- •© Коллектив авторов, 2008
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Вводно-коррективный курс Алфавит
- •Общие правила чтения согласных
- •Правила чтения гласных в I и II типах слога
- •Exercises
- •Прочтите слова, обращая внимание на чтение гласных в I типе слога:
- •Прочтите слова, обращая внимание на чтение согласных: с, g, s, X, sh:
- •Чтение гласных в III и IV типах слога Exercises
- •Правила чтения гласных в III типе слога (в ударном положении перед буквой r).
- •Правила чтения гласных в IV типе слога
- •Прочтите слова, обращая внимание на чтение согласных: sh, ch, tch, j, wh, th, qu, ng, nk:
- •Сводная таблица чтения гласных в I, II, III и IV типах слога
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Расположите слова в алфавитном порядке:
- •Повторите правила чтения по таблицe 7:
- •Повторите правила чтения по таблицe 9:
- •Повторите правила чтения по таблицe10:
- •Правила слогоделения
- •Словесное ударение
- •Познакомьтесь с правилами словесного ударения и прочтите упражнения на правильное оформление словесного ударения. (таблица 11).
- •Напишите транскрипцию к следующим словам и прочитайте их, обращая внимание на акцентную структуру. Обозначьте ударный гласный:
- •Topic: family Topical Vocabulary
- •Our Family
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the text and answer the questions on it.
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •3. Translate into English:
- •4. Game: I've lost my friend.
- •5. Speak on the following topics:
- •Dialogue
- •An English Family
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the text and answer the questions:
- •4. Retell the text. Грамматика Порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении.
- •Спряжение глагола to be в неопределённых временах.
- •Спряжение глагола to have в неопределённых временах.
- •Спряжение глагола to do в неопределённых временах.
- •Типы сказуемых.
- •Значения глаголов to have и to bе.
- •Значения глагола to do
- •Безличные предложения
- •Exercises
- •1. Compose the sentences.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •Основные типы вопросительных предложений Общий вопрос. General Question
- •Специальный вопрос. Special Question
- •Альтернативный вопрос. Alternative Question
- •Разделительный вопрос. Disjunctive (or Tail) Question
- •Exercises
- •Составьте общие вопросы.
- •Составьте альтернативные вопросы.
- •Закончите предложения, используя разделительные вопросы.
- •Задайте
- •Задайте
- •Имя существительное. Образование множественного числа имен существительных.
- •Exercises
- •1. Give the plural of the following nouns:
- •3. Supply the missing words:
- •4. Use the appropriate form of the verb:
- •Притяжательный падеж имен существительных.
- •Exercises
- •1. Use 's or s' only where possible with these nouns:
- •2. What could we use in place of the words in brackets?
- •3. Rewrite these sentences using 's, s' or just an apostrophe:
- •Местоимения. Personal Pronouns. Личные местоимения
- •Притяжательные местоимения
- •Exercises
- •1. Fill in the blanks with personal pronouns:
- •2. Answer the questions, using "my - mine", "her - hers", etc.
- •3. Use the absolute form of the possessive pronoun in brackets.
- •6. Choose the correct form of the pronouns in brackets:
- •7. Choose the correct form of the pronouns in brackets:
- •Указательные местоимения
- •Exercises
- •1. Use the following
- •2. Insert this, that, these, those or it:
- •Возвратные местоимения
- •Exercises
- •1. Extend the statements following the model:
- •2. Insert a reflexive pronoun where necessary:
- •3. Complete these sentences using myself/yourself, etc.
- •Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения some, any, no, none (of), neither of.
- •Exercises
- •1. Put in some or any only where possible:
- •2. Supply some or any:
- •3. Supply the appropriate pronoun out of those given in brackets:
- •Употребление производных местоимений от “some, any, no”
- •Exercises
- •1. Supply anybody, anyone, nothing, anything, nobody, no one, somebody, someone или something, somewhere, anywhere:
- •Вопросительные местоимения
- •Exercises
- •1. Insert interrogative pronouns;
- •Относительные местоимения
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete these sentences with all, everything, everyone/everybody, the whole:
- •3. Complete these sentences with both/neither/either (of):
- •4. Make sentences with "both... And ..."(оба ... И ...), "neither... Пог..."(ни ... Ни ...), "either... Ог..."(или... Или...), using the words in brackets:
- •5. Use both, either or neither in the following sentences:
- •6. Use “every/each or either”
- •7. Use the correct form of the pronouns in brackets:
- •Topic: my flat Topical Vocabulary
- •Му Flat
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate into Russian:
- •5. Answer the questions:
- •6. Translate into English:
- •Dialogue 1
- •My Apartment
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •Dialogue 2 We are Building a House of Our Own
- •Exercises
- •1. Comprehension questions on the dialogue.
- •2. Make up questions to which the following sentences might be the answers.
- •Грамматика Оборот There is / There are
- •Exercises
- •1. Insert there is or there are in the necessary tense-form:
- •2. Make the sentences negative and ask all the types of questions to them:
- •3. Answer the following questions either in the negative or in the affirmative giving full and short answers. Use "a lot of" instead of "much, many" in the affirmative answers:
- •4. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
- •Артикль
- •Употребление артикля с именами существительными собственными
- •Употребление артикля с именами существительными вещественными и отвлеченными
- •Артикли с географическими названиями
- •Exercises
- •1. Supply "a/an" where necessary:
- •2. Supply "the" or "-":
- •3. Supply "a/an", "the" or "-":
- •5. Say what articles you would use for the italicized nouns in these situations:
- •Topic: my working day Topical Vocabulary
- •Text 1 My Daily Programme
- •Dialogue
- •Exercises
- •Give English equivalents for the following
- •Fill in the blanks with prepositions and adverbs where necessary:
- •A Very Energetic Woman
- •Exercises
- •Read the text and observe the use of “too” and “enough”. Fill in the blanks with either “too” or “enough”:
- •Tell your fellow-students about Martha’s daily routine.
- •Is your mother a busy woman? Tell your fellow-students about her daily routine.
- •My Leisure Time
- •Exercises
- •Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give additional information to prove your agreement or disagreement.
- •Грамматика Простые времена The Indefinite Tenses. Неопределенные времена
- •Exercises
- •2. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Indefinite:
- •3. Make the following sentences negative and ask all types of questions:
- •4. Answer the following questions using the Present Indefinite:
- •5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
- •The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense. Прошедшее неопределенное время
- •Exercises
- •1. Express the idea in the past (change the adverbials if necessary):
- •2. Make the following sentences negative and ask all types of questions:
- •3. Answer the following questions using the Past Indefinite:
- •The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense Будущее неопределенное время
- •Exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Indefinite:
- •3. Use the correct form of the verb in the adverbial clauses of time and condition:
- •4. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
- •1. Open the brackets:
- •2. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
- •Topic: food Topical Vocabulary
- •American Food
- •Exercises
- •Give English equivalents for:
- •Text 2 An Englishman’s Diary
- •Exercises
- •Dialogue 1. “Meals”
- •Dialogue 2. “In the Canteen”
- •Грамматика Numerals. Числительные
- •Чтение дат и дробей
- •Exercises
- •Choose the numerals in the singular or plural:
- •Read the following sentences:
- •Name the months of the year.
- •A) Translate the phrases from the box into Russian:
- •Many, much, few, a few, little, a little, a lot of, plenty of
- •Exercises
- •Choose between much and many, (a) little and (a) few to use in the following sentences:
- •Make the following sentences affirmative and replace many and much by suitable expressions:
- •Предлоги
- •Prepositions of Place. Предлоги места
- •Prepositions of Direction. Предлоги направления и движения
- •Exercises
- •Complete the sentences. Each time use in, at or on with one of the phrases given below: bed; sea; the National Theatre; a farm; hospital; school; prison; the airport; the cinema.
- •Fill in the blanks with the prepositions: to, into, or, from or by where necessary. Model: When are you going to Spain? Tom usually goes to work by car.
- •Prepositions of Time. Предлоги времени
- •Exercises
- •Translate into English:
- •Translate into English using the following prepositions of time:
- •Topic: shopping Topical Vocabulary
- •Carrie Goes to a Department Store
- •Exercises
- •Prepare the reading of the words
- •Buying Food
- •Exercises
- •1. Prepare the reading of the words:
- •Dialogue 1. “Shopping”
- •Dialogue 2. “Shopping”
- •Грамматика Прилагательное
- •Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
- •Exercises
- •1. Define the degrees.
- •3. Use the adjective in the comparative and superlative degree:
- •4. Give both comparative or superlative forms where possible:
- •5. Give both comparative or superlative forms where possible:
- •Наречия
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate the italicized adverbs into English:
- •2. Translate the italicized adverbs into English:
- •3. Give the comparative form:
- •Coordinate Conjunctions. Сочинительные союзы
- •Exercises
- •Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •Subordinate Conjunctions. Подчинительные союзы
- •Exercises
- •Translate into Russian paying attention to the conjunctions:
- •Topic: my university Topical Vocabulary
- •А Few Words About Му Institute and Му Studies
- •Dialogue 1
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate into Russian:
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •3. Translate into English:
- •4. Make the sentences interrogative according to the models:
- •5. Answer the questions according to the model:
- •Higher Education in Russia
- •Exercises
- •1. Prepare the text for test reading.
- •2. Give Russian equivalents for:
- •3. Give English equivalents for:
- •4. Translate into English:
- •Грамматика Continuous Tenses
- •Exercises
- •5. Translate into English:
- •6. Use the Present Continuous or the Present Indefinite Tense:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Translate into Russian:
- •9. Translate into English:
- •10. Use the Present or Past Indefinite or Continuous Tense:
- •11. Use the Past Indefinite or Continuous Tense
- •12. Translate into Russian:
- •13. Use the Future Continuous Tense where possible:
- •14. Translate into English:
- •15. Use the Future Indefinite or Future Continuous Tense:
- •16. Use the Present Indefinite, the Future Indefinite and the Future Continuous Tenses:
- •17. Use the Future Indefinite or Future Continuous Tense.
- •18. Open the brackets:
- •Topic: choosing a profession Topical Vocabulary
- •Choosing a Profession Exercises
- •1. Read text 1 and pick out from it English-Russian cognates. Guess what these words mean in sentences.
- •2. Read text 1 again and tell what it is about.
- •Careers Exercises
- •3. Write English equivalents of the following words and phrases:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •5. Make up the topic "My Speciality".
- •Dialogue
- •Грамматика Modal Verbs «can», «may», «must», «need», «to have to», «to be to»
- •«May» - могу
- •«Must» - должен
- •«Need» - надо, нужно
- •«To have to» - приходиться
- •Present Indefinite
- •Past Indefinite
- •Future Indefinite
- •Exercises
- •1. Repeat after the teacher or the tape:
- •2. Read the following text and analyse the use of modal verbs:
- •3. Answer the following questions:
- •4. Form questions to the following statements:
- •5. Make the following sentences interrogative and ask one of the students to answer them in the negative:
- •6. Use mustn't or needn't to fill the spaces in the following sentences:
- •7. Use may or must to fill the spaces in the following sentences. Pay attention to the Russian equivalents of the modal verbs:
- •8. Fill in each blank with one of the given verbs: must, can, may:
- •9. Make sentences of your own according to the pattern:
- •10. Read and retell the story:
- •11. Translate into English.
- •Topic: moscow Topical Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Practice the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Find in the text the English equivalents for:
- •Translate the following words and word combinations:
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. True or false?
- •3. Add more information:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with necessary phrases or words:
- •5. Ask the questions to the words which are in italics:
- •Geographical Position of Moscow
- •Dialogue 1:
- •Dialogue 2 About Moscow
- •Грамматика
- •Употребление Present Perfect Tense
- •Употребление Past Perfect Tense
- •Exercises
- •1. Open the brackets using Present Perfect:
- •2. Open the brackets using either Present Perfect or Past Indefinite:
- •3. Insert the prepositions since/for:
- •5. Choose Present Perfect or Past Indefinite with 'since':
- •6. Translate into English:
- •7. Translate into Russian:
- •8. Add sentences to show the priority:
- •9. Open the brackets using either the Past Perfect or Past Indefinite Tense:
- •10. Translate using the Past Indefinite or Past Perfect Tense:
- •Topic: bryansk Topical Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents for:
- •2. Translate into Russian:
- •Bryansk
- •Exercises
- •Answer the following questions:
- •2. True or false:
- •3. Add some more information:
- •4. Translate into English:
- •The Museum of Crystal in Dyatkovo
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions:
- •True or false:
- •Speak in brief about:
- •4. Reproduce the following micro dialogues:
- •Грамматика The Present Perfect Continuous Tense (настоящее совершенно - длительное время)
- •Употребление Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •The Past Perfect Continuous Tense (прошедшее совершенно - длительное время)
- •Употребление Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate into Russian:
- •2. Make the sentences interrogative and negative:
- •3. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
- •4. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
- •5. Choose the tense form:
- •6. Replace the infinitives by the Present Indefinite, (the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect, or the Present Perfect Continuous:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Translate into Russian:
- •9. Open the brackets using the Past Indefinite, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous Tenses:
- •10. Replace the infinitives by the Past Perfect, the Past Perfect Continuous or the Past Indefinite as required:
- •Topic: london Topical Vocabulary
- •Text 1 London
- •Exercises
- •2. Match the appropriate preposition from the list given below:
- •4. Complete the following sentences:
- •6. Agree or disagree. Give your grounds:
- •7. Answer the following questions:
- •8. Complete the following sentences:
- •Exercises
- •1. Practise in reading :
- •2. Give Russian equivalents for:
- •The Capital
- •Exercises
- •1. Give English equivalents for:
- •2. Find another way of expressing the parts in bold type:
- •3. Find the wrong statement.
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •Грамматика Пассивный (страдательный) залог
- •Exercises. Indefinite Tenses
- •1. State the type of the passive construction and translate the following sentences:
- •2. Turn the following active constructions into passive:
- •3. Supply the required passive forms of the verbs in brackets:
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English concentrating on the use of the Passive Voice:
- •Exercises. Continuous Tenses
- •1. State the type of the passive construction and translate the following sentences:
- •2. Turn the following active constructions into passive:
- •3. Supply the required passive forms of the verbs in brackets:
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English concentrating on the use of the Passive Voice:
- •Exercises. Perfect Tenses
- •1. State the type of the passive construction and translate the following sentences:
- •2. Turn the following active constructions into passive:
- •3. Supply the required passive forms of the verbs in brackets:
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English concentrating on the use of the Passive Voice:
- •Topic: washington Topical Vocabulary
- •Text 1 Washington, d.C., New York
- •Exercises
- •Practise in reading:
- •Prepare the reading of the words:
- •Give Russian equivalents for:
- •Give English equivalents for:
- •Insert prepositions or adverbs where required:
- •Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from those given below:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Dialogue
- •Text 2 Washington, d.C. (District of Columbia)
- •Exercises
- •Practiсe in reading:
- •Prepare the reading of the words:
- •3. Answer the following questions:
- •4. Agree or disagree. Give your grounds:
- •Грамматика Согласование времен
- •Случаи отклонения от правил последовательности времен
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying special attention to the tenses of the subordinate clauses:
- •2. Open the brackets using necessary forms of the verbs:
- •4. Translate into English paying attention to the Sequence of Tenses:
- •5. Translate into English paying attention to the Sequence of Tenses:
- •Прямая и косвенная речь
- •Обращение прямой речи в косвенную
- •Вопросительное предложение
- •Повелительное предложение
- •Exercises
- •1. Render in indirect speech:
- •2. Render in indirect speech:
- •3. Render in indirect speech:
- •4. Render in indirect speech using any subject in the principal clauses:
- •5. Render in indirect speech:
- •6. Restore direct speech in the following sentences:
- •7. Render in indirect speech:
- •8. Render in indirect speech the following general questions using the principal clauses in brackets:
- •9. Render in indirect speech:
- •10. Render in indirect speech the following general questions using the principal clauses in brackets:
- •11. Render the following dialogue in indirect speech:
- •12. Render the following dialogue in indirect speech:
- •13. Render the following dialogue in indirect speech:
- •14. Render the following dialogue in indirect speech:
- •15. Render the following dialogue in indirect speech:
- •Topic: the russian federation Topical Vocabulary
- •Text 1 The Russian Federation
- •Exercises
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •3. Make up the dialogues discussing the following.
- •The Russian Federation
- •Exercises
- •Practise in reading:
- •Prepare the reading of the words:
- •Give Russian equivalents for:
- •Give English equivalents for:
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Грамматика Причастие
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the form of the Participle. State the function of the Participle in the sentence.
- •2. Match the columns:
- •3. Join the sentences using the Participles and making all the necessary changes in the sentences using the model.
- •4. Choose the right variant and translate:
- •5. Translate from Russian into English, using the Participle:
- •Topic: great britain Topical Vocabulary
- •The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents for:
- •The Political System of the uk
- •Exercises
- •1. Which of these capital cities are the capitals of independent states: Edinburgh, Belfast, Dublin, Cardiff, London?
- •2. Make up sentences from these words:
- •Dialogue 1
- •Dialogue 2
- •Грамматика Инфинитив. Инфинитивные конструкции.
- •Continuous Tenses
- •Exercises
- •1. Point out what part of the sentence the infinitive is and whether is has a noun of a verb function:
- •Topic: the usa Topical Vocabulary
- •Location
- •The Political System
- •The Constitution
- •Federalism
- •Three Branches of Government
- •The American People
- •The Situation Today
- •Exercises
- •Dialogue 1
- •Dialogue 2
- •Грамматика Герундий. The Gerund.
- •Exercises
- •1. Change the following clauses into the Gerund Constructions:
- •2. Translate into English, using the Gerund Constructions:
- •3. Translate into English using the Gerund:
- •Сослагательное наклонение Сослагательное I
- •Exercises
- •1. Analyse the forms of Subjunctive I. Translate into English:
- •2. Analyse the forms of Subjunctive I. Translate into English:
- •3. Analyse the forms of Subjunctive I. Translate into English:
- •Сослагательное II
- •Сослагательное наклонение в сложном предложении с придаточным условия (нереальным)
- •Усилительная конструкция It is (was)… that…
- •Exercises
- •1. Form complex sentences. Use the Subjunctives.
- •The List of Irregular Verbs
- •References:
- •241036, Г. Брянск, ул. Бежицкая,14
Topic: moscow Topical Vocabulary
to spread- простираться magnificent cathedral-великолепный собор
vast area-обширная площадь monument to-памятник к.-л.
to be nothing but-быть ничем иным, как department store-универмаг
however-однако to face-выходить на
fortress-крепость to be located-быть расположенным
amid woods and marshes-среди лесов и болот to mean-означать
to found-основывать to burn-жечь
to name after-назвать в честь ancient-древний
frontier settlement-пограничное поселение church-церковь
in the course of time-с течением времени masterpiece-шедевр
century-век crowds of tourists-толпы туристов
wealthy city-богатый город educational institution-учебное заведение
to suffer invasions-страдать от нашествий
research institution-научно-исследовательское учреждение
to destroy-разрушать technical college-техникум
to rise from ashes-подниматься из пепла
a huge number of smth.-большое количество
heart-сердце
secondary and vocational schools-средние школы и училища
major-крупный archive-архив
leading branch of industry-ведущая отрасль промышленности
to be world famous (for smth.)-быть всемирно известным
(to be) well known for smth.-быть хорошо известным
to be a source of nation-wide pride-являться источником национальной гордости
to attract-привлевать
to become a scene of smth.-стать местом проведения ч.-л.
from all over the world-со всего мира railway station-ж/д вокзал
sight/ place of interest-достопримечательность airport-аэропорт
to consider-считать fascinating city-очаровательный город
Exercises
-
Practice the pronunciation of the following words:
Moscow, Russia, the Moscow River, the Kremlin, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, the Tatar invasion, Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, St. Petersburg, Napoleon, the USSR, the Russian Federation, the Academy of Sciences, the Lenin Library, the Bolshoi Theatre, the Maly Theatre, Red Square, the Spasskaya Tower.
-
Find in the text the English equivalents for:
с трудом, купол, проспект, первоначальное поселение, хроника, торговый город, быть захваченным, строить укрепления, период упадка, рабочая сила, машиностроение, электронное оборудование, автоматика, распространить свою власть, при Иване Грозном.
-
Translate the following words and word combinations:
educational centre, population, to be situated, Prince, to be fortified, to be destroyed, to transfer, the main target, to be employed in, metallurgy, textiles, archive, a tourist attraction, chemical and petrochemical industries, footwear.
Text 1
Moscow
You can hardly imagine the history of Russia without Moscow. Moscow is the capital of Russia, its administrative, economic, political and educational centre. It is the largest metropolitan area in Russia with the population of about 10 million people, one of the largest cities in the world. The city is situated on low hills on the banks of the Moscow River. Its total area is about nine hundred square kilometers.
The original settlement of Moscow was founded where the Kremlin now stands by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. It was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1147. It is the official date of the foundation of Moscow, though the settlement had been there for some time before.
Then, it was fortified and in the late 12th century it became a market town. The town was almost totally destroyed in 1237 and 1293 during the Tatar invasion. In the early 14th century Moscow became the political and religious centre of the north-eastern part of Russia. It was again captured by the Tatars in 1382. By the end of the 15th century, Moscow extended its rule over most of central and northern Russia. Its rulers continued to build fortifications around it.
In the 16th century, under Ivan the Terrible, Moscow became the capital of the state of Muscovy. In the 18th century Peter the Great transferred the capital to St. Petersburg. This transfer brought a period of decline to Moscow. But all the same it remained the heart of Russia. That is why it was the main target of Napoleon's attack in 1812. During the war of 1812 three quarters of the city were destroyed by the fire. But by the middle of the 19th century Moscow was completely rebuilt and it became a centre for industry and commerce, as well as a leading cultural, scientific and political centre.
After the October Revolution Moscow received again the status of capital of the USSR, and then, in 1991, of Russia. The present-day Moscow is the seat of the government of the Russian Federation. President of Russia lives and works here; government offices are located here, too.
Also, Moscow is Russia's largest industrial city. Nearly 30 percent of the city's workforce is employed in industry. Some of Russia's largest plants are located in or around Moscow. Metallurgy, metal processing and engineering are the largest industrial sectors. Other large sectors are textiles, clothing and footwear, chemical and petrochemical industries, electronic instruments and automation equipment.
Moscow is a leading cultural centre as well. It is the seat of the Academy of Sciences. Russian largest University, over 80 scientific research institutions, technical colleges and academies of music and art are situated here. There is the Lenin Library with one of the largest and richest archives in the world, over 80 museums, the famous Bolshoi and Maly Theatres.
Moscow is the main tourist attraction, where everyone can admire its straight and broad streets and avenues, theatres and museums, parks and squares, monuments to famous people, churches and cathedrals. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. Everybody knows this place because Kremlin is situated here. Now the main Kremlin Tower, the Spasskaya Tower has become the symbol of the country.
In 1997 the city of white stone and golden domes celebrated the 850th anniversary.