TOPIC The Ural State Law Academy. 3

TOPIC I study English 4

TOPIC Study work. 5

TOPIC The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 6

TOPIC Scotland 7

TOPIC Northern Ireland 8

TOPIC Wales 9

TOPIC Cities Of Great Britain 10

TOPIC London 11

TOPIC British Economy 12

TOPIC The British electoral system 13

TOPIC The Government 14

TOPIC Local Government 15

TOPIC Parliament Of Great Britain 16

TOPIC The House Of Commons 17

TOPIC The House Of Lords 18

SCHEME The Judicial System Of Great Britain 19

TOPIC Criminal Courts 20

TOPIC Civil Courts 21

TOPIC Some Other Courts 22

TOPIC Two “Foreign” Courts 23

TOPIC The profession of a lawyer. My preferences (Profession of an investigator) 24

TOPIC The profession of a lawyer. The work of an investigator 25

TOPIC The profession of a lawyer. The job of an operative 26

TOPIC The profession of a lawyer. The job of a field-criminalist 27

TOPIC The profession of a lawyer. The Militia 28

TOPIC The work of a Prosecutor’s Office 29

TOPIC The work of the court 30

TOPIC The work of an advocate 31

Topic The Ural State Law Academy.

The Urals State Law Academy is situated in Ekaterinburg. Its foundation goes back to April 1931. It was formed on the basis of the Irkutsk State University as a Law Faculty. Later it was reorganized into the Siberian Institute of Soviet Law. In 1934 the Institute moved into Sverdlovsk, got the name of the Sverdlovsk Institute of Law and bore this name till 1992/ Now it is called the Urals State Law Academy.

Till 1976 there was only one faculty at the Sverdlovsk Law Institute – the Law faculty.

In 1976 the following there faculties were set up at the full-time department: the Judge and Prosecutor Training Faculty, the Investigator and Criminalist Training Faculty and the Faculty of Legal Service in the National Economy System. Later two of them were united into the Law Faculty and the Faculty of Legal Service was given a new name – the Business Law Faculty. Besides, a Custom Department was formed.

The Academy has three Institutes at the day department: the Institute of the Prosecutor’s Office, the Institute of Justice and the Institute of Business and Law. Moreover, within the Academy there is also a Law College, an Institute of External Economic Relations, an Institute of Management and Law and an Institute of the Bar.

The Academy is housed in three study buildings with libraries and reading halls where the students are able to get ready for their classes. There are also snack bars of after classes.

The student body of all departments taken together numbers more than 7000 people and several tens of post-graduates. The Academy is headed by Rector and Vise-Rectors (Pro-Rectors). The Study, methodical and research work is guided by the dean’s offices and by different chairs.

The Academy trains judges, prosecutors, advocates, juristconsults, investigators, customs officials and other lawyers. After completing the education our graduates work at courts, prosecutor’s offices, Militia, the Bar and also at state and government bodies of different levels and in legal service of the national economy system.

Topic I study English

English is one of a family of languages called Indo-European. The languages of this family, which includes most of the modern European languages, as well as such important languages of antiquity as Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, all resemble one another in a number of ways, particularly in vocabulary.

We can distinguish three major periods in the evolution of English. The first, called Old English covers the period from the beginnings of the language to about 1100; the second, Middle English, from 1100 to 1500; and the third, Modern English, from 1500 to the present.

The Middle English period was marked by great extension of foreign influence on English.

Naturally, with so enormous a potential vocabulary, an average individual speaker of the English language will master only a relatively small part of it.

Until a few centuries ago there were many natives of what we call the British Isles, who did not speak English. The western land of Wales spoke Welsh; in the farthest north and the islands of Scotland the language was Gaelic; and a similar language, Irish Gaelic, was spoken in Ireland; Manx was the language of the Isles of Man; and Cornish was the language of the south-western tip of Britain.

We are not talking about dialect – localized versions of a language – which often contain alternative words or phrases for certain things, but which are forms of English.

In Scotland the Gaelic Language Society has existed for many years. It’s dedicated to preserving the traditions of the Gaelic songs, verse and prose. And more and more people in the lowlands areas of Scotland, as well as the islands, where Gaelic is still spoken, now want to learn the language.

In Wales the Welsh Language Society was formed in 1962 and it has been fighting to restore Welsh to an equal place with English. In 1967 they won an important victory: Welsh was recognized as being equally valid for use in law courts, either written or spoken.

The older English dictionaries classified words and assigned them labels such as “vulgar”, “dialect”, “colloquial” and “slang”.

Many commonly used words were labelled “vulgar” and in some dictionaries “low”, implying that only the lowest sort of person used such words.

The class of words called “dialects” includes expressions commonly used by certain national groups of people or certain regions of the country.

“Colloquial” was a less severe label, but it identified words and expressions that might be used in informal educated speech with friends at school, but definitely not in formal compositions.

The huge class named “slang” usually meant a word understood by only a select group of people, students for example.

They say that if the colonization of the American continent had taken place a few centuries earlier, American English might have been as different from the British English as French from Italian.

The first English settlers spoke English of the early seventeenth century – the language of Shakespeare and Milton. Most of them came originally from the south and south-east of England.

Until the Declaration of Independence in 1776, over two-thirds of the settlers in what later became the USA came from England. After that date, many other peoples came to make a new life for themselves in the New World. These included Irish, French, Germans, Dutch, Italians, Slavs, and had been taken from Africa as slaves to work on the rice and cotton plantations added words and structures from their own native languages.

Although all these people contributed in various ways to the language which was to become American English, there is one man who can be singled out as the person who did most to give American English an identity of its own. He was Noah Webster (1758-1843), a famous American lexicographer. He is largely responsible for the differences which exist today between British and American spelling.