UMK_Engl_YurPrud_2012_2013

О••а•• а!"# %'#!#( %•а !#!") % '•*•+,- %.• more " most

П•••••• •!"а$		С)а*"•• •!"а$	П) *•&+•,"а$
&• ' "!		&• ' "!	&• ' "!
interesting	more interesting		most interesting
•"• ) &"-.	/••	•"• ) &"-.	"а•/••	•"• ) &-
			"-.
easily	more easily		most easily
• 12•	• 13		• 13 *&	1•
active	more active		most active
а2••*"-.	/••	а2••*"-.	&а4-. а2••*"-.

К)•4 ••1•, &78 &•*7 • )$, ')••а1а• •!"-+ • "а) 3•., 2•••- )- •/)а97:• &• ' "• &)а*" "•$ •• ,)71•+ 2•)" ..

И%0.-1#!")

П•••••• •!"а$	С)а*"•• •!"а$	П) *•&+•,"а$
&• ' "!	&• ' "!	&• ' "!
good	better	best
+•)•<•.	•73<	&а4-. •73<•.,
well		•73< 1• *& 1•
+•)•<•
bad	worse	worst
'••+•.	+7•	&а4-. '••+•.,
badly		+7• *& 1•
'••+•
little	less	least
4а• "!2•.	4 "!<	"а•4 "!<•.,
little		4 "!< *& 1•
4а••
many	more	most
4"•1•	/••!<	"а•/••!<•.,
much		/••!< *& 1•
4"•1•
far	farther	farthest
,а• 2•.	,а•!<	&а4-. ,а•!"•.
	('• )а&&••$"•:)	('• )а&&••$"•:)
far	further	furthest
,а• 2•	/•• ••,а• ""-.	&а4-. ,а•!"•.
	('• *) 4 "•)	('• *) 4 "•)

11

Та••••а 3

П•••а• •! (the Participle)

П•••а• •! # а$%&•'•()* !+,(- .)/•а+/-&!0 •! $а .•••а• •- I

(Participle I) • .•••а• •- II (Participle II).

Ф•••• ••!"а$%!&

	За&)% (voice)	Participle I	Participle I Perfect	Participle II
	ACTIVE	asking	having asked
				asked
	PASSIVE	being asked	having been asked

П•!"а$%!( I )5•а+6- •! .6 -* .••5а#&-$•! •677•(•а -ing ( )•$)#- %&а%)&а: working – •а5) а08•', •а5) а!.

Ф)*+,!! ••!"а$%!& I . ••(/0•1(*!!

Ф6$(<•!	П••*-•
О••(/(0(*!(. У.) •-5&!- •! .-•-/	growing trees – •а• 68•-
).•-/-&!-*,* •68-• #• -&>$,* •&•	/-•-#>!
.)•&- $-%). На •6••(•' !+,( а()- .••-	Look at the trees growing in
•а• •- .-•-#)/• •! .•••а• •-* /-'• -	our garden.
#• -&>$)%) +а&)%а $а• )!8-%) #•-*-$• •	П)•*) •• $а /-•-#>!,
•677•(•а*• -а8-, -!8- •&• .•••а• $,*	•а• 68•- # $аB-* •а/6.
)5)•) )*
О4$%•&%(05$%.•. У.) •-5&!- •! # $а•а-	Reading an English book,
&- •&• # ()$<- .•-/&)D-$•!. В G )* •&6-	he wrote out many new words.
•а- .•••а• •- I )5,•$) .-•-#)/• •! $а	Ч• а! а$%&•'•(60 ($•%6, )$
•6••(•' !+,( /--.•••а• •-*, )(а$••#а-	#,.••а& *$)%) $)#,J •&)#.
08•*•! $а -(а)!
Ча$%5 $+а7)(••8•. В G )* •&6•а-	They will be working at that
.•••а• •- I #*-• - • %&а%)&)* «to be»	time tomorrow.
!#&!- •! •(а+6-*,* .•-/&)D-$•! #	О$• 56/6 •а5) а > +а# •а #
)/$)* •+ #•-*-$ %•6.., Continuous.	G ) #•-*!.
Та(•- •(а+6-*,- .-•-#)/! •! $а
•6••(•' !+,( %&а%)&)* # &••$)' 7)•*-
# •)) #- • #608-* #•-*-$•

Ф)•*а ••!"а$%!& II (.•••а• •! .•)B-/B-%) #•-*-$•) .•а- #•&>$,J (• а$/а• $,J) %&а%)&)# •)#.а/а- • 7)•*)' .•)B-/B--

12

•• •••••!" #$"% •&а••&••, $. •. •(•а)*•$+- /•"(а•&•!"•• 0 •+!••• •&а••&а +*11"0+а -ed + +••$••$+$•*23"•" ••1•••а1"4•+0"•"

")••!•!"-•": to solve (••6а$7) – solved (••6"&) – solved (••6•!- !;< (-а", -#$).

Ф•••а /•"4а+$"- II !•/•а•"&7!;% (!•+$а!>а•$!;%) •&а••&•• •(•а)*•$+- •а)!;•" +/•+•(а•" " +••$••$+$•*•$ 3-< 1•••• #$"%

•&а••&••: to speak – spoke – spoken, to make – made – made, to go – went – gone.

Ф!"#$%% '(%)а+,%. II / '(012340"%%

Ф*!0@"-	П•"•••
О'(01020"%0. В #$•< 1*!0@""	the solved problem / the problem
/•"4а+$"• II */•$••(&-•$+- &"(•	solved
/•••> •/••>•&-••;• +&••••, &"(•	••6•!!а- )а>а4а
/•+&•. На •*++0"< -);0 /•"4а+$"• II	the houses built
•(;4!• /•••••>"$+- /•"4а+$"••	/•+$•••!!;• >••а
+$•а>а$•&7!••• )а&••а	the opened book
	•$0•;$а- 0!"•а
	the method used
	"+/•&7)*••;< ••$•>
О7+,3.,028+,/3 '(%)%"9. С••$••$-	Well-known all over the world,
+$•*•$ • •*++0•• -);0• /•"4а+$"-•	the Russian book on electronics
"&" /•">а$•4!;• /••>&•F•!"-•	was also translated into English.
/•"4"!;	Та0 0а0 •*++0а- 0!"•а /• #&•0$-
	••!"0• ")••+$!а •• •+•• •"••,
	•!а (;&а /•••••>•!а " !а а!•-
	&"<+0"< -);0.
О7+,3.,028+,/3 /(0:0"%. С••$••$-	When given the book, read
+$•*•$ • •*++0•• -);0• /•">а$•4!;•	the article about environment
/••>&•F•!"-• •••••!". Та0"• •(+$•-	protection.
-$•&7+$••!!;• /•"4а+$!;• •(•••$;	К••>а •а• >а>*$ 0!"•*, /••4$"$•
•••*$ "!••>а •••>"$7+- +•2)а•"	+$а$72 •( •%•а!• •0•*Fа23•<
«when» (0••>а), «while» (• $• ••••-	+••>;.
0а0, •• ••••-)
Ча+,8 +#а<!0:3=3. В #$•• +&*4а•	He had translated the text before
/•"4а+$"• II •••+$• + •&а••&••	I came.
«to have» -•&-•$+- +0а)*••;•	О! /•••••& $•0+$, /••F>• 4•• -
/••>&•F•!"- • •>!•• ") •••••!	/•"6•&.
••*//; Perfect

13

П•••а• •! I #•$%!&%!'$ (•!)!*• $+•а,-! •. $ #•••а• •. I (•#$)$'а !/0*$'$ '/а'$/а «to have» – «having» • #•••а• •. II

•)1•/$($'$ '/а'$/а: having translated – #!•!(!&., having done – •&!/а(. О ••5а !/0*а. 6$•)а $+•а,-! •. &$+а(/!*•!) $ ••5а-

!/0*$8 •а• •51 «not» #!•!& #•••а• •!) #•$%!&%!'$ (•!)!*•: not having translated – *! #!•!(!&., not having done – *! •&!/а(. О*$ )$9! -#$ •!+/. 0•. ( 6-*;5•• !"#$!%$&'(#$)а +,-/-01

• ),&2&0- • #!•!($&• •. *а •-••;•8 .,1; &!!#•••а• •!) •$(!•-

%!**$'$ (•&а.

Having lost the key, the boy couldn’t get into the house. – П$ !•.( ;/<•, )а/0••; *! )$' #$#а• 0 ( &$).

Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East. – О;$*••( -*•(!••• ! , $* •!%•/ #$!=а 0 *а Да/0*•8

В$• $;.

У••а•• •!"

У"#а%&'&(' 1. В*+'#(,' "-/0-/23(4 "- 56*578 6-/а79&*4

:7а:-7 ( "'#';'/(,' "#'/7-%'&(2.

1.A barrister’s client (can / must) come to him only via a solicitor.

2.Would-be lawyers (must / may) study many subjects important for their future work.

3.Barristers (cannot / mustn’t) have public offi ces in any street.

4.A solicitor (may / must) represent his client in the lower courts.

5.A person convicted in a magistrate’s court (may / must) appeal against its decision to the Crown court.

6.Barristers or solicitors of seven years’ experience (can / must) be appointed district judges.

7.A serious case (must / can) refer to the Crown Court.

8.A solicitor (must / may) prepare the case and the evidence for the trial.

9.Public law (can / must) be divided into four branches.

У"#а%&'&(' 2. Ра5>#-4,' 5>-+>(, 8"-,#'+(; &'-+0-/(68@ A-#68 "#(Bа5,(2 I (7( "#(Bа5,(2 II, ( "'#';'/(,' "#'/7-- %'&(2.

Model 1. The car (to break) in the accident was taken into the garage.

The car broken in the accident was taken into the garage.

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Model 2. The man (to smoke) a cigarette is my brother. The man smoking a cigarette is my brother.

1.Everything (to write) here is very interesting.

2.Who is that advocate (to make) his notes on the table?

3.The (to lose) child was found on the next day.

4.I remember the subjects (to study) by me last year.

5.The crime (to commit) by the juvenile was tried in juvenile court.

6.We listened to the prosecutor (to tell) us his version of the case.

7.I think that the man (to stand) there is the attendant.

8.(To take) the victim by the hand, we helped her to cross the street.

9.People (to watch) the accident are very exited.

У"#а%&'&(' 3. П'#'*'+(,' "#'+-/%'&(0, /4#а5а0 *&(6а&(' &а 7/#68 "#(9а:,(0 I ( "#(9а:,(0 II.

1.When charged with murder, he was arrested.

2.Releasing the offender, the offi cer cautioned him not to drive too

fast.

3.Being suspected of an offence, he was detained.

4.When initially detained, he was released on bail.

5.Having been questioned, he was released on bail in the interests of the investigation.

6.Outside London the police are all local forces, employed and paid by counties or county boroughs.

7. The offence related questions may normally not be put to a person after he or she has been charged with that offence.

8.Having been cautioned beforehand, he did not commit a crime.

9.Having grounds to suspect a person of an offence, the police must caution.

У"#а%&'&(' 4. П/:,а*<,' "#(-а=а,'-<&8', +а&&8' * :>/4>а?,

*:#а*&(,'-<&@A :,'"'&<.

1.The work of a barrister … (interesting) than the work of a solicitor.

2.The witness is … (tall) than her sister.

3.Murder is … (dangerous) than shoplifting.

4.Barristers advise on … (diffi cult) matters than solicitors.

5.This juror is … (wise) than that one.

6.I think Criminal law is … (interesting) than Constitutional law.

7.Crown Court deals with ... (serious) cases than magistrates’

court.

15

8.There are … (few) barristers than solicitors in the UK.

9.Appeals can be taken to a … (high) court.

У••а•• •! 5. П$%&а'(& ••!)а*а& )(•+ , -а••+ ' %/$0/а1,

'•• '$%1$-•23 %& • •(.

1.That was the … (funny) case I’ve ever seen.

2.It was the … (horrible) crime I’ve ever heard.

3.English Parliament is … (old) in the world.

4.Criminologists use the … (modern) methods.

5.This judge is … (wise) judge I’ve ever met.

6.It’s the … (large) law fi rm in the country.

7.The profession of a lawyer is one of … (responsible).

8.The Supreme Court is … (high) judicial body.

9.Administration of justice is … (important) task of the courts.

У••а•• •! 6. В+0 •!& ••а'!)(•+7 'а•!а•& $&' &а (••!- :а%&! I) ! • • ' -!& •• -)$• •!<.

1.______ that she could trust them she didn’t know what to do. a) Not having known; b) Knowing not; c) Not knowing.

2.The judge speaks like a man ______ his opinion of everything. a) talking; b) talks; c) talked.

3.______ a pair of gloves, a criminal moved to the shoe department. a) stealing; b) having stolen; c) buying.

4.______ her by the arm policeman helped the woman out of the taxi.

a) supported; b) supporting; c) supports.

5.I spent about ten minutes ______ over the sixteen pages of the case before I found the main information.

a) turn; b) having turn; c) turning.

6.I ______ so little in the scene of a crime, I am afraid I cannot answer all your questions.

a) seeing; b) having seen; c) to see.

У••а•• •! 7. В+0 •!& ••а'!)(•+7 'а•!а•& $&' &а (••!- :а%&! II) ! • • ' -!& •• -)$• •!<.

1. _____ about the bandits, he left his valuables at home. a) warned; b) having been warned; c) warning.

16

2.______ that they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat anything.

a) Convincing; b) Convinced; c) Convince.

3.An offender, ______ at what he had done, could at fi rst say nothing.

a) horrifi ed; b) having horrifi ed; c) horrifying.

4.He didn’t doubt that the information ______ from the witness was of great interest to the prosecution.

a) receiving; b) has received; c) received.

5.The centre of the cotton industry is Manchester ______ with Liverpool by a canal.

a) connecting; b) connected; c) connects.

6.The detective story ______ by the old captain made the young girl cry.

a) tells; b) told; c) is telling.

У"#а%&'&(' 8. В*+'#(,' "#а-(/0&12 34#51 6,#а7а,'/0&494 :а/49а ( "'#'-'7(,' "#'7/4%'&(;.

1.It’s incredible to think that these clothes ______ by Queen

Victoria.

a) wear; b) are being worn; c) were worn.

2.A number of political prisoners ______ within the next week.

a) will be released; b) release; c) were released.

3.The case ______ by the opposing advocate an hour ago. a) destroyed; b) was destroyed; ") destroys.

4.A number of priceless works of art ______by the burglars.

a) have been destroyed; b) was destroyed; c) has been destroyed.

5. A new method ______ to combat crimes in small towns. a) is developing; b) has been developed; c) developes.

У"#а%&'&(' 9. П46,а-0,' 9/а94/* - 6>4+>а? - "а66(-&*@ :а/49 ( - 644,-',6,-12A12 -(74--#'5'&&12 34#51.

1.In England, there used to be some felonies and misdemeanours which (to punish) really strictly.

2.The Supreme Court (to divide) into two branches: the High Court and the Court of Appeal.

3.The capital punishment (to abolish) in Britain after World War II.

17

4.The Common Court of Appeal (to establish) after the Napoleonic Wars.

5.In one of the elements of the British Parliament – the House of Lords – the business (to conduct) by 80 or 100 of the hereditary peers, though there are 850 of them.

6.The members of the House of Commons (to summon) by the

Sovereign, but (to elect) by a universal suffrage.

7.The bill (to reject) by Parliament.

8.The group of close advisers to the Sovereign (to call) the Privy Council.

Т•••••

П•••••а!•" • $"•"%"&••" '("&)*+•" •",'•-.

Text 1. Branches of Law in Great Britain

Law can be divided into two main branches: private law and public law.

Private law deals with the rights and obligations that people have in their relations with one another. Public law concerns the rights and obligations that people have as members of society and as citizens. Both private law and public law can be subdivided into several branches.

Private law can be divided into six major branches according to the kinds of legal rights and obligations. These branches are: contract and commercial law, tort law, property law, inheritance law, family law, and company law.

Contract and commercial law deals with the rights and obligations of people who make contracts. A wide variety of business activities depend on the use of contracts.

A tort is a wrong that a person suffers because of someone else’s action. The action may cause bodily harm or damage a person’s property, business, or reputation.

Property law governs the ownership and use of property. Inheritance law concerns the transfer of property upon the death

of the owner.

Family law determines the legal rights and obligations of husbands and wives and of parents and children. It covers such matters as marriage, divorce and adoption.

18

Company law governs the formation and operation of business corporations or companies. It deals with the powers and obligations of management and the rights of shareholders.

Text 2. Public Law

Law can be divided into two main branches: private law and public law.

Public law involves government directly. It defi nes a person’s rights and obligations in relation to government.

Public law can be divided into four branches: criminal law, constitutional law, administrative law, and international law.

Criminal law deals with crimes. Criminal law defi nes these offences and sets the rules for the arrest, the possible trial, and the punishment of offenders. The criminal laws of each state must protect the rights and freedoms guaranteed by federal constitutional law.

Constitutional law is based on the principles outlined in a constitution. A constitution is a set of rules and principles that defi ne the powers of a government and the rights of the people. Confl icts between a constitution and other laws are settled by constitutional law.

Administrative law focuses on the operations of government departments. Administrative law is one of the most complicated branches of law. Governments set up many administrative departments to do the work of government. They deal with such matters as education, public health, and taxation. There are other departments that deal with such matters as pensions and social security.

International law deals with the relationship among nations both in war and in peace. It concerns trade, communications, the uses of the ocean, and many other matters.

Text 3. Who is Who in the Law in th United Kingdom?

If you are prosecuted for a crime in Britain, you may meet the following people during your process through the courts:

MAGISTRATES. Magistrates are unpaid judges, usually chosen from well–respected people in the local community. They are not legally qualifi ed. They are guided on points of law by the Clerk.

SOLICITORS. After the suspect was arrested, the fi rst person he / she needs to see is a solicitor. Solicitors are qualifi ed lawyers who advise the person and help prepare the defence case.

19

BARRISTERS. In more serious cases, or where there are special difficulties, it is usual for the solicitor to hire a barrister to defend the accused. The barrister is trained in the law and in the skills required to argue a case in court.

JURORS. A jury consists of twelve men and women from the local community. They sit in the Crown Court, with a judge, and listen to witnesses for the defence and prosecution before deciding whether the accused is guilty or innocent.

JUDGES. Judges are trained lawyers nearly always ex-barristers, who sit in the Crown Court and Appeal Court. The judge rules on points of law, and makes sure that the trial is conducted properly. He / she does not decide on the guilt or innocence of the accused – that is the jury’s job. However, if the jury fi nd the accused guilty, then the judge will pass sentence.

Text 4. Solicitors and Barristers

The distinctive feature of the English legal profession is its division into two subprofessions: solicitors and barristers.

If a person has a legal problem, he / she goes to see a solicitor.

Almost every town has at least one. In fact, there are about 60,000 solicitors in Britain.

Many problems are dealt with exclusively by a solicitor. For instance, the solicitor deals with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters in magistrates’ courts. He prepares the case and the evidence.

He may represent his client in the lower courts. In a civil action, he can speak in the county court, when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts. Besides, a solicitor deals with other matters. He does the legal work involved in buying a house, he writes legal letters for you, he helps you to make a will, etc.

Barristers are different from solicitors. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the law. They advise on really diffi cult points, and conduct legal proceedings in the higher courts. Barristers are rather remote fi gures. A barrister’s client can come to him only via a solicitor. Barristers do not have public offi ces in any street. They work in chambers, often in London. There are about 6,000 barristers in

England. Usually only barristers can become judges in English courts.

20