Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

1-2 семинары

.docx
Скачиваний:
62
Добавлен:
02.01.2017
Размер:
19.18 Кб
Скачать

Stylistic Differentiation of the English Vocabulary (2 hrs)

1. The notion of the functional style.

Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of the language means and stylistic devices which shapes the distinctive features of each style and not the language means or stylistic devices themselves.

A functional style (= a register of discourse) - is a system of expressive means and vocabulary serving a definite aim of communication.

A functional style is a system of expressive means peculiar to a specific sphere of communication.

2. Classifications of the vocabulary according to the stylistic characteristics (M. Joos, I.R. Galperin, I.V. Arnold).

Martin Joos:

  • Frozen: Also referred to as static register. Printed unchanging language, such as Biblical quotations, often contains archaisms. Examples are the Pledge of Allegiance of the United States of America and other "static" vocalizations that are recited in a ritualistic monotone. The wording is exactly the same every time it is spoken.

  • Formal: One-way participation; no interruption; technical vocabulary or exact definitions are important; includes presentations or introductions between strangers.

  • Consultative: Two-way participation; background information is provided – prior knowledge is not assumed. "Back-channel behavior" such as "uh huh", "I see", etc. is common. Interruptions are allowed. Examples include teacher/student, doctor/patient, expert/apprentice, etc.

  • Casual: In-group friends and acquaintances; no background information provided; ellipsis and slang common; interruptions common. This is common among friends in a social setting.

  • Intimate: Non-public; intonation more important than wording or grammar; private vocabulary. Also includes non-verbal messages. This is most common among family members and close friends.

Galperin:

The standard vocabulary of Modern English falls into: neutral vocabulary, literary-bookish words, colloquial vocabulary.

The non-standard vocabulary comprises professionalisms, dialectisms, jargonisms, vulgarisms, slangisms.

3. Basic vocabulary.

4. Informal style: colloquial words, slang, dialect words.

5. Formal style: learned words, archaic and obsolete words, professional terminology.

Arnold:

1. Formal English [books, magazines, fron lecturers, public speakers, radio announcers, in formal official talks, monologue, one person to many, in advance, words are used with precision, elaborated, generalized-national, not limited socially or geographically].

- Learned words and official vocabulary.

- Poetic diction (have poetic connotations).

2. Informal (colloquial) English [personal two-way communication, voice+gesture, feedback, vocabulary may be determined socially or regionally].

- Literary colloquial (speech of educated elder generation).

- Familiar colloquial (speech of educated younger generation).

- Low colloquial (illiterate speech of uneducated people).

* Slang (general and specific - for groups).

Lexical Meaning and Semantic Structure of English Words (2 hrs)

1. Word meaning in different linguistic paradigms.

2. Types of relations between content and form.

3. Types of meaning (lexical, grammatical). Types of knowledge associated with a word (linguistic, conceptual, encyclopaedic).

Linguistic meaning is the specific kind of ‘content’ produced (or engendered) by the reverberation in the human consciousness of objective reality which constitutes the inner (semantic) structure of linguistic units and with respect to which their expression, the sounds in which they are materialized, is the outer (or phonetic) structure.

Lexical (material) meaning is characteristic of separate words which are referable to certain referents. It is a reverberation in the human consciousness of ‘objects’ of reality (phenomena, relationships, qualities, processes), which becomes a fact of language because (only when) o constant and indissoluble connection is established between the reverberation and a certain sound (or a sound complex).

Grammatical (categorial) meaning is of a more abstract character and becomes obvious only against the background of meaningful oppositions.

4. Components of lexical meaning.

5. Cultural peculiarities of lexis.

Exercise 1.

1. There is a degree of precipation in the atmosphere.

I. It's raining.

2. There is an obligation to work with unusually distant time horizons.

N. You must plan ahead.

3. Basically we are endeavoring to review the validity of the schedules.

F. We're trying to keep the schedules up-to-date.

4. On initial arrival relevant information was laid before us indicative of the conversion now being of limited duration equipmentwise.

G. When we arrived we found it wouldn't take long to convert the equipment.

5. A set of arrangements for producing and rearing children the viability of which is not predicated on the consistent presence in the household of an adult male acting in the role of husband and father.

B. Dad isn't home much.

6. A slight inclination of the cranium is as adequate as a spasmodic movement of one optic to an equine quadruped utterly devoid of any visionary capacity.

D. A nod is a good as a wink yo a blind horse.

7. Such are the vicissitudes of this our sublunary experience.

L. Such is life.

8. A vast concourse was assembled to witness.

C. A great crowd came to see.

9. Individual was precipated.

M. Man fell.

10. Commenced his rejoinder.

K. Began his answer.

11. And what is the name of your employment there as far as hourly rate and financial reimbursement?

E. You mean how much do I make an hour?

12. Were you using any means to enhance your ability to observe what was transpiring?

J. Were you using binoculars?

13. Called into requisition the services of the family physition.

H. Sent for the doctor.

Exercise 2.

A. learned :: neutral

B. learned/bookish/official :: slang

C. (special) terminology :: neutral

D. slang :: neutral

E. slanguage (professional / social) :: neutral

F. vulgar :: literary (bookish) :: neutral

1. C (optical examination :: looked at)

2. C (Headaches and acute subluxation complex of the cervical spine associated with radiculitis, myositis and spasms of the crvical paravertebral musculature :: neck strain)

3. D (quick one :: drink)

4. A (mean :: endeavoring to convey)

5. B (off his rocker :: cerebral excitement)

6. E (feather his props)

7. (to carry into execution :: executed :: you got 30 years)

8. D

bag the za - slang

cancel the pizza - neutral

bag the pizza - slang

don't bag the pizza - neutral

9. E

vulgar: crock of shit (not sure, but what belongs to this group if not this)

literary (bookish): stinketh (? archaic form), odour, vessel of fertilizer, that which aids plant growth, promoteth growth,

neutral: container of excrement (? maybe bookish), very strong, strength, very strong, very powerful, powerful new plan, promote the growth and efficiency, pail of dung

Соседние файлы в предмете Лексикология