8B =0720=85 3><>AD5@K. ;>B=>ABL 3><>AD5@K C<5=LH05BAO A 2KA>B>9 B0:, GB> 9 9 % 55 <0AAK 70:;NG5=> <564C C@>2=5< ?>25@E=>AB8 >:50=0 8 2KA>B>9 2 9 :<, >4=0:> 55 E8<8G5A:89 A>AB02 ( 8<5NBAO 2 284C :>;8G5AB25==K5 >B=>H5=8O <564C 3070<8) 4>AB0B>G=> ?>AB>O=5=.
><>AD5@0, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, ?>4@0745;O5BAO =0 B@8 >1>;>G:8, @07;8G0NI85AO ?> E0@0:B5@C B5<?5@0BC@=>3> @568<0. 86=OO 87 =8E, =07K205<0O B@>?>AD5@>9, 8<55B >A=>2=>5 7=0G5=85 4;O 687=8 =0 5<;5. 5 25@E=OO 3@0=8F0 - B@>?>?0C70 >B45;O5B B@>?>AD5@C >B AB@0B>AD5@K. "@>?>?0C70 C ?>;NA>2 @0A?>;0305BAO =0 2KA>B5 8 ч 1 0 :<, 0 C M:20B>@0 55 2KA>B0 C25;8G8205BAO 4> 1 7 :<. 01;N40NBAO B0:65 A57>==K5 :>;510=8O 2KA>BK B@>?>?0C7K. 0 C@>2=5 ?>A;54=59 ?@>8AE>48B @57:89 87;>< :@82>9 87<5=5=8O B5<?5@0BC@K A 2KA>B>9. > B@>?>?0C7K >=0 70:>=><5@=> C<5=LH05BAO ?> <5@5 C25;8G5=8O 2KA>BK, 0 2KH5 =55 2 AB@0B>AD5@5 =01;N405BAO ?>AB5?5==>5 >G5=L A;01>5 C25;8G5=85 B5<?5@0BC@K 2?;>BL 4> AB@0B>?0C7K ( 2KA>B0 5 0 :<) , 345 B5<?5@0BC@0 4>AB8305B ?>GB8 0 ° C .
KH5 AB@0B>AD5@K 4> 2KA>BK 8 0 ч 9 0 :< @0A?>;0305BAO 25@E=89 A;>9 3><>AD5@K - <57>AD5@0, 2 ?@545;0E :>B>@>3> B5<?5@0BC@0 2=>2L C<5=LH05BAO A 2KA>B>9.
1>;>G:0 0B<>AD5@K, @0A?>;030NI0OAO =04 3><>AD5@>9, ?>;CG8;0 =0720=85 35B5@>AD5@K.
>:A>AD5@0 ?@>AB@0=AB2>, 2 :>B>@>< ?>AB>O==> ACI5AB2CNB 8;8 ?5@8>48G5A:8 2>7=8:0NB >?0A=>AB8.
!>2<5I5=85 3><>AD5@K 8 =>:A>AD5@K =54>?CAB8<>. 5B>4K:
@>AB@0=AB25==>5 8 ( 8;8) 2@5<5==>5 @0745;5=85 3><>AD5@K 8 =>:A>AD5@K. -B> 4>AB8305BAO A@54AB20<8 48AB0=F8>==>3> C?@02;5=8O, 02B><0B870F88, @>1>B870F88, >@30=870F88 8 4@.
>@<0;870F8O =>:A>AD5@K ?CB5< 8A:;NG5=8O >?0A=>AB59. -B> A>2>:C?=>ABL <5@>?@8OB89, 70I8I0NI8E G5;>25:0 >B HC<0, 3070, ?K;8, >?0A=>AB8 B@02<8@>20=8O 8 B. ?. A@54AB20<8 :>;;5:B82=>9 70I8BK.
A?>;L7>20=85 @07;8G=KE ?@85<>2 8 A@54AB2, =0?@02;5==KE =0 040?B0F8N G5;>25:0 : A>>B25BAB2CNI59 A@545 8 ?>2KH5=8N 53> 70I8I5==>AB8. 5B>4 @50;87C5B 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@>D>B1>@0, >1CG5=8O, ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 2>7459AB28O, A@54AB2 8=48284C0;L=>9 70I8BK.
Соседние файлы в папке Атвичяйу