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  1. Turkey (facts and statistics, language, society and culture: Islam, etiquette and customs).

Facts and Statistics

Location: Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan (На­хи­че­ванс­кая Ав­то­ном­ная Рес­пуб­ли­ка) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea (Эгейское море) is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia (проливы, разделяющие Фракию и Анатолию); they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location between Europe and Asia has retained its geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history

Capital: Ankara

Largest city Istanbul

Official language Turkish

Climate: The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters.The coastal areas bordering (прибрежные районы, граничащие) the Black Sea have a temperate oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation (атмосферные осадки) and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year.

Population: 79,463,663 (2016 est.) (18th)

People :About 80 million people live in Turkey. Most of them are ethnic Turks. About 15% are ethnic Kurds. Many refugees fromSyria (over 2 million) live in Turkey because they have run away from the Syrian civil war.

Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews) Despite the fact that after the reforms of Ataturk, Turkey is officially a secular state, religion in the country is essential. Many Turkish traditions based on Sharia law. Adab(Исламский этикет) requires to wear modest clothing and take off your shoes when visiting mosques. Women are prescribed wearing clothing, covering most of the body. Nevertheless, Turkey is largely secular country.

The reforms of Kemal Ataturk led to the fact that in the country fairly strictly observed the principle of separation of religion and state. On the streets of many cities can be seen as a women wearing a burqa (паранджа) and women dressed in modern western style. Jeans and miniskirts are not uncommon. On the streets of the cities one can often see western and local advertising with elements of eroticism, which is contrary to the requirements of Islam.

Government:  Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic (Унитарное парламентская конституционная республика)

• President Tayyip Erdoğan (Тайи́п Эрдога́н)

• Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım (Бинали Йылдырым)

The Turkish Language

The official language, Turkish, is the first language spoken by 90% population. Minority languages include Kurdish, spoken by 6% of the population. Arabic is spoken by 1.2% of the Turkish population; most of those speakers are bilingual Arabic and Turkish speakers. Other minority languages include Circassian (черкесский), spoken by more than 0.09% throughout the country, Greek, Armenian

.Modern Turkey's warm and varied climate lets many kinds of food crops grow, and livestock and forestry are important industries. Turkey makes enough food to feed itself. Turkish manufactures include airplanes, electronics, cars, clothing and textiles for home and for other countries. Turkey is a popular place for tourists to visit. It has hundreds of kilometers of beautiful beaches on its Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, and many important historical places. However, terrorist attacks during the 2010s have reduced its popularity.

The emergence of the country as we know it

On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished (упраздненный) the Sultanate, thus(таким образом) ending 623 years of monarchical Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne(Лозаннский договор) of 24 July 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital.

Turkish Society and Culture

Islam

Islam is the religion of the majority of Turks although the state is fiercely secular. Islam emanated from what is today Saudi Arabia. The Prophet Muhammad is seen as the last of God's emissaries (following in the footsteps of Jesus, Moses, Abraham, etc) to bring revelation to mankind (откровением для человечества). He was distinguished (прославился, отличился) with bringing a message for the whole of mankind, rather than just to a certain peoples. As Moses brought the Torah and Jesus the Bible, Muhammad brought the last book, the Quran. The Quran and the actions of the Prophet (the Sunnah) are used as the basis for all guidance (руководства) in the religion.

Among certain obligations for Muslims are to pray five times a day - at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening. The exact time is listed in the local newspaper each day. Friday is the Muslim holy day although this is not practised in Turkey. However, most males will attend the congregational afternoon prayer. During the holy month of Ramazan all Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk (от рассвета до заката). Fasting includes no eating, drinking, cigarette smoking, or gum chewing

Etiquette & Customs in Turkey

Meeting and Greeting Etiquette

  • When meeting shake hands firmly(крепко). When departing (уезжаешь) it is not always customary to shake hands although it is practised occasionally.

  • Friends and relations would greet each other with either one or two kisses on the cheek. Elders are always respected by kissing their right hand then placing the forehead onto the hand.

  • When entering a room, if you are not automatically met by someone greet the most elderly or most senior first. At social occasions greet the person closest to you then work your way around the room or table anti-clockwise.

  • Greet people with either the Islamic greeting of 'Asalamu alaykum' (peace be upon you) or «merhaba», 'Nasilsiniz' (How are you? pronounced na-sul-su-nuz). Other useful phrases are

  • 'Gunaydin' (Good Morning, pronounced goon-ay-dun), 'iyi gunler' (Good Day, pronounced ee-yee gun-ler) or 'Memnun Oldum' (pleased to meet you).