I N T E R N AT I O N A L S E R I E S
O F
M O N O G R A P H S O N P H Y S I C S
S E R I E S E D I T O R S
J . B I R M A N C I T Y U N I V E R S I T Y O F N E W Y O R K S . F . E DWA R D S U N I V E R S I T Y O F C A M B R I D G E
R . F R I E N D U N I V E R S I T Y O F C A M B R I D G E M . R E E S U N I V E R S I T Y O F C A M B R I D G E D . S H E R R I N G T O N U N I V E R S I T Y O F OX FO R D
G . V E N E Z I A N O C E R N , G E N E VA
International Series of Monographs on Physics
135. V. Fortov, I. Iakubov, A. Khrapak: Physics of strongly coupled plasma
134. G. Fredrickson: The equilibrium theory of inhomogeneous polymers
133. H. Suhl: Relaxation processes in micromagnetics
132. J. Terning: Modern supersymmetry
131. M. Mari˜no: Chern-Simons theory, matrix models, and topological strings 130. V. Gantmakher: Electrons and disorder in solids
129. W. Barford: Electronic and optical properties of conjugated polymers 128. R. E. Raab, O. L. de Lange: Multipole theory in electromagnetism 127. A. Larkin, A. Varlamov: Theory of fluctuations in superconductors
126. P. Goldbart, N. Goldenfeld, D. Sherrington: Stealing the gold 125. S. Atzeni, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn: The physics of inertial fusion
124. C. Kiefer: Quantum gravity
123. T. Fujimoto: Plasma spectroscopy
122. K. Fujikawa, H. Suzuki: Path integrals and quantum anomalies 121. T. Giamarchi: Quantum physics in one dimension
120. M. Warner, E. Terentjev: Liquid crystal elastomers
119. L. Jacak, P. Sitko, K. Wieczorek, A. Wojs: Quantum Hall systems
118. J. Wesson: Tokamaks, Third edition
117. G. Volovik: The Universe in a helium droplet
116. L. Pitaevskii, S. Stringari: Bose-Einstein condensation
115. G. Dissertori, I. G. Knowles, M. Schmelling: Quantum chromodynamics
114. B. DeWitt: The global approach to quantum field theory
113. J. Zinn-Justin: Quantum field theory and critical phenomena, Fourth edition 112. R. M. Mazo: Brownian motion—fluctuations, dynamics, and applications
111. H. Nishimori: Statistical physics of spin glasses and information processing—an introduction
110. N. B. Kopnin: Theory of nonequilibrium superconductivity
109. A. Aharoni: Introduction to the theory of ferromagnetism, Second edition
108. R. Dobbs: Helium three
107. R. Wigmans: Calorimetry
106. J. K¨ubler: Theory of itinerant electron magnetism
105. Y. Kuramoto, Y. Kitaoka: Dynamics of heavy electrons
104. D. Bardin, G. Passarino: The Standard Model in the making
103. G. C. Branco, L. Lavoura, J. P. Silva: CP Violation
102. T. C. Choy: E ective medium theory
101. H. Araki: Mathematical theory of quantum fields
100.L. M. Pismen: Vortices in nonlinear fields
99.L. Mestel: Stellar magnetism
98. K. H. Bennemann: Nonlinear optics in metals
97. D. Salzmann: Atomic physics in hot plasmas
96. M. Brambilla: Kinetic theory of plasma waves
95. M. Wakatani: Stellarator and heliotron devices
94. S. Chikazumi: Physics of ferromagnetism
91. R. A. Bertlmann: Anomalies in quantum field theory
90. P. K. Gosh: Ion traps
88. S. L. Adler: Quaternionic quantum mechanics and quantum fields 87. P. S. Joshi: Global aspects in gravitation and cosmology
86. E. R. Pike, S. Sarkar: The quantum theory of radiation 83. P. G. de Gennes, J. Prost: The physics of liquid crystals
82.B. H. Bransden, M. R. C. McDowell: Charge exchange and the theory of ion-atom collision
73. M. Doi, S. F. Edwards: The theory of polymer dynamics 71. E. L. Wolf: Principles of electron tunneling spectroscopy 70. H. K. Henisch: Semiconductor contacts
69. S. Chandrasekhar: The mathematical theory of black holes
51. C. Møller: The theory of relativity
46. H. E. Stanley: Introduction to phase transitions and critical phenomena 32. A. Abragam: Principles of nuclear magnetism
27. P. A. M. Dirac: Principles of quantum mechanics
23. R. E. Peierls: Quantum theory of solids
Physics of Strongly
Coupled Plasma
V . E . FO RT OV
Institute for High Energy Densities, Russian Academy of Sciences
I . T . I A K U B OV
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Electrodynamics,
Russian Academy of Sciences
A . G . K H R A PA K
Institute for High Energy Densities, Russian Academy of Sciences
C L A R E N D O N P R E S S · OX FO R D 2006
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide in
Oxford New York
Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi
Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi
New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto
With o ces in
Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam
Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
Published in the United States
by Oxford University Press Inc., New York
c Vladimir Fortov, Igor Iakubov, and Alexey Khrapak, 2006
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
Database right Oxford University Press (maker)
First published 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,
or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Data available
Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper By Biddles Ltd. www.biddles.co.uk
ISBN 0–19–929980–3 978–0–19–929980–5 (Hbk)
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
PREFACE
This book is dedicated to the physical properties of dense plasmas compressed so strongly that the e ects of interparticle interaction are substantial, that is, nonideal or strongly coupled plasmas. Interest in this area of plasma physics has grown considerably over the last 20–25 years when states with high energy densities, which form the basis of modern technical projects and energy applications, became accessible to experiments.
Strongly coupled plasmas are essential from the standpoint of the operation of pulsed thermonuclear reactors with inertial confinement of hot plasma, powerful magnetic-flux and magnetohydrodynamic generators, power-generating plants and rocket engines with gas-phase nuclear reactors, plasmochemical and microwave reactors, plasma generators and powerful sources of optical and X–ray radiation. In the foreseeable future, strongly compressed and heated metallized plasmas will be used as a working body similar to the water vapor in modern thermoelectric power stations. Nonideal plasmas occur when matter is a ected by strong shocks, detonation and electric-explosion waves, concentrated laser radiation, electron and ion fluxes, under conditions of powerful chemical and nuclear explosions, upon pulsed evaporation of the liners of pinches and magnetocumulative generators. Nonideal plasmas occur during hypersonic motion of bodies in dense planetary atmospheres, as a result of high–velocity impact, and in numerous situations characterized by extreme pressures and temperatures. The physics of electrode, contact and electric-explosion processes under conditions of vacuum breakdown are closely related to nonideal plasma, which is essential to the operation of powerful plasma accelerators, microwave generators and plasma switches. Modern progress in the understanding of the structure and evolution of giant planets in the solar system, as well as astrophysical objects, is largely based on the ideas and results from the field of highly compressed plasmas.
Along with pragmatic interest in high–pressure plasmas, purely fundamental interest is gaining momentum, because it is in this exotic state that the major part of matter in the universe finds itself. In fact, estimations show that about 95% of matter (without taking dark matter into account) are the plasmas of stars, pulsars, black holes, and giant planets of the solar system. Plasma nonideality defines the behavior of matter in a wide range of the phase diagram, from solid and liquid to neutral gas, the phase boundaries of melting and boiling, and the metal–dielectric transition region. The last problem is now at an advanced stage of consideration in experiments on the multiple shock compression of dielectrics and their metallization in the megabar pressure range, as well as in experiments on dielectrization of strongly compressed metals.
Investigation of strongly compressed Coulomb systems is now one of the hottest and most intensively developed fundamental branches of physics, which
v
vi |
PREFACE |
lies at the interfaces between di erent fields: plasma physics, physics of the condensed state, atomic and molecular physics. To the most impressive results of the last few years one can ascribe the pressure ionization of dielectrics and experimental observation of ordering in Coulomb systems (“plasma liquid” and “plasma crystal”) including strongly coupled plasmas of ions cooled by laser radiation in electrostatic traps and cyclotrons; the condensation of the optically excited excitons in semiconductors; the two–dimensional crystallization of electrons at the surface of liquid helium and hydrogen; the Coulomb “freezing” of the colloid plasma, as well as laboratory and microgravity experiments with complex (dusty) plasmas. In spite of the wide variety of objects and experimental situations, they are all united by the dominant role of the strong collective interaction.
These facts provide a permanent stable stimulus to intense theoretical and experimental studies, which have recently produced a number of interesting and, more importantly, reliable data on the thermodynamic, optical, electrophysical and transport properties of dense plasmas. This special information is contained in a wide flow of original publications. This takes place against the background of an increasing number of specialists, both researchers and engineers, who make use of strongly coupled plasmas to solve diverse fundamental and applied problems.
We have attempted to systematize, generalize, and present from a single viewpoint, the theoretical and experimental results related to this relatively new field of science. The table of contents gives a good idea of the scope of this book. We have tried to expand the discussion as much as possible to cover the cases when nonideality shows most clearly in the plasma state of matter. For this reason the interesting problems related to dense plasmas of condensed metals and semiconductors, electrolyte and colloid plasmas, as well as a detailed discussion of plasma applications, have been omitted.
The physics of strongly coupled plasmas appears to present a very di cult subject for pure theory, because the strong interparticle interaction impedes the use of conventional methods of theoretical physics. Therefore, the recent progress in understanding the properties of compressed plasmas was only made possible by the emergence of experimental data obtained through nonconventional generation and diagnostic techniques. In this case, the experimental results provide a basis for model theories, as well as for defining the range of applicability of asymptotic approximations. We have tried to maintain the natural balance between theory and experiment while giving primary consideration to physical results. In our opinion, this is what distinguishes our work from the available (and rather few) review publications in the field.
The physics of strongly coupled plasmas is developing very rapidly, with more and more applications coming to light. Naturally, the material contained in this book will likewise be expanded and complemented. We would like to thank the readers in advance for their critical comments and suggestions.
We hope that this book will prove useful to broad sections of specialists by giving them access to original works and helping them get their bearings amid
PREFACE |
vii |
the present-day problems of dense plasmas. Knowledge of standard university courses is su cient for productive reading.
V. E. Fortov
I. T. Iakubov
A. G. Khrapak
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are deeply grateful to all their colleagues who helped us to perform the numerous experiments and calculations which form the basis of this book. Of great value were stimulating discussions and creative contacts with the late A. M. Prokhorov, Ya. B. Zel’dovich, L. M. Biberman, and V. M. Ievlev. The authors are also grateful to A. Ivlev and S. Khrapak who assisted with the English translation of this book.