a599a8f1-5808-4a60-bb96-43b2f1fcc828

were heavier than water it would fall to the bottom of ponds and of the sea. Shallow ponds would freeze solid. So would the Arctic Ocean. And very likely2 there would be ice at the bottom of even the tropical oceans. In fact the whole earth would probably be a lot colder; and perhaps the Venus, which is a good deal warmer than the earth, would be a more suitable place for living beings3.

Notes:
1.	temperature range	температурный режим
2.	very likely	весьма вероятно
3.	living beings	живые существа (все живое)

4.2. Вариант 3.2

I. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы; подчеркните их в предложении:

1.This professor’s lecture must be attended by all means.

2.These specialists can change their method in doing their work.

3.A new apparatus should be installed in our laboratory.

4.The design of a new large machine-tool (станок) may require the work of about 1000 skilled men.

5.You ought to be more responsible.

II. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глагола «to be»:

а) словарное (смысловое) значение – «быть чем-то (кем-то)», «находиться» где-то;

б) вспомогательный глагол для:

образования Passive Voice;

образования Continuous Tense;

в) модальное значение долженствования; г) глагол-связка в именном составном сказуемом.

1.Science is an important branch of national economy.

2.The power of the monarch (монарх) is limited by the constitution.

3.They are living here at the moment.

4.A computer specialist was to help the company in finding the problem.

5.The practical role of a computer is to store huge (great) amounts of information.

III. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глагола «to have»:

а) словарное (смысловое) значение – «иметь», «обладать», б) вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tense; в) в качестве модального глагола «должен»;

г) выражение действия сочетанием «to have + существительное».

1.He has a modern computer.

2.She has done the work in time.

3.Many changes in family life have been caused by changes in society.

4.The government has to help pensioners.

5.I have just had my raincoat cleaned.

IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глагола «to do»:

а) словарное (смысловое) значение – «делать», «выполнять»;

б) вспомогательный глагол do, does, did для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм в Present Indefinite и Past Indefinite;

в) для замены смыслового глагола во избежание повторения;

г) усилительный глагол формы: do, does, did перед инфинитивом смыслового глагола.

1.He always does his morning exercises.

2.Do you work for this company? Yes, I do.

3.They didn’t start the experiment.

4.She does help her relatives.

5.They don’t like to do this job.

V. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность местоимения «it»:

а) личное местоимение 3-го лица единственного числа (он, она, оно) заменяет ранее упомянутое неодушевлѐнное существительное;

б) указательное местоимение «это» (синоним местоимения this); в) прямое дополнение, если «it» следует за сказуемым;

г) формальное подлежащее в безличных предложениях (в этом случае «it» не переводится);

д) «it» – в составе усилительной конструкции, it is … that, who, which (обычно переводят «именно», «это как раз»).

1.It is a world map.

2.It is not easy to get such information.

3.He didn’t know anything about it.

4.It was only about two years ago, that she decided to become a specialist in the field of economics.

5.It rained a lot last month.

Задание: переведите письменно текст а) «Radio in Astronomy», а текст б) «The Importance of Ice» – устно. Смотрите стр. 22.

4.3. Вариант 3.3

I. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы; подчеркните их в предложении:

1.You ought to take a holiday.

2.These sportsmen may stay in this hotel.

3.May I use this map?

4.You shouldn’t tell her about it.

5.He is very strong; he can ski all day.

II. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глагола «to be»:

а) словарное (смысловое) значение – «быть чем-то (кем-то)», «находиться» где-то;

б) вспомогательный глагол:

для образования Passive Voice,

для образования Continuous Tense;

в) модальное значение долженствования; г) глагол-связка в именном составном сказуемом.

1.Alexander Mackenzie was the first man, to travel across the continent of North America.

2.My friend will be a photographer.

3.The town was destroyed by the earthquake.

4.This firm is designing a new type of TV sets.

5.The students are to be at the lecture.

III. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глагола «to have»:

а) словарное (смысловое) значение – «иметь», «обладать»; б) вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tense; в) в качестве модального глагола «должен»;

г) выражение действия сочетанием «to have + существительное».

1.They have five children.

2.The secretary hasn’t finished her work yet.

3.I have my TV set repaired.

4.They don’t have to devorce (разводиться).

5.They have lived in this town for 30 years.

IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глагола «to do»:

а) словарное (смысловое) значение – «делать», «выполнять»;

б) вспомогательный глагол do, does, did для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм в Present и Past Indefinite;

в) для замены смыслового глагола во избежание повторения;

г) усилительный глагол формы: do, does, did перед инфинитивом смыслового глагола.

1.She doesn’t have to work hard.

2.They didn’t have a good time.

3.I don’t like to do such exercises.

4.You do write a letter to him.

5.«Did they leave for Moscow?» Yes, they did.

V. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность местоимения «it»:

а) личное местоимение 3-го лица единственного числа (он, она, оно) заменяет ранее упомянутое неодушевлѐнное существительное;

б) указательное местоимение «это» (синоним местоимения this); в) прямое дополнение, если «it» следует за сказуемым;

г) формальное подлежащее в безличных предложениях (в этом случае «it» не переводится);

д) «it» – в составе усилительной конструкции, it is … that, who, which (обычно переводят «именно», «это как раз».

1.It is our institute that trains specialists in the field of optics, cartography and geodesy.

2.We knew everything about it.

3.It is very important to help each other.

4.It is a good method.

5.Our town is very beautiful. It is situated on the bank of the river.

Задание: переведите письменно текст а) «Radio in Astronomy», а текст б) «The Importance of Ice» – устно. Смотрите стр. 22.

5.ЗАКРЕПЛЕНИЕ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОГО И ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОГО МАТЕРИАЛА

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот «there + to be»,

вэтом обороте глагол «be» может употребляться в личной и неличной форме,

влюбом времени, наклонении (кроме повелительного) и с модальными глаголами. На месте глагола «be» могут использоваться и другие смысловые глаголы со значением возникновения, становления, существования, наиболее характерные для научного текста.

to appear	– возникать, появляться;
to follow	– следовать;
to exist	– существовать;
to seem	– казаться;
to remain	– оставаться;
to live	– жить;
there is	– имеется, существует;
there will be	– будет существовать;
there were	– имелись, существовали;
there must be	– должно быть, должно существовать;
there could be	– могло (бы), могло бы существовать;
there would be	– имелось бы, могло бы существовать;
there would have been – существовало бы;
there being	– так как существует.

1.There are still a lot of problems to be solved.

2.There is one important factor to be considered.

3.There is no end to evolutionary process.

4.There were no mistakes in these calculations.

5.There is something interesting in this area.

6.There is an unexplored area as big as that explored.

7.There will never be another such possibility.

8.There will be nobody who could prove it.

9.There are things that one can’t do for oneself.

10.Where there is will (желание), there is a way out.

11.There is a much more distinct difference between summer and winter temperature.

12.I think there will not (won’t) be many students at tomorrow’s meeting.

13.There will follow many days of hard work.

14.There might be some trouble.

15.There may be heaven (рай); there must be hell (ад); meantime, there is our earth there-well (да!!).

16.There should be a way out (выход из какого-либо положения).

17.For a system to be in complete equilibrium, it is necessary that there be mechanical equilibrium.

18.There still remained much work to do.

19.There existed a great interest in this method.

20.There remains one more controversal (противоречие) phenomenon to discribe.

21.There is hardly any aspect of human life that would not be affected by changes that automation will bring about.

22.With the discovery of laser and the development of coherent optics there appeared a new way concentratiny energy in plasma.

II. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на видовременную форму сказуемого.

1.The population of our planet is constantly growing.

2.I’ve got an interesting story to read.

3.Until 1891 the underground (metro) trains were steam-driven.

4.All the work will be done automatically.

5.There will be a lot (many) of science centres in the town.

6.It didn’t take them more than three hours to carry out (do) the test.

7.Two new schools are being built in this district (микрорайон).

8.In some countries sick people do not get medical help, children do not go to school.

9.They have been living in this country for 30 years.

10.They were making measurements when the earthquake began.

11.The librarian will register all the books that will have come to the library by the end of the month.

12.It has been planned to hold a conference devoted to the problems of mineral resources.

13.The bank has been offering new services since last year.

14.I had much work to do at the office yesterday; I had been working at the problem for 10 hours by that time.

15.The students will have to go over (repeat) the material of the lectures before the examination.

16.Yesterday one of our scientific workers completed the experiment which he had begun some months before.

17.Before the new machine is stopped tomorrow morning, it will have been working an hour.

18.They had covered 4 800 km (3000 miles) but they had not reached the Pacific Ocean.

19.They have been investigating the problem for a year.

20.By 6 o’clock he will have been testing the system for 3 hours.

21.These devices are now being given the leading role in the exploration of space, the Moon and other celestial (небесный) bodies, because they cost less and are more effective for lunar research and exploration than manned spaceships.

22.In Great Britain the first teachers were craftsmen (ремесленники).

23.It is thought that schools first started in Egypt 5000 to 6000 years ago, and that it was the invention of writing that made them necessary.

24.Throughout the great Roman Empire there was a network of schools free of charge (бесплатный) which provided for three stages of education.

25.We are taught to read and write, and are taught many of the essential facts about the world and are shown how to sort them out so that (чтобы) later in life we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people.

26.Nowadays not only is business becoming a science, but science has in most instances already become a business.

27.So far (до сих пор) we have been able to visualize what was being discussed.

28.The amount of input information will gradually be being reduced throughout the whole process.

29.We are trying to do our best.

30.This could have been noticed by the programmer if he would have inspected his programme carefully.

31.If the benefit were to be allowed to increase profits to be distributed to share-holders, there might not be sufficient addition to consumer demand to absorb the additional goods to be produced.

32.In the former case the characters (характерные признаки, особенности) should show great similarity; in the latter case they should show great diversity.

33.They suggested that such results would be very carefully considered.

34.My boss said I was difficult to work with, and she said she wouldn’t be able to give me promotion. She even asked if I had thought about getting another job.

35.She said she might be able to find me something different to do, because I told her that my work was very boring.

III. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на ing формы.

1.A primitive man had no idea of the earth’s being round.

2.A barometer is an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure.

3.First-year students are being examined in room 33.

4.While you are looking through the article, I’ll be preparing for the test.

5.Looking at the map of the world, you can see that water occupies the greater part at the earth’s surface.

6.Though Americans are used to everything being advertized, watching such programmes gives one a headache instead of providing relaxation.

7.The solving of the problem was approved (одобрять).

8.There are different (various) ways of solving this problem.

9.A man should be viewed (рассматривать) as a free rational being possessing a free will.

10.Swimming is my favourite occupation but I’am fond of jogging too (бег трусцой).

11.The purpose of the method is determining system stability.

12.In spite of being complicated the problem has been solved.

13.The longest landing platform 1100 meters, is at the underground station in Chicago.

14.Having landed in Britain the Romans founded a military station on the north bank of the river Thames.

15.Being skilled in the art of building they started fortifying their settlements and laying roads across the country.

16.We read about many Oxford graduates remaining unemployed.

17.The earlier calendars that were offered by aincient astronomers were lunar calendars, each month being given the name by the Romans.

18.The first man to succeed in swimming the Channel in 1875 was Captain Webb, an Englishman.

19.Research work is carried out for the purpose of advancing man’s knowledge.

20.They succeeded in getting reliable information on dealing with these types of errors.

21.Feeling better equipped and more confident he decided to find a sea route which would link the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific.

22.Our specialists have made some new discoveries, the latter being commented upon in various scientific magazins.

23.Washington, the capital of US having been planned and designed with great thought (продуманы), it is easy to get to any point of the town.

24.The capital is constantly growing and the main feature of Moscow’s present development is the establishment of the industries requiring highly skilled labour and the branches producing high-quality equippment as well as the development of new technologies.

25.The Metro Toronto Zoo has a fine collection comprising a few thousand specimens reprsenting nearly 280 species (видов).

26.Great Britain being an island, it’s climate is rather mild.

27.The highest-elevated underground is in Mexico lying deep at an altitude of 2,279 metres above sea level.

28.Many terminals (терминалы) are more complex, having many devices for sending and receiving data messages.

29.The experiment that is being conducted is of great interest and is thought of as being highly promising.

30.The relatively broad beam (about 20 ) of this antenna facilitates finding the satellite in space.

31.One cannot expect a complicated problem like that of using solar energy to be solved in a year or so.

32.Programming a computer involves analysing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it.

33.In planning, accurate decision-making reduces uncertainty.

34.Scientific research, in many fields, is now dependent on computers, either for working out the implications (выводы) of a theory, or for handling the very large amounts of data obtained from certain experiments.

35.A space suit is a complete miniature world, a self-contained environment that must supply everything needed for an austronaut’s life; but the bestengineering has not been able to provide as much flexibility of movement as is desirable.

IV. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции инфинитива.

1.The aim of any research is to enlarge the possibilities offered by modern

science.

2.To live is to learn.

3.To answer the teacher’s question was difficult.

4.His work will be to make measurements.

5.Knowledge in this field will help (to) solve some problems.

6.The duties of a postman are to deliver letters and newspapers.

7.He can’t do this work properly (должным образом).

8.To elect and to be elected is the right of every citizen of this country.

9.In the future it will be more and more difficult for the national economy to support the increasing number of elderly (престарелые).

10.The teacher considers this subject to be very interesting for the discussion.

11.She is clever enough to show her emotions in such a situation.

12.To aquire skill and knowledge became the boy’s greatest desire.

13.Canadian Geographic Information Systems are being used in many countries to intigrate and analyse information on climate, soil and other conditions to determine the best type of crops to plant in a given area.

14.Lomonosov was the first to establish the first chemical laboratory in Russia and himself headed it in its work.

15.Scientists have been conducting (doing) very important research in order to study the Earth’s space environment.

16.It was for our engineer to decide what kind (type) of a computer to use.

17.The history of automatic computers is believed to have started with Charles Babbage who was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University.

18.To programme a computer is to analyse the problem to be solved and to make a plan for solving it.

19.There are some scientists who seem to be born to be scientists.

20.From the earliest civilizations maps have been used to portray (present) information about the earth’s surface.

21.Geometrical optics is known to account for the phenomena of reflection.

22.The director ordered these documents to be sent off at once.

23.I know him to be working at this problem.

24.Astronomy, phylosophy and mathematics are supposed to have been known in Egypt as early as 5000 years B.C. (Before Christ).

25.So as (in order to) to obtain good results you must do such exercises every

day.

26.To discover new sources of energy and to develop new methods of power generation is the main problem to be solved by our scientists.

27.The method to be used in our research work has (is) to be reliable.

28.The aim of the expedition was to examine the mountain and the surrounding area and find a route by which a later expedition might hope to reach the top.

29.They must get used to their customs.

30.Newton’s principal contribution to mechanics is often considered to be thediscovery of his three laws of motion.

31.B. Franklin (1706 – 1790) is acknowledged to be the founder of the theory of atmospheric electricity.

32.At present a lot of silver is being processed to produce light-sensitive materials.

33.The tunnel builders are supposed to encounter (to face) many difficulties in driving tunnels.

34.There are two approaches to the solution of the problem, one to be used in analytical investigations, the other in simulation (модeлирование).

35.The legislation is designed to protect the environment against pollution by industry or by any other source, including general public.

V. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы (Modal verbs).

1.These students may use all these instruments.

2.It may, or may not, be possible to correct the input (входной) information on the spot at once.

3.The documents may be sent back.

4.This idea might be of interest for many specialists.

5.Problems that might have taken years to solve are solved now within a few months or even weeks.

6.He can speak 3 foreign languages.

7.This apparatus can’t be used, because it is out of order.

8.You could have done it earlier.

9.We shall be able to correct the programme.

10.Code at any level can be represented grafically.

11.He was not allowed to take part in the experiment.

12.His research must be completed as soon as possible.

13.The data which must be obtained are important.

14.We must be able to predict the properties of this compound.

15.Some corrections must be made in the programme.

16.We have to consult an expert.

17.They had to look through a lot of special literature.

18.Special techniques had have to be advised (suggested) for solving this problem.

19.The test is to be done in half an hour.

20.You ought to be very careful while working with this instrument.

21.Another approach (method) ought to have been applied to get better results.

22.It is for this reason that many reports on scientific research include discussion of how the research ought to have been done of the experience gained in having done it the first time.

23.Would you mind showing me the results of the measurement.

24.It is necessary that he should work hard to earn his living.

25.It is very important that this method should be recommended.

26.Bad news should be broken gently, good news all at once.

27.It would be impossible to measure the temperature of this planet without a radio-telescope.

28.We were suggested that we should carefully study the properties of this substance under a very high temperature.

29.If they invested the money in the building of this enterprise, they would get a high interest (%) in some years.

30.Our shop (цех) needs to be equipped with the latest machinery.