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Лингвокультуроведение. Ирландия. 2015 год

Учебник для 10 класса учереждений, обеспечивающих получение общего среднего образования. Учебник включает теоретические вопросы, отражающие историю, географическое положение и природные условия,особенности общественно-политической жизни и государственного устройства, культуры, традиции и обычаи Республики Ирландии.

Предназначено для учебных заведений, где английский язык входит в число основных учебных дисциплин. Может быть использовано в системе дополнительного обучения, а так же самостоятельно.

Оглавление\ contents

Chapter 1 General Information about Ireland……………………………………3

Chapter 2 Geography, climate of Ireland………………………………………….6

Chapter 3 Traditions…………………………………………………………….10

Chapter 4 National cuisine……………………………………………………..14

Chapter 5 Places and views………………………………………………………17

Chapter 1

Ireland (aɪələnd; Irish: Éire [ˈeː.ɾʲə]), also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The other sixth is called Northern Ireland, which is still part of the United Kingdom. The capital and largest city is Dublin, located in the eastern part of the island, whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country's 4.6 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.Ireland is a European country on the island of Ireland. It is a member of the European Union. Cork is the second largest city in the country and the third largest on the island of Ireland. The population of Ireland is 4.6 million. Language English is the main language spoken. The Irish language is widely taught in all schools, and it is still spoken as a first language in some areas of the country, known as the Gaeltacht. Irish is the first official language, followed by English. Irish is the "national language" according to the Constitution, but English is the dominant language. In the 2006 census, 39% of the population regarded themselves as competent in Irish. Irish is spoken as a community language only in a small number of rural areas mostly in the west of the country, collectively known as the Gaeltacht. Most public notices and print media are in English only. Most Government publications are available in both languages, and citizens have the right to deal with the state in Irish. Media in Irish exist on TV (TG4), radio (e.g. RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta) and print (e.g. Foinse). In the Irish Defence Forces, all foot and arms drill commands are given in the Irish language.

The official symbols of the state

The national flag of Ireland

The national flag of Ireland. Frequently referred to as the Irish tricolour (trídhathach na hÉireann) – is a vertical tricolour of green, white, and orange. The proportions of the flag are 1:2 (that is to say that, as flown horizontally, the flag is half as high as it is wide). The Irish government has described the symbolism behind each colour as being that of green representing the Gaelic tradition of Ireland, orange representing the followers of William of Orange in Ireland, and white representing the aspiration for peace between them. The flag was adopted in 1916 by the Easter Rising rebels and subsequently by the Irish Republic during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921). Its use was continued by the Irish Free State (1922–1937) and it was later given constitutional status under the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. The tricolour is used by nationalists on both sides of the border as the national flag of the whole island of Ireland since 1916.

Coat of arms of Ireland

The coat of arms of Ireland is blazoned as Azure a harp Or, stringed Argent (a gold harp with silver strings on a blue background). These arms have long been Ireland's heraldic emblem. References to them as being the arms of the king of Ireland can be found as early as the 13th century. These arms were adopted by Henry VIII of England when he ended the period of Lordship of Ireland and declared Ireland to be a kingdom again in 1541. When the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in 1603, they were integrated into the unified royal coat of arms of kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland. The harp was adopted as the emblem of the Irish Free State when it separated from the United Kingdom in 1922. They were registered as the arms of Ireland with the Chief Herald of Ireland on 9 November 1945.

The depiction of the harp has changed over time. In the 17th century, during the period of the Kingdom of Ireland, the pillar of the harp began to be depicted as a bare-breasted woman. When the arms were restored as the arms of the independent Irish state in 1922, a late-medieval Gaelic harp (a cláirseach), the Trinity College Harp, was used as a model.

Irish national anthem

"Amhrán na bhFiann" (Irish pronunciation: [ˈəuɾˠaːn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈvʲiːən̪ˠ];), originally composed in English as "The Soldiers' Song", is the Irish national anthem. The music was composed by Peadar Kearney and Patrick Heeney, the original English lyrics (as "A Soldiers' Song") by Kearney, and the Irish language translation by Liam Ó Rinn. The song has three verses, but only the choral refrain was officially designated the national anthem.

Chorus

Irish version Amhrán na bhFiann

English version The Soldiers' Song

Sinne Fianna Fáil, atá faoi  gheall ag Éirinn, Buíon dár slua thar toinn do ráinig chughainn, Faoi mhóid bheith saor Seantír ár sinsear feasta, Ní fhágfar faoin tíorán ná faoin tráill. Anocht a théam sa bhearna baoil, Le gean ar Ghaeil, chun báis nó saoil, Le gunna scréach faoi lámhach na bpiléar, Seo libh canaídh amhrán na bhfiann

Soldiers are we, whose lives are pledged to Ireland, Some have come from a land beyond the wave, Sworn to be free, no more our ancient sireland, Shall shelter the despot or the slave. Tonight we man the "bearna baoil",[fn In Erin's cause, come woe or weal, ’Mid cannon's roar and rifles' peal, We'll chant a soldier's song

Tasks and questions

  1. What is the capital of Ireland?

  2. What languages are spoken by Irish people?

  3. Name the the colors of the flag of Ireland. Described the symbolism behind each colour of the national flag of Ireland.

  4. Describe the the coat of arms of the Republic of Ireland.

  5. What language was written by national anthem of Ireland?

Chapter 2

Geography

The state extends over an area of about five-sixths (70,273 km2 or 27,133 sq mi) of the island of Ireland (84,421 km2 or 32,595 sq mi), with Northern Ireland constituting the remainder. The island is bounded to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the northeast by the North Channel. To the east, the Irish Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean via St George's Channel and the Celtic Sea to the southwest.

The western landscape mostly consists of rugged cliffs, hills and mountains. The central lowlands are extensively covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand, as well as significant areas of bogland and several lakes. The highest point is Carrauntoohil (1,038 m or 3,406 ft), located in the Macgillycuddy's Reeks mountain range in the southwest. The River Shannon, which traverses the central lowlands, is the longest river in Ireland at 386 kilometres or 240 miles in length. The west coast is more rugged than the east, with numerous islands, peninsulas, headlands and bays.

Deciduous woodland in County Kerry with the ground covered in ramsons (wild garlic)

Before the arrival of the first settlers in Ireland about 9,000 years ago, the land was largely covered by forests of oak, ash, elm, hazel, yew, and other native trees. The growth of blanket bog and the extensive clearing of woodland to facilitate farming are believed to be the main causes of deforestation during the following centuries. Today, about 12% of Ireland is forested, of which a significant majority is composed of mainly non-native coniferous plantations for commercial use. Ideal soil conditions, high rainfall and a mild climate give Ireland the highest growth rates for forests in Europe. Hedgerows, which are traditionally used to define land boundaries, are an important substitute for woodland habitat, providing refuge for native wild flora and a wide range of insect, bird and mammal species.

Glendalough valley in County Wicklow

Agriculture accounts for about 64% of the total land area. This has resulted in limited land to preserve natural habitats, in particular for larger wild mammals with greater territorial requirements. The long history of agricultural production coupled with modern agricultural methods, such as pesticide and fertiliser use, has placed pressure on biodiversity.

Climate

The Atlantic Ocean and the warming influence of the Gulf Stream affect weather patterns in Ireland. Temperatures differ regionally, with central and eastern areas tending to be more extreme. However, due to a temperate oceanic climate, temperatures are seldom lower than −5 °C (23 °F) in winter or higher than 26 °C (79 °F) in summer. The highest temperature recorded in Ireland was 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) on 26 June 1887 at Kilkenny Castle in Kilkenny, while the lowest temperature recorded was −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) at Markree Castle in Sligo. Rainfall is more prevalent during winter months and less so during the early months of summer. Southwestern areas experience the most rainfall as a result of south westerly winds, while Dublin receives the least. Sunshine duration is highest in the southeast of the country. The far north and west are two of the windiest regions in Europe, with great potential for wind energy generation.

Administrative divisions of the Republic of Ireland

Administratively the Republic of Ireland is divided into four provinces from 26 counties in them. The Local Government Reform Act 2014 provides for a system of thirty-one local authorities - twenty-six county councils, two city and county councils and three city councils.

  1. Fingal

  2. Dublin City

  3. Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown

  4. South Dublin

  5. Wicklow

  6. Wexford

  7. Carlow

  8. Kildare

  9. Meath

  10. Louth

  11. Monaghan

  12. Cavan

  13. Longford

  14. Westmeath

  15. Offaly

  16. Laois

  1. Kilkenny

  2. Waterford

  3. Cork City

  4. Cork

  5. Kerry

  6. Limerick

  7. Tipperary

  8. Clare

  9. Galway

  10. Galway City

  11. Mayo

  12. Roscommon

  13. Sligo

  14. Leitrim

  15. Donegal

  1. Tasks and questions

  1. What are seas and oceans, wich surround the Irish island?

  2. What is the highest point in ireland?

  3. What is the longest river in Ireland?

  4. What kinds of trees were growing in Ireland before the arrival of the first settlers in Ireland?

  5. How many provinces and counties are there in Ireland?

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