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1. Comment on the main rules of Reported Speech.

-Indirect speech is the act of reporting something that was said, but not using exactly the same words.

-When direct speech is changed into indirect speech:

2. 1st person -> the 3rd person; the 2nd -> the 1st or 3rd. If the speaker reports his or her own words, the pronouns are naturally not changed.

3. Here -> there.

This -> that

these -> those.

Now -> then, at that time (moment), or -

Today -> that day.

Yesterday -> the day before / on the previous day.

Ago -> before.

A year ago -> a year before.

Last night -> the previous night.

4. If the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense, the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of tenses:

5. auxiliary may, may -> might if the verb in the principal clause is in a past tense.

2. Comment on the formation and use of the PassiveVoice. + найти его в каком-то тексте.

The passive voice in English is composed of two elements:

the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' + past participle.

Using:

• Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not want to express who performed the action.

• The passive voice is often used in formal texts. Using of the active voice will make your writing clearer and easier to read.

• If we want to say who or what performs the action while using the passive voice, we use the preposition by.

3. Use of uncountable nouns.

Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form.(tea,sugar…) We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To express a quantity of an uncountable noun, use a word or expression like some, a lot of, much, a bit of etc.

ex:

  • Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?

4.Morphological composition of nouns.

According to their morphological composition we distinguish simple, derivative and compound nouns.

1. Simple nouns are nouns which have neither prefixes nor suffixes. Ex: chair, table, room, map, fish, work.

2. Derivative nouns are nouns which have derivative elements (prefixes or suffixes or both): reader, sailor, blackness, childhood,misconduct, inexperience.

Productive noun-forming suffixes are:

-er: reader, teacher, worker

-ist: communist, telegraphist, dramatist

-ess: heiress, hostess, actress

-ness: carelessness, madness, blackness

-ism: socialism, nationalism, imperialism

Unproductive suffixes are:

-hood: childhood, manhood

-dom: freedom

-ship: friendship, relationship

-merit: development

-ance: importance

-ence: dependence

-ty: cruelty

-ity: generosity

5.Find adjectives in the text. State their morphological composition. Give the definition of the adjective.

The adjective is a word expressing a quality of a substance.

Morphological composition of the adjective.

Adjectives are divided into simple, derivative and compound.

1. Simple adjectives are adjectives which have neither prefixes nor suffixes. They are indecomposable: e. g. good, red, black.

2. Derivative adjectives are adjectives which have derivative elements, suffixes or prefixes or both: beautiful, foolish, hopeless, unkind, unimportant.

3. Compound adjectives are adjectives built from two or more stems.

The main types of compound adjectives are as follows:

(a) noun-stem + adjective-stem: snow-white.

(b) noun-stem + participle-stem: life-giving, smoke-dried.

(c) adjective-stem + adjective-stem: deaf-mute.

(d) adjective-stem + noun-stem + suffix ed: cold-hearted.

(e) noun-stem + noun-stem + suffix ed: lynx-eyed.

(f) numeral-stem + noun-stem + suffix ed: four-wheeled.

(g) adverb-stem + noun-stem + suffix ed: over-peopled.

6. Comment on the rules of the sequence of tenses. + текст.

  1. Simultaneous actions

Main clause/ Past Simple + Relative clause/ Past Simple or Past Cont.

She said/ she was busy or she was having lunch.

  1. The action in the Relative Clause happened before the one in the Main Clause

Main Clause/ Past Simple + Relative Clause/ Past Perfect

I told my boss that I had finished the project already.

  1. The action in the Relative Clause will happen after Main Clause

Main clause/ Past Simple or Perfect + Relative clause/ Future in the Past

I thought I would be able to help you. She said she would be on time.

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