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Inderbir Singh’s

Textbook of

HUMAN HISTOLOGY

Late Professor Inderbir Singh

(1930–2014)

Tribute to a Legend

Professor Inderbir Singh, a legendary anatomist, is renowned for being a pillar in the education of genera­ tions of medical graduates across the globe. He was one of the greatest teachers of his times. He was a passionate writer who poured his soul into his work. His eagle’s eye for details and meticulous way of writing made his books immensely popular amongst students. He managed to become enmeshed in millions of hearts in his lifetime. He was conferred the title of Professor Emeritus by Maharishi Dayanand Univer­ sity, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

On 12th May 2014, he has been awarded posthumously with Emeritus Teacher Award by National Board of Examination for making invaluable contribution in teaching of Anatomy. This award is given to honor legends who have made tremendous contribution in the field of medical education and their work had vast impact on the education of medical graduates. He was a visionary for his times and the legacies he left behind are his various textbooks on gross anatomy, histology, neuroanatomy, and embryology. Although his mortal frame is not present amongst us, his genius will live on forever.

Inderbir Singh’s

Textbook of

HUMAN HISTOLOGY

With Color Atlas and Practical Guide

Eighth Edition

Revised and Edited by

NEELAM VASUDEVA MBBS MD

Director Professor and Head

Department of Anatomy

Maulana Azad Medical College

New Delhi, India

SABITA MISHRA MBBS DNB PhD (AIIMS)

Professor

Department of Anatomy

Maulana Azad Medical College

New Delhi, India

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© 2016, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

 

The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.

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Inderbir Singh’s Textbook of Human Histology

 

 

 

 

 

First Edition

:

1987

Fifth Edition

:

2006

Seventh Edition

:

2014

Second Edition

: 1992

Reprint

: 2008

Eighth Edition

:

2016

Third Edition

:

1992

Reprint

:

2009

 

 

 

Fourth Edition

:

2002

Sixth Edition

:

2011

 

 

 

Reprint

: 2005

 

 

 

 

 

 

ISBN 978-93-85999-32-1

Printed at

Preface

Textbook of Human Histology by Professor Inderbir Singh has remained an authoritative and standard textbook for the past many decades and it is our proud privilege to revise this book and bring out the Eighth Edition. The strength and popularity of this textbook has been its simple language and comprehensiveness that has essentially remained unchanged since its inception. Professor Singh’s eye for details and his meticulous writing style has always been popular amongst the generations of medical students. Although all the chapters have been revisited and thoroughly revised, we have taken special care to retain the basic essence of the book.

To make this standard textbook fulfill the needs of today's generation of students, some new features have been introduced in this edition. A new chapter on Light Microscopy and Tissue Preparation has been added to acquaint the students with the basics of histology. Every student of histology is expected to identify the slides and differentiate amongst them in a perfect manner. To make the students familiar with the various slides, Histological Plates have been added in each chapter that include a photomicrograph, line drawing, and salient features that are visible while examining under the microscope.

Each chapter has been rearranged to provide sequential learning to the students. All the diagrams have been redrawn and many new illustrations have been added for easy comprehension of the basic concepts. Clinical and Pathological Correlations have been added at relevant places for creating an interest of the students in the understanding of pathologies associated with various tissues.

For providing an overview of histology to the student and for quick recall, an atlas has been provided at the beginning of the book. The atlas includes more than 80 slides of histological importance along with their important features.

As envisioned by Professor Inderbir Singh, this textbook is of utmost utility not only for the undergraduate students but also for the students pursuing postgraduation in Anatomy. Keeping this in mind, advanced information on various topics has been included as Added Information to cater to the needs of postgraduate students.

The revision of this book was a team effort. We are thankful to our colleagues for their constant encouragement throughout our venture. We extend our heartfelt thanks to our staff in the Histology laboratory for preparing the slides for photography. We are thankful to Dr Swati Tiwari Bakshi for her important contribution in drawing some of the figures.

We are grateful to Professor Ivan Damjanov, an esteemed teacher and expert in the field of pathology well known across the globe, for allowing us to use some of the slides from his collection. We gratefully acknowledge Professor Harsh Mohan, a well known surgical pathologist of India, for providing pathological correlations in the book. We are thankful to Dr Sunayna Misra [M.D. (Path.), PGI Chandigarh] for her valuable suggestions and inputs especially in the pathological correlations.

We extend our heartfelt thanks to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman) and Mr Ankit Vij (Group President) for providing us the opportunity to revise Text of Human Histology and for their persistent support in publication of this book.

Dr Madhu Choudhary (Senior Content Strategist), the driving force of this endeavor, deserves a special thanks for her tireless efforts. She has persevered throughout this venture with a smile on her face. We are thankful to Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director – Content Strategy), Mr. Vipin Kaushik (Team Leader – Typesetters), Pawan Kishor Tiwari (Team Leader – Proof Readers) and Rajeev Joshi (Team Leader – Designers) of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. for providing insights and creative ideas that helped in polishing this book to best meet the needs of students and faculty alike.

We present the 8th Edition of this most popular textbook to the medical fraternity as our tribute to a legendary anatomist, Late Professor Inderbir Singh for being a pillar in the education of generations of doctors throughout the world.

Neelam Vasudeva MBBS MD

Sabita Mishra MBBS DNB PhD (AIIMS)

Contents

Color Atlas

A1–A40

Chapter 1: Light Microscopy and Tissue Preparation

Components of a light microscope

1

Principles of a conventional bright field microscope

2

Practical tips in using a bright field microscope

3

Types of microscopes

3

Tissue processing

4

Steps involved in tissue preparation

4

Steps in tissue processing

4

 

 

Chapter 2: Cell Structure

 

 

 

The cell membrane

5

Contacts between adjoining cells

8

Cell organelles

12

The cytoskeleton

16

The nucleus

18

Chromosomes

20

 

 

Chapter 3: Epithelia

 

 

 

Characteristic features of epithelial tissue

25

Functions

25

Classification of epithelia

25

Simple epithelium

26

Pseudostratified epithelium

29

Stratified epithelium

30

Basement membrane

34

Projections from the cell surface

34

 

 

Chapter 4: Glands

 

 

 

Classification of glands

37

Classification of exocrine glands

37

Structural organization

39

Development of glands

40

Chapter 5: General Connective Tissue

 

Fibers of connective tissue

41

 

Cells of connective tissue

44

viii Textbook of Human Histology

 

 

Intercellular ground substance of connective tissue

48

 

Different forms of connective tissue

48

 

Summary of the functions of connective tissue

53

 

 

 

 

Chapter 6: Cartilage

 

 

 

 

 

General features of cartilage

55

 

Components of cartilage

55

 

Types of cartilage

56

 

 

 

 

Chapter 7: Bone

 

 

 

 

 

General features

60

 

The periosteum

60

 

Elements comprising bone tissue

61

 

Types of bone

63

 

Formation of bone

67

 

How bones grow

70

 

 

 

 

Chapter 8: Muscular Tissue

 

 

 

 

 

Types of muscular tissue

75

 

Skeletal muscle

75

 

Cardiac muscle

84

 

Smooth muscle

86

 

Myoepithelial cells

88

 

 

 

 

Chapter 9: Lymphatics and Lymphoid Tissue

 

 

 

 

 

Lymphatic vessel

90

 

Lymphoid tissue

90

 

Lymph

90

 

Lymphocytes

91

 

Mononuclear phagocyte system

93

 

Lymphatic vessels

94

 

Lymph capillaries

94

 

Larger lymph vessels

95

 

Lymph nodes

95

 

The spleen

97

 

The thymus

100

 

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

103

 

Tonsils

103

 

 

 

 

Chapter 10: Nervous System

 

 

 

 

 

Tissues constituting the nervous system

105

 

Structure of a neuron

105

 

Types of neurons

109

 

Peripheral nerves

110

 

Neuroglia

112

 

Contents ix

The synapse

114

 

Ganglia

115

 

Spinal cord; cerebellar cortex; cerebral cortex

116

 

Grey and white matter

116

 

The spinal cord

117

 

The cerebellar cortex

119

 

The cerebral cortex

122

 

 

 

 

Chapter 11: Skin and its Appendages

 

 

 

 

 

Skin

126

 

Types of skin

126

 

Structure of skin

126

 

Blood supply of the skin

132

 

Nerve supply of the skin

132

 

Functions of the skin

132

 

Appendages of the skin

133

 

Hair

133

 

Sebaceous glands

135

 

Sweat glands

136

 

Nails

137

 

 

 

 

Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System

 

 

 

 

 

Endothelium

139

 

Arteries

139

 

Arterioles

141

 

Capillaries

142

 

Sinusoids

144

 

Veins

145

 

Venules

146

 

Blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves supplying blood vessels

146

 

Mechanisms controlling blood flow through the capillary bed

146

 

The heart

148

 

 

 

 

Chapter 13: The Respiratory System

 

 

 

 

 

Common features of air passages

149

 

The nasal cavities

149

 

The pharynx

151

 

The larynx

151

 

The trachea and principal bronchi

152

 

The lungs

153

 

 

 

 

Chapter 14: Digestive System: Oral Cavity and Related Structures

 

 

 

 

 

Oral cavity

160

 

The lips

160

 

The teeth

160

 

The tongue

165

 

Salivary glands

168

 

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