Seminar No 8, 9, 10-1

Seminar No 8

Lexico-semantic Expressive Means

and Stylistic Devices: Figures of Combination

• Similes

Which of the following statements contain similes?

• It was as flat as a pancake. плocкий кaк блин;

This is a simile.

'It' is being compared to 'a pancake'.

• There was as much as you could eat.

This is not a simile.

No comparison of two things is being made.

• She was as bright as a button. нарядный

This is a simile.

'She' is being compared to 'a button'.

• As if I would do a thing like that!

This is not a simile.

No two things are being compared.

• Where the bee sucks, there suck I.

This is not a simile.

No two things are being compared.

• О my love is like a red, red rose.

This is a simile.

The 'love' is being compared to a 'rose'.

• Oxymoron

Which of these statements contain oxymoron?.

• No light, but rather darkness visible.

The oxymoron is darkness visible.

• 'I like a smuggler. He's the only honest thief.' Мне нравится контрабандист. Он единственный честный вор.

The oxymoron is honest thief.

• He was condemned to a living death.

The oxymoron is living death.

• Here's much to do with hate, but more with love. Why then, О brawling love! О loving hate! О скандальная любовь! О любящая ненависть!

The oxymorons are brawling love and loving hate.

• "Make mine a wiskey sour, please!"

There is no oxymoron here.

The term 'wiskey sour' is simply the name of a drink.

• The shackles of an old love straiten'd him,His honour rooted in dishonour stood,And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true. оковы старой любви стеснен его, Его честь укоренились в уничижении стоял, И вера неверная держали его ложно верно.

The oxymorons here are faith unfaithful and falsely true.

Bonus point for spotting honour rooted in dishonour as a paradox.

• Paradox

Which of these statements contain a paradox?

-A mixture of sound and silence pervades the shady part of the wood. Смесь звука и тишины пронизывает теневую часть дерева. Paradox

-She's got her knickers in a twist over this issue. Она получила ее трусики в поворот над этим вопросом. Paradox

-A libel may be all the more a libel, for being true. Клевета может быть ещё более клеветой, за то, что это правда. Paradox

-A paradox is simply that which contradicts popular opinion or which in too many cases is a false opinion. Парадокс в том, что просто что противоречит общественное мнение или что в слишком многих случаях это ложное мнение.

-The dullness of the book is increased in proportion to the density, and it becomes ten times more tedious by its compression. Тупость книги увеличивается пропорционально плотности, и она становится в десять раз более утомительным ее сжатием. Paradox

-He has a powerful weakness for drink. Oxymoron

Assignment 1. Match each figure of combination with its main stylistic feature:

1. Simile. 2. Synonyms. 3. Oxymoron. 4. Antithesis. 5. Climax. 6. Anti­climax. 7. Zeugma. 8. Pun.

1. 5. a figure of ascending arrangement of emotional, qualitative, or quanti­tative features of the referent under description;

1. 4. a figure of contrast at the level of two semantically opposite phrases;

2. 2. identity is expressed in the words with similar meanings;

3. 8. a play on homonymic or polysemantic words;

2. 1. a figure of identity consisting in expressive comparison of two belong­ing to different semantic classes objects which have something in common;

6. 6. a figure of inequality realised in decreasing significance, importance or emotional tension of narration;

7. 3. a figure of contrast based on the combination of semantically incom­patible, almost antonymous words describing one referent;

H) 7. an at least three-component figure of inequality, in which the basic component forms with the adjacent ones both a metaphoric expression and a free word combination.

Assignment 3. Paraphrase the following cases of simile, indicate positive or negative connotation:

1) like a squirrel in a cage; как белка в колесе bustle суетиться 2) (as) light as a butterfly; бездумный, легкомысленный (ср. порхает как мотылёк) frivolous careless легкомысленный 3) (as) fussy as a hen with one chick; носится как курица с яйцом pay too much attention 4) (as) gaunt as a grey-hound/ as bone; худой, как борзая Very thin 5) (as) gaudy as a peacock; разодетый в пух и прах, (as) разряженный, (as) расфранченный, (as) расфуфыренный overdressed 6) (as) gentle as a lamb; кроткий как овечка, кроткий как ягнёнок gentle

indecisive 7) like a boiled rag; быть измученным, как выжатый лимон, exhausted, tired out 8) like a fighting-cock; жить в роскоши, жить припеваючи; ≈ кататься как сыр в масле live in luxury 9) like a fish out of water; быть не в своей стихии, чувствовать себя не в своей тарелке feel uncomfortable 10) like a million dollars; чувствовать себя на все сто feel confident look nice 11) (as) firm/ steady as a rock; твёрдый как скала Stubborn, does not change decisions 12) like swine; как свинья, untidy 13) (as) clear as mud; дело ясное, что дело тёмное terribly confused, completely incomprehensible 14) (as) black as a thunder cloud; мрачнее тучи upset 15) (as) fleet as a deer. быстроногий как лань Fast

Assignment 4. Out of the following expressions determine those, which represent: 1) oxymoron; 2) antithesis. Point out other stylistic devices:

1. A little body often harbours a great soul. "в маленьком теле часто таится великая душа" antithesis 2. Sprinting towards the elevator he felt amazed at his own cowardly courage. Бег на длинную дистанцию к лифту, он почувствовал, поражен его собственной трусливой храбростью. oxymoron 3. Little pigeons can carry great messages. Мал, да удал antithesis 4. To know everything is to know nothing. Знать все значит ничего не знать. antithesis 5. The play was awfully funny. oxymoron 6. She pleased his eyes and plagued his heart. Она радует глаза и мучают его сердце. Antithesis 7. The pleasures of the mighty are the tears of the poor. Удовольствия великих это слёзы бедных. antithesis 8. A friend to all is a friend to none. Друг, всем, друг никому. antithesis 9. A joke never gains an enemy but often loses a friend. Шутка никогда не получает врага, но часто теряет друга. antithesis 10. The garage was full of nothing. Гараж был полон ничего. oxymoron 11. The furthest way about is the nearest way home. Дальше всего о том, ближайший путь домой antithesis 12. False friends are worse than open enemies. antithesis 13. He is so full of himself that he is quite empty. antithesis 14. There's a change coming, Erik. Any blind man can see that. Там в назревающие изменения, Эрик. Любой слепой может видеть, что. antithesis 15. Old Jolyon seemed master of perennial youth. oxymoron Старый Джолион казался мастером вечной молодежи 16. The fool does think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool. Дурак действительно думает, что он мудр, но мудрый человек знает себя как глупый. antithesis 17. Good words cost nothing and are worth much. antithesis 18. Better a lean peace than a fat victory. худой мир лучше доброй ссоры antithesis 19. Cheapest is the dearest. antithesis Самый дешевый самый дорогой.20. Better a glorious death than a shameful life. antithesis 21. The newly planted trees wouldn't stand the gentle violence of the wind. oxymoron Вновь посаженные деревья не выдержали нежное насилие ветра. 22. The speaking silence grew oppressive. Говоря тишина росла гнетущей. oxymoron 23. The picture was horribly beautiful. oxymoron 24. Don't use big words. They mean so little. antithesis

Assignment 6. Suggest the missing parts of the humorous re­plies based on pun of the meanings of the underlined words:

1. "Hasn't Harvey ever married?" - ".. No, and I don’t think he intends to. , because he's studying for a bachelor's degree." bachelor n ['bætʃələ] — 1. холостяк,2. бакалавр (низшая ученая степень)

2. "Did you have any luck сопутствовала удача на охоте, hunting tigers in India?" - ".. Marvelous luck. Didn't come across a single tiger." чудесно повезло не встретить одного тигра

3. "What, your son is an undertaker? I thought you said he was a doc­tor?" - "No, I said he followed (как последовал за мед профессией, и как его профессия это следующее, что следует за медициной)  the medical profession..." Что, твой сын гробовщик? Я думал, ты сказал, что он был врачом? "-" Нет, я сказал, что он последовал медицинской профессии "

4. "What is the meaning of the word 'matrimony' бракосочетание?" - "Father says it isn’t a word., it's a sentence." (Предложение, приговор)

5. "What model(модель, марка, тип) is his car?" -". It isn't a model (модель, образец, эталон);..; it's a horrible example."

Assignment 7. Distinguish between: 1) irony; 2) zeugma; 3) pun. Point out other stylistic devices:

1. For my own part, I swim like a stone. irony 2. Joe's been putting two and two together to make a million. zeugma 3. Bookcases covering one wall boasted a half-shelf of literature. zeugma 4. "Lord Henry, I am not at all surprised that the world says that you are extremely wicked." - "But what world says that?" asked Lord Henry, elevating his eyebrows. "It can only be the next world. This world and I are on excellent terms." Лорд Генри,я совсем не удивлен,что весь свет утверждает,что вы крайне порочны." -"Почему они такого мнения?"-спросил Лорд Генри,приподнимая брови. Так может утверждать только тот свет. Этот свет и я в прекрасных отношениях." Pun

5. Last time it was a nice, simple, Euro­pean-style war. В прошлый раз это была отличная,простая,в европейском стиле война. irony 6. Your project is just fit for the wastepaper basket. Твой проэкт ну просто никудышный irony 7. He is really now a gentleman of the three outs: out of pocket, out of elbow, out of credit. теперь джентельмен трех "без" - без денег, без одежды без доверия. Pun 8. Yes, he is my blood cousin, seven times removed. Он мой двоюродный брат по крови, семьюродный. Irony 9. Telling of a member expelled from her club, a woman said: "They dismembered her." Говоря об участнике, исключенного из ее клуба, женщина сказала: "Они исключать ее."( или все таки расчленили pun 10. "Unmaried?" - "Twice." Irony 11. The quickest way to break a bad habit is to drop it бросить. pun 12. The man who is always asking for a loan займ is always left alone. zeugma 13. Father to daughter's suitor ухажёр: "My daughter says you have that certain something в тебе что-то поределённо есть, but I wish you had something certain имел что-то определённое!" pun 14. (She, tearfully) -"You said if I'd marry you you'd be humbly grateful." - (He, sourly) - "Well, what of it?" - (She) - "You're not; you're grumbly hateful." (Она, со слезами на глазах) - "Вы сказали, что если бы я выйду за тебя ты будешь смиренно благодарен." - (Он, недовольно) - "Ну, что это?" - (Она) - "Ты не, ты grumbly ненавистно." pun

15. (an epitaph on Sir John Strange) Here lies an honest lawyer, and that is Strange. Здесь лежит честный юрист, и это Странно" irony

Seminars No 9, 10

Stylistic Syntax: Syntactic Expressive Means

and Stylistic Devices

Assignment 1. Pick out the syntactic stylistic devices based on a) reduction сокращение уменьшение, b) extension of the sentence model расширение модели предложения:

1) interaction of syntactic structures in contex a rhetoric question; 2) extension polysyndeton; 3) interaction of syntactic structures in contex parceling; 4) based on change of word order detachment; 5) extension repetition; 6) extension tautology; 7) reduction aposiopesis; 8) based on change of word order inversion; 9) reduction an apokoinu con­struction; 10) reduction ellipsis; 11) reduction asyndeton; 12) extension enumeration; 13) reduction a nominative sen­tence; 14) parallel constructions.

Assignment 2. Point out separately the cases of 1) elliptical sen­tences, 2) nominative sentences, 3) apokoinu constructions:

1. Malay Camp. A row of streets crossing another row of streets. nominative sentences (P. Abra­hams). 2. "What did you divorce your husband for?" - "Two hundred dollars a month." elliptical sen­tences 3. "Don't you think he's rather good-looking?" - "In a way." -"What kind of a way?" - "Away off." elliptical sen­tences Не думаете ли вы, что он достаточно хорош собой?" - "В некотором смысле." - "Какой путь?" - "Прочь прочь. 4. There was no door led into the kitchen. apokoinu constructions (Sh. Anderson). 5. The day passed on. Noon, afternoon, evening. Sunset. nominative sentences (J. Galsworthy). 6. He was the man killed the deer. apokoinu constructions (R. P. Warren).

Assignment 3. Pick out tautology in the following sentences:

1. Pain, even slight pain, tends to isolate. Pain, such as he had to suffer, cuts the last links with society. (S. Chaplin). 2. The widow Douglas, she took me for her son. (M. Twain). 3. "What's the matter?" - "Nothing ... every­thing ... it's good news ... news ... well, Jean's much better. 4. And - now my Arvie's gone. Whatever will I and my children do? Whatever will I do? What­ever will I do?.. (H. Lawson). 5.1 can say no more, but blessings, blessings on all in the dear house I leave, prays. (W Thackeray).

Assignment 4. Supply the missing words to indicate cases of rep­etition. Define the repetition types:

1. Avoid evil and it will ...avoid.. you. Когда хочешь себе добра, то никому не делай зла. Consequantive 2. Live not to ..eat.. but eat to live. Chiasmus 3. A ..Place... for everything and everything in its place. Fraiming 4. The alarm swept from lip to lip, from group to group, from street to street Тревога охватила от губы до губы, от группы к группе, от улицы к улице Consquative (M. Twain). 5. Nothing will come of ..nothing... Framing . 6. what is lost is lost. Epifora 1) Общая лексика: что с возу упало, то пропало. 7. the worst has come to worst на худой конец. Consequantive8. God defend me from my friends; from my enemies I can .defend.... myself. Consequantive 9. He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself  Consequantive Кто собою не управит, тот и другого на разум не наставит.. 10. He that hatches matches catches matches. Epiphora Не рой другому яму 11. If the mountain will not come to Mahammed, .Mahammed.... must go to the mountain.....Chiasmus 12. .Talking.... to you is like talking to the wall. Anafora 13. It was a ghost of a train, a Flying Dutchman of a train, a nightmare of a train.. это был поезд-призрак,поезд из ночных кошмаров,Летучий голландец среди поездов. Consequative (R. Davis). 14. Nothing comes from ..Nothing... Framing 15. "That's a fine open mind you've got there!" "Open mind, my eye! We didn't come with ..open mind... Consequantive (M. Wilson). 16.  habit cures habit. Framing Пословица: стерпится, слюбится, клин клином вышибается 17. It's queer that you should be so different from Violet. Violet's as hard as nails. Linking Это странно, что вы должны быть настолько отличается от Violet. Вайолет столь же закалённая (B. Shaw). 18. a crooked stick throws a crooked shadow. Anafora Кривая палка откидывает кривую тень.

Assignment 6. Determine stylistic and communicative functions of detachment обособление; define the types of repetition in the following sentences:

1. You know what I mean. You look like a million dollars, I mean(detachement). Epifora. (A. Sax-ton). 2.1 have seen old Flint in the comer there, behind you (detachement); as plain as print, I've seen him (detachement). Framing (R. Stevenson). 3. "Serious from my heart - from my soul! (detachement)" returned Mr. Winkle, with great energy. (Ch. Dickens). 4. "In a barrack, by Jove (detachement) -1 wish anybody in a barrack would say what you do," cried out this uproused British lion. Anafora (W Thackeray). 5. Now(detachement), although we were little and I certainly couldn't be dreaming of taking Fonny from her or anything like that, and although she didn't really love Fonny, only thought that she was supposed to because she had spasmed him into this world, already (detachement), Fonny's mother didn't like me. Consequantive (J. Baldwin).

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