- •Foreword
- •Preface to the Fourth Edition
- •Contents
- •Instructions for Use
- •Bones
- •Sutures, joints and ligaments
- •Muscles
- •Muscles, synovial bursae and sheaths
- •Digestive system
- •Digestive and respiratory system
- •Urogenital system
- •Peritoneum
- •Endocrine glands
- •Heart
- •Veins
- •Lymphatic system
- •Spinal cord
- •Cranial nerves
- •Autonomic nervous system
- •Sense organs
- •Skin and its appendages
- •General terms
- •References
- •Index
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320 |
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Cranial nerves |
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Pars peripherica |
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Decussation of trochlear nerve. Decussatio |
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1 |
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Peripheral nervous system. |
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(systema nervosum periphericum). The periph- |
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nervorum trochlearium. The crossing of |
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eralpartofthenervoussystemwhichincludesall |
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trochlear nerve fibers in the superior medul- |
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peripheral conducting tracts (nerves). The |
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lary velum. B |
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border between it and the central nervous sys- |
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TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V). N. trigeminus [V]. Fifth |
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temliesatthesurfaceofthebrainandspinalcord. |
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cranial nerve (nerve of the 1st pharyngeal arch). |
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CRANIAL NERVES. Nervi craniales (en- |
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Nerve that exits laterally from the pons with |
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cephalici). The 12 pairs of nerves connected |
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two groups of fibers, supplies the masticatory |
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4 |
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with the brain. With the exception of the |
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muscles and provides sensory innervation to |
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trochlear (IV), all of them emerge from the base |
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the face. B C |
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of the brain and exit through the base of the |
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Sensory root of trigeminal nerve. Radix sen- |
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skull (in contrast to the spinal nerves). Area of |
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soria [portio major]. Sensory part which exits |
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distribution: head, neck, as well as the thorax |
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from the pons caudally and enters the trigemi- |
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and abdomen (via vagus nerve). |
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nal ganglion. C |
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OLFACTORY NERVE (I). Nn. olfactorii (I). First |
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Trigeminal (semilunar, gasserian) |
ganglion. |
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cranial nerve, which is formed by about 20 |
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Ganglion trigeminale [[semilunare; |
Gasseri]]. |
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small bundles of nonmyelinated axons from the |
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Semilunar ganglion that is equivalent to a spi- |
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olfactory cells. It passes through the cribriform |
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nal ganglion. It is located in an outpocketing of |
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plate of the ethmoid into the olfactory bulb |
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the subarachnoid space (cavum trigeminale) |
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(synaptic site). A |
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above the foramen lacerum at the medial, ante- |
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4 OPTIC NERVE (II). N. opticus [II]. Second cranial |
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rior border of the petrous part of the temporal |
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nerve which leaves the eyeball medial to the |
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bone. C |
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posterior optic pole and extends up to the optic |
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Motor root. Radix motoria [portio minor]. |
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chiasm. B C |
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Motor portion of trigeminal nerve for innerva- |
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OCULOMOTOR NERVE (III). N. oculomotorius |
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tion of the masticatory muscles. It is situated |
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[III]. Third cranial nerve, which exits from the |
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cranially at the exit of the trigeminal nerve and |
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sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral |
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below the trigeminal ganglion. C |
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peduncle. This motor nerve (somatic and |
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Ophthalmic nerve. N. ophthalmicus. First divi- |
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visceral) passes into the orbit through the su- |
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sion (branch) of trigeminal nerve. It passes |
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perior orbital fissure. B C |
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through the superior orbital fissure. C |
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Superior ramus (division). Ramus superior. |
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Tentorial (meningeal) branch. Ramus ten- |
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Superior branch for the superior rectus and le- |
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torii (meningeus). Recurrent nerve for the ten- |
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vator palpebrae superioris muscles. B |
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torium cerebelli and falx cerebri. C |
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Inferior ramus (division). Ramus inferior. In- |
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Lacrimal nerve. N. lacrimalis. Passes laterally |
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ferior branch for the medial and inferior recti |
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through the superior orbital fissure and sup- |
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and inferior oblique muscles. B |
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plies the lacrimal gland, conjunctiva and lateral |
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Ciliary ganglion. Ganglion ciliare. Located |
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portion of upper eyelid. C |
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about 2 cm behind the eyeball and lateral to the |
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Communicating |
ramus |
with zygomatic |
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optic nerve. This parasympathetic ganglion |
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nerve. Ramus communicans [cum. n. zygomat- |
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serves as a relay station for fibers innervating |
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ico]. Connection to the zygomatic nerve with |
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the ciliary and sphincter pupillae muscles. B |
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autonomic fibers extending from the pterygo- |
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Parasympathetic (motor) root. Radix para- |
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palatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland. C |
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sympathetica (oculomotoria). Branch of the |
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Frontal nerve. N. frontalis. Nerve that enters |
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oculomotor nerve with preganglionic, para- |
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the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. It |
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sympathetic fibers projecting to the ciliary gan- |
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lies on the levator palpebrae superioris and |
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19 |
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glion. B |
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continues toward the forehead. C; see also |
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Short ciliary nerves. Nn. ciliares breves. |
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p. 323 A |
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Several (up to 20) nerves penetrating the sclera |
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Supraorbital nerve. N. supraorbitalis. Thickest |
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above and below the optic nerve and carrying |
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branch of the frontal nerve. It supplies the con- |
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postganglionic, parasympathetic and sympa- |
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junctiva, upper eyelid, frontal sinus and the |
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thetic fibers. B |
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skin of the forehead. C |
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Sympathetic root. Radix sympathetica. Fine, |
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Lateral branch. Ramus lateralis. It passes |
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postganglionic fiber tract from the internal |
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through the supra-orbital notch. C |
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22 |
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carotid plexus with no synapses in the ciliary |
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Medial branch. Ramus medialis. It passes medi- |
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ganglion. B |
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ally through the frontal notch. C |
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Sensory root. Radix sensoria (nasociliaris). |
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Supratrochlear |
nerve. |
N. supratrochlearis. |
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Fine, long connection with afferent fibers to the |
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Thin, medial branch of frontal nerve. It divides |
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nasociliary nerve. B |
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at the medial angle of the eye to form an as- |
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24 |
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TROCHLEAR NERVE (IV). N. trochlearis [IV]. |
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cending and descending branch. C |
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Fourth cranial nerve. Thin nerve exiting dorsal |
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25and caudal to the tectal lamina and supplying the superior oblique muscle. B
Cranial nerves 321
1
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Olfactory nerve |
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7 |
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11 |
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13 |
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14 |
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15 |
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Oculomotor and trochlear nerves |
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B |
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24 |
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26 |
16 |
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23 |
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4 |
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18 |
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322.1 |
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16
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22
23
15 17
24
C Ophthalmic nerve
25
322 Cranial nerves
1Nasociliary nerve. N. nasociliaris. Most medial 1 branch of the ophthalmic nerve. It courses below the superior rectus and between the superior ob-
2lique and medial rectus. A
2Communicating branch of nasociliary nerve
with ciliary ganglion. Ramus communicans
3[cum ganglio ciliari]. Any branch carrying
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sensory fibers from the eye through the ciliary |
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ganglion to the nasociliary nerve. A |
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Long ciliary nerves. Nn. ciliares longi. Two long, |
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fine twigs with sympathetic fibers supplying the
5dilatator pupillae muscle and afferent fibers from the iris, ciliary body and cornea. A
64 Posterior ethmoidal nerve. N. ethmoidalis posterior. Thin nerve at the posterior end of the orbit supplying the sphenoidal sinus and poste-
7rior ethmoidal cells. A
5Anterior ethmoidal nerve. N. ethmoidalis ante-
8rior. Nerve that enters the cranial cavity (extradural part) through the anterior ethmoidal foramen. It then courses through the cribriform
9plate of the ethmoid into the nasal cavity. A B C
6Nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve. Rami
10nasales [n. ethmoidalis anterior]. Collective term for the following four branches of the anterior ethmoidal nerve.
117 Internal nasal branches. Rami nasales interni.
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Rami that innervate the nasal mucosa in front of |
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the conchae and for the anterior nasal septum. B |
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Lateral nasal branches. Rami nasales laterales. In- |
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nervate the anterior part of lateral nasal wall. B |
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Medial nasal branches. Rami nasales mediales. In- |
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nervate the anterior part of the nasal septum. C
1410 External nasal branch. Ramus nasalis externus. Innervates the skin on the tip of the nose and the
15nasal ala; it passes through the ethmoidal sulcus of the nasal bone. B
16 |
11 |
Infratrochlear nerve. N. infratrochlearis. It |
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passes below the trochlea of the superior oblique |
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at the inner angle of the eye and supplies the lacri- |
17 |
mal sac, lacrimal caruncle and surrounding skin. A |
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12Palpebral branches. Rami palpebrales. Rami for part of the upper and lower eyelids. A
1813 Maxillary nerve. N. maxillaris. Second division (branch) of trigeminal nerve. It passes through the
19foramen rotundum to the pterygopalatine fossa and subsequently through the inferior orbital fissure into the orbit. A C
2014 Meningeal nerve. Ramus meningeus [medius]. Branch given off in front of the foramen rotundum.
21It supplies the dura in the region of the frontal branch of the middle meningeal artery. A
2215 Ganglionic branches. Rami ganglionici (ganglionares). Usually two rami from the pterygopalatine ganglion. They contain autonomic fibers for the
23lacrimal gland and sensory fibers from the periosteum of the orbit. A
24 |
16 |
Pterygopalatine ganglion. Ganglion pterygo- |
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palatinum. Parasympathetic ganglion located in |
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the corresponding fossa close to the spheno- |
25 |
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palatine foramen. Their postganglionic fibers in- |
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nervate the lacrimal and nasal glands. A B C |
16 a |
Parasympathetic root. Radix parasympathetica. |
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Communicates with the greater petrosal nerve. |
16 b |
Sympathetic root. Radix sympathetica. Com- |
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municates with the deep petrosal nerve. |
16 c |
Sensory root. Radix sensoria. Communicates |
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with the maxillary nerve. |
17Orbital branches. Rami orbitales. Two to three fine rami which pass into the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, then through the bone to the posterior ethmoidal cells and to the sphenoidal sinus. B C
18Lateral posterior superior nasal branches.
Rami nasales posteriores superiores laterales. Up to 10 fine rami which pass through the sphenopalatine foramen to the superior and middle nasal conchae and to the posterior ethmoidal cells. B
19Medial posterior superior nasal branches.
Rami nasales posteriores superiores mediales. Two to three branches which pass through the sphenopalatine foramen to the upper part of the nasal septum. C
20Nasopalatine nerve. N. nasopalatinus [[incisivus]]. It passes between the periosteum and mucosa of the nasal septum, then through the incisive canal to the anterior part of the palatine mucosa and the gingiva of the upper incisor teeth. C
20 a Long nasopalatine nerve. Nervus nasopalatinus longus.
20 b Branches to nasal septum. Rami septales nasales.
20 c Short nasopalatine nerves. Nervi nasopalatini breves.
20 d Lateral nasal branches. Rami nasales laterales.
20 e Branches to maxillary sinus. Rami sinus maxillaris.
21Pharyngeal nerve. Nervus pharyngeus. Fine nerve for the pharyngeal mucosa. B
22Greater palatine nerve. N. palatinus major. After passing through the greater palatine canal, it courses through the corresponding foramen and supplies the mucosa of the hard palate and its glands. B
23Posterior inferior nasal branches. Rami nasales posteriores inferiores. Rami for the middle and inferior nasal meatuses as well as the inferior nasal concha. B
24Lesser palatine nerves. Nn. palatini minores. They travel in their respective, slender canals, exit through the lesser palatine foramina and supply the soft palate. B
24 a Tonsillar branches. Rami tonsillares. Branches to the palatine tonsil.
25Zygomatic nerve. N. zygomaticus. It branches into the pterygopalatine fossa, passes through the inferior orbital fissure to the lateral wall of the orbit and provides an anastomotic branch to the lacrimal gland. A
26Zygomaticotemporal branch. Ramus zygomaticotemporalis. It passes through the respective foramen to the lateral wall of the orbit. A
27Zygomaticofacial branch. Ramus zygomticofacialis. It passes through the corresponding foramen to the skin on the zygomatic bone. A
Cranial nerves 323
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A Nasociliary |
and maxillary nerves
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B Pterygopalatine ganglion and anterior ethmoidal nerve
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C Nerves of nasal septum
1
2
3
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5
6
7
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10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
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23
24
25
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324 |
Cranial nerves |
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1 Infraorbital nerve. N. infraorbitalis. Terminal |
17 Nerve to lateral pterygoid. N. pterygoideus |
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1 |
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branch of maxillary nerve. It passes through the |
lateralis. Motor nerve for the corresponding |
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inferior orbital fissure and corresponding sul- |
muscle. It frequently arises together with the |
2 |
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cus and foramen to the skin of the upper eyelid, |
buccal nerve. A |
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nose, upper lip and cheek. C |
18 Nerve to medial pterygoid. N. pterygoideus |
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2 Superior alveolar nerves. Nn. alveolares super- |
medialis. Motor nerve for the corresponding |
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iores. Branches to the maxillary teeth. |
muscle. It also sends small twigs to the tensor |
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3 Posterior superior alveolar branches. Rami |
veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. A |
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4 |
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19 Otic ganglion. Ganglion oticum. Parasympa- |
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alveolares superiores posteriores. Two to three |
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branches passing through the alveolar |
thetic ganglion located medial to the mandibu- |
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5 |
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foramina to the inner surface of the maxilla. |
lar nerve below the foramen ovale. It receives |
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They supply the maxillary sinus and the molars |
tributaries from the glossopharyngeal nerve via |
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including their buccal gingiva. C |
the lesser petrosal nerve and sends secretory |
6 |
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4 |
Middle superior alveolar branch. R. alve- |
fibers to the parotid gland. B |
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olaris superior medius. It courses through the |
20 Ramus communicans [cum nervo ptery- |
7 |
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infraorbital sulcus to the maxilla and passes |
goideo mediali]. Branch which communicates |
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along the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus up |
with the nerve to the medial pterygoid muscle. |
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to the superior dental plexus. C |
B |
85 Anterior superior alveolar branches. Rami 21 Nerve to tensor veli palatini muscle. N.
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alveolares superiores anteriores. They run in |
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musculi tensoris veli palatini. It sometimes |
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9 |
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their respective canals and via the superior |
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arises from the nerve to the medial pterygoid |
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dental plexus to the incisors, canines, pre- |
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muscle. B |
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molars and first molar tooth. C |
22 |
Nerve to tensor tympani muscle. N. musculi |
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Superior dental plexus. Plexus dentalis superior. |
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tensoris tympani. It also sometimes arises from |
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Nerve plexus in the bone above the roots of the |
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the nerve to the medial pterygoid muscle. B |
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teeth formed by the superior alveolar rami. C |
23 |
Buccal nerve. N. buccalis. Sensory nerve for the |
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7 Superior dental branches. Rami dentales super- |
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skin and mucosa of the cheek and the buccal |
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iores. Branches to the individual roots of the |
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gingiva in the region of the first molar. A |
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teeth. C |
24 |
Auriculotemporal nerve. N. auriculotem- |
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8 |
Superior gingival branches. Rami gingivales su- |
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poralis. It usually encircles the middle mening- |
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periores. Rami to the gingiva. C |
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eal artery, sends a small branch to the temporo- |
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Inferior palpebral branches. Rami palpe- |
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mandibular joint and then passes upward be- |
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tween the ear and superficial temporal artery |
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brales inferiores. Rami given off to the lower |
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eyelid outside of the infraorbital foramen. C |
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to the skin of the temporal region. A |
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Nerve to external acoustic meatus. N. mea- |
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External nasal branches. Rami nasales ex- |
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tus acustici externi. Usually two small branches |
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terni. Branches to the outside of the nasal ala. C |
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for the skin of the external acoustic meatus. A |
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Internal nasal branches. Rami nasales interni. |
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Fine branches to the tympanic membrane. |
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Branches to the skin of the nasal vestibule. C |
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Rami membranae tympani. A |
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12 Superior labial branches. Rami labiales su- |
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17 |
27 |
Parotid branches. Rami parotidei. Small |
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periores. Rami to the skin and mucosa of the |
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upper lip. C |
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branches supplying the parotid gland. A |
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Branches communicating with the facial |
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Mandibular nerve. N. mandibularis. Third divi- |
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nerve. Rami communicantes [cum n. faciali]. |
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sion (branch) of the trigeminal nerve. It passes |
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They carry parasympathetic fibers from the otic |
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through the foramen ovale and into the in- |
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ganglion to the parotid gland via the facial |
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fratemporal fossa. Besides sensory fibers, it |
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nerve. A |
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contains motor fibers for the masticatory |
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muscles. A |
29 |
Anterior auricular nerves. Nn. auriculares |
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14 Meningeal branch (nervus spinosus). Ramus |
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anteriores. They supply the anterior surface of |
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the pinna. A |
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meningeus (n. spinosus). It passes through the |
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Superficial temporal rami. Rami temporales |
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foramen spinosum accompanied by both 30 |
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branches of the middle meningeal artery and |
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superficialis. Branches supplying the skin of the |
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supplies the dura, a part of the sphenoidal sinus |
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temporal region in front of and above the ear. A |
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and the mastoid air cells. A |
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2315 Masseteric nerve. N. massetericus. Motor nerve for the masseter muscle passing above the lateral pterygoid muscle and through the
24mandibular notch. A
16 Deep temporal nerves. Nn. temporales pro-
25fundi. Motor nerves passing to the temporalis muscle from below. A
Cranial nerves 325
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20
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A Mandibular nerve
B Otic ganglion
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C Maxillary nerve
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
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326 |
Cranial nerves |
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1 |
Lingual nerve. N. lingualis. A branch of the 17 |
Otic ganglion. Ganglion oticum. Parasympa- |
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mandibular nerve that arches anteriorly be- |
thetic ganglion located medial to the mandibu- |
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tween the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles |
lar nerve below the foramen ovale. It communi- |
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2 |
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to the floor of the mouth where it lies near a |
cates with the glossopharyngeal nerve via the |
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wisdom tooth directly below the mucosa. A B C |
lesser petrosal nerve and sends secretory fibers |
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2 |
Branches to isthmus |
of |
the fauces. Rami |
into the parotid gland. C |
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isthmi faucium (rami fauciales). It also 18 |
ABDUCENT NERVE (VI). N. abducens [VI]. Sixth |
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branches to the tonsils. A |
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cranial nerve. It exits the brain in the angle be- |
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3 |
Communicating rami |
to |
the hypoglosal |
tween the pons and pyramid, penetrates the |
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dura at the level of the middle of the clivus, |
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nerve. Rami communicantes [cum n. hypo- |
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glosso]. It lies on the hyoglossus muscle. A |
passes laterally into the cavernous sinus and |
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then through the inferior orbital fissure into |
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Communicating ramus to the chorda tym- |
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the orbit where it supplies the rectus lateralis |
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pani nerve. Ramus communicans [cum chorda |
muscle. D |
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tympani]. A |
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75 Sublingual nerve. N. sublingualis. It passes lateral to the sublingual gland into the mucosa of the floor of the mouth and into the gingiva of
8the anterior mandibular teeth. A
6Lingual branches. Rami linguales. Numerous
9rami containing sensory and taste fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the lingual mucosa. A
107 Ganglionic branches. Rami ganglionares. Rami communicating with the submandibular
11 |
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ganglion. A |
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8 Submandibular ganglion. Ganglion subman- |
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dibulare. Parasympathetic ganglion above or in |
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front of the submandibular gland. Synaptic sta- |
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tion for preganglionic fibers of the chorda tym- |
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pani with postganglionic fibers for the sublin- |
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gual and submandibular glands. A |
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9 Inferior alveolar nerve. N. alveolaris inferior. |
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Largest branch of mandibular nerve with |
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sensory and motor components. It passes 1 cm |
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behind the lingual nerve and through the man- |
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dibular foramen into the mandibular canal. A B |
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C |
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10 |
Mylohyoid nerve. N. mylohyoideus. Coursing |
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in the mylohyoid groove and then below the |
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mylohyoid muscle, this motor nerve supplies |
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the mylohyloid muscle and the anterior belly of |
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the digastric. A B C |
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11 Inferior dental plexus. Plexus dentalis infe- |
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rior. Plexus of nerves within the mandibular |
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canal. B |
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12 |
Inferior dental branches. Rami dentales inferi- |
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20 |
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ores. Rami for the mandibular teeth. B |
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13 Inferior gingival branches. Rami gingivales inferi-
21ores. Rami for the buccal gingiva of the mandibular teeth (except for the first molar). B
2214 Mental nerve. N. mentalis. Sensory nerve exiting from the mental foramen below the 2nd pre-
23molar tooth. B
15 Mental branches. Rami mentales. Branches
supplying the chin. B
24
16 Labial branches. Rami labiales. Branches sup-
25
plying the lower lip. B
16 a Gingival branches. Rami gingivales. B
Cranial nerves 327
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A |
Lingual nerve |
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B Inferior alveolar nerve |
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C Otic ganglion and branches |
D Abducent nerve |
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328 Cranial nerves
1 FACIAL NERVE (VII). N. facialis (n. intermedio- 1 facialis) [VII]. Seventh cranial nerve (nerve of the 2nd pharyngeal arch). It exits between the pons
2and olive, passes with the vestibulocochlear
nerve into the petrous temporal bone and leaves it through the stylomastoid foramen. It supplies
3the muscles of facial expression. A B C D
2Genu of facial nerve. Geniculum [n. facialis].
4 |
Bend in the facial nerve just below the anterior |
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wall of the petrous temporal bone. A |
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3 Nerve to the stapedius. N. stapedius. Slender
5branch supplying the stapedius muscle. A
4Communicating branch of facial never with
6tympanic plexus. Ramus communicans [cum plexus tympanico]. A
7 |
5 Communicating branch of facial nerve with |
vagus nerve. Ramus communicans [cum nervo |
vago]. Located directly below the stylomastoid
8foramen.
6Posterior auricular nerve. N. auricularis posterior. Ramifies beneath the stylomastoid foramen,
9passes upward between the mastoid process and
the external acoustic meatus and supplies the
10posterior ear muscles and the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle. B
11 |
7 |
Occipital branch. Ramus occipitalis. Ramus sup- |
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plying the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis |
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muscle. B |
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Auricular branch. Ramus auricularis. Branch to |
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the muscles of the pinna. B |
9Digastric branch. Ramus digastricus. It supplies
13 |
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the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. A B |
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Stylohyoid branch. Ramus stylohyoideus. |
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branch. It supplies the stylohyoid muscle. A |
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15 11 Communicating branch of facial nerve with glossopharyngeal nerve. Ramus communicans [cum n. glossopharyngeo]. A
1612 Intraparotid plexus. Plexus intraparotideus. Facial nerve plexus situated in the space accessible
17anteriorly between the two parotid lobes. B
13Temporal branches. Rami temporales. Rami ascending over the zygomatic arch to the muscles
18of facial expression above the palpebral fissure and along the ear. B
1914 Zygomatic branches. Rami zygomatici. Rami
supplying the lateral part of the orbicularis oculi and the muscles of facial expression between the
20 palpebral and oral fissures. B
15 Buccal branches. Rami buccales. Rami supplying
21the buccinator muscle and the muscles of facial expression around the mouth. B
22 |
16 |
Lingual branch. Ramus lingualis. Inconstant |
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ramus to the tongue. It sometimes arises in to- |
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gether with the stylohyoid ramus. |
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Marginal mandibular branch. Ramus marginalis |
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mandibularis. It passes to the chin and supplies |
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the muscles of facial expression below the oral |
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fissure. B |
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18 Cervical branch. Ramus colli (cervicalis). Motor
25branch for the platysma. It anastomoses with the transverse cervical nerve. B
19Sensory root of facial nerve. N. intermedius. It arises from the brainstem independently between the facial and vestibular nerves and transports autonomic and taste fibers. After anastomosing with various vessels, it ultimately unites with the facial nerve in the petrous part of the temporal bone. D
20Geniculate (facial) ganglion. Ganglion geniculi (geniculatum). Equivalent to a spinal ganglion with pseudo-unipolar ganglion cells. It is located in the petrous part of the temporal bone at the bend of the facial nerve. It receives taste fibers from the chorda tympani. A
21Chorda tympani. Nerve bundle with parasympathetic fibers for the submandibular gland and sensory fibers from the taste buds occupying the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. It returns to the tympanic cavity where it passes between the malleus and incus, then goes through the petrotympanic fissure [[Glaser] or sphenopetrosal fissure to subsequently join the lingual nerve. A
22Pterygopalatine ganglion. Ganglion pterygopalatinum. Parasympathetic ganglion located in its respective fossa near the sphenopalatine foramen. It receives preganglionic fibers from the facial nerve via the greater petrosal nerve and sends postganglionic secretory fibers to the lacrimal and nasal glands. C
23Nerve of pterygoid canal. N. canalis pterygoidei [Radix facialis]. Located in the pterygoid canal at the root of the pterygoid process. It contains parasympathetic (facial nerve), sympathetic and sensory fibers destined for the pterygopalatine ganglion. C
24Greater petrosal nerve. N. petrosus major. Branch of facial nerve emerging from the anterior wall of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It incorporates parasympathetic and sensory fibers, and penetrates the covering plate of the foramen lacerum lateral to the internal carotid artery where it is joined by the deep petrosal nerve. A C
25Deep petrosal nerve. N. petrosus profundus. Nerve carrying sympathetic fibers from the internal carotid plexus; it joins the greater petrosal nerve to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal. C
26Submandibular ganglion. Ganglion submandibulare. Located above or in front of the submandibular gland. This parasympathetic ganglion is the synaptic site between preganglionic fibers from the chorda tympani and postganglionic fibers to the sublingual and submandibular glands. C
27Sympathetic branch (to the submandibular ganglion). Ramus sympatheticus (ad ganglion submandibulare). Branch from the internal carotid plexus. Its fibers arrive at the submandibular ganglion above the facial artery and pass through the ganglion without synapsing. C
28Glandular branches. Rami glandulares. Small rami at the inferior margin of the submandibular ganglion that supply the submandibular gland. C
29Sublingual ganglion. [Ganglion sublinguale]. Small group of cells occasionally present on the glandular rami. C
Cranial nerves 329
3 1 2 20
4
21
9 11 10
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8
B Facial nerve
6
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1 24 23
27
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AFacial nerve
in temporal bone
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1 19 330.1
29 |
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C Pterygopalatine and submandibular |
D Facial and |
ganglia |
vestibulocochlear nerves |
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330 Cranial nerves
1VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (VIII). N. vestibulo-
1 cochlearis [VIII]. Eighth cranial nerve. Nerve that exits at the lower margin of the pons and passes
2through the internal acoustic meatus to the vestibular (equilibrium) and auditory organs. A
2Vestibular nerve.N.vestibularis.Superior,ventral,
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vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve. A |
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Cochlear nerve.Nervuscochlearis.Inferior,dorsal, |
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Vestibular nerve. Nervus vestibularis. Portion of |
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VIII nerve passing from the vestibular nucleus to
5the maculae and ampullary crest. A
5Vestibular ganglion. Ganglion vestibulare. Gan-
6glion located in the floor of the internal acoustic meatus. It contains bipolar neurons associated with the vestibular nerve. A
76 Communicating branch with cochlear nerve.
Ramus communicans cochlearis.
7 Upper part of vestibular ganglion. Pars super-
8ior. It supplies the anterior and lateral semicircular canals, utricle and anterior part of saccule. A
98 Utriculoampullar nerve. N. utriculoampullaris. Superior branch of vestibular nerve with fibers
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10 Anterior ampullar nerve. N. ampullaris anterior. |
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11 Lateral ampullar nerve. N. ampullaris lateralis.
13Branch from the ampullary crest of the lateral semicircular canal. A
12 Inferior part of the vestibular ganglion. Pars
14inferior. It supplies the posterior semicircular canal and a part of the sacculus. A
1513 Posterior ampullar nerve. N. ampullaris poste-
rior. Branch from the ampullary crest of the posterior semicircular canal. A
1614 Saccular nerve. N. saccularis. Branch from the macula sacculi. A
1715 Cochlear nerve. Nervus cochlearis. Part of the vestibulocochlear nerve for the auditory organ in the cochlea. A
1816 Cochlear (spiral) ganglion. Ganglion cochleare (spiral cochleae). Helical band of ganglion cells
19directed towards the axis of the cochlea and situated along the base of the osseous spiral lamina. A
17 GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (IX). N. glossopha-
20ryngeus [IX]. Ninth cranial nerve (nerve of the 3rd pharyngeal arch). It leaves the brain through the posterolateral sulcus behind the olive, courses
21through the jugular foramen and passes obliquely downward posterior to the stylopharyngeus
22muscle. It contains motor fibers for the pharyngeal constrictors and stylopharyngeus muscle and sensory fibers for the pharyngeal mucosa, tonsils
23and posterior third of the tongue (taste fibers) and parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion via the tympanic and lesser petrosal nerves. B
2418 Superior (jugular) ganglion. Ganglion superius [[intracraniale]]. Smaller ganglion in the jugular
25foramen. It contains cell bodies of afferent fibers. B C
19Inferior (petrous) ganglion. Ganglion inferius [[extracraniale]]. Larger ganglion situated directly below the jugular foramen. It contains cell bodies of afferent fibers. B C
20Tympanic nerve. N. tympanicus. First branch of the IX nerve. It branches off from the inferior ganglion and passes between the jugular foramen and carotid canal, then through the tympanic canaliculus to the tympanic cavity. C
21Tympanic englargement (ganglion). Intumescentia tympanica (ganglion tympanicum). Irregularly scattered ganglion cells forming a dilatation in the course of the tympanic nerve. C
22Tympanic plexus. Plexus tympanicus. N. plexus in the mucosa over the promontory. It is formed by the tympanic n., internal carotid plexus and communicating ramus of the facial n. with the tympanic plexus. C
23Tubal branch of tympanic plexus. Ramus tubarius (tubalis). Ramus for the auditory tube. C
24Caroticotympanic nerves. Nn. caroticotympanici. Sympathetic fibers of the tympanic plexus derived from the internal carotid plexus. C
25Communicating branch of glossopharyngeal nerve with auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Ramus communicans [cum ramo auriculari nervi vagi]. Fine branch from the inferior ganglion to the auricular ramus of the vagus. B
26Pharyngeal branches of IX nerve. Rami pharyngeales (pharyngei). Three to four rami passing into the pharyngeal plexus. B
27Ramus to stylopharyngeus muscle. Ramus m. stylopharyngei. B
28Branch to carotid sinus. Ramus sinus carotici. It also passes to the carotid body and communicates with the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve. B
29Tonsillar branches. Rami tonsillares. Branches supplying the mucosa of the palatine tonsil and its surroundings. B
30Lingual branches. Rami linguales. Taste fibers from the posterior third of the tongue including the valate papillae which are also supplied by the lingual nerve via the chorda tympani. B
31Otic ganglion. Ganglion oticum. Parasympathetic ganglion located medial to the mandibular nerve below the foramen ovale. It receives preganglionic fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve via the lesser petrosal nerve and sends postganglionic secretory fibers to the parotid gland. D
32Lesser petrosal nerve. N. petrosus minor. Nerve containing parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve. It emerges from the tympanic plexus, penetrates the anterior wall of the petrous temporal bone and leaves the middle cranial fossa through the sphenopetrosal fissure. Its fibers synapse in the otic ganglion. C D
33Communicating branch with the meningeal branch. Ramus communicans [cum ramo meningeo]. D
34Communicating branch with auriculo-tem- poral nerve. Ramus communicans [cum n. auriculotemporali]. It includes postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that supply the parotid gland. D
35Communicating branch with chorda tympani.
Ramus communicans [cum chorda tympani]. It contains sensory nerve fibers. D
Cranial nerves 331
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AVestibulocochlear nerve, schematic
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C Tympanic nerve with branches
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25
332 Cranial nerves
1 VAGUS NERVE (X). N. vagus [X]. Tenth cranial nerve 1 (nerve of 4th and 5th pharyngeal arches). Together with the IX nerve, it exits the brain in the
2poserolateral sulcus and passes through the jugular foramen. Its supply region extends into the thoracic and abdominal cavities. A
32 Superior (jugular) ganglion. Ganglion superius. Small superior sensory ganglion of vagus situated
4in the jugular foramen. A
3Inferior (nodose) ganglion. Ganglion inferius. Large inferior, spindle-shaped ganglion of the
5vagus nerve. A
4Meningeal branch. Ramus meningeus. Recurrent
6branch from the superior ganglion supplying the dura of the posterior cranial fossa in the region of the transverse and occipital sinuses. A
75 Auricular branch. Ramus auricularis. Branch that arises from the superior ganglion of the vagus
8nerve, passes through the mastoid canal, exits through the tympanomastoid fissure and supplies
the posterior surface of the pinna and the posterio-
9inferior wall of the external acoustic meatus. A
6Communicating branch with IX nerve. Ramus
10communicans [cum. n. glossopharyngeo]. Anastomotic branch from the auricular ramus to the glossopharyngeal nerve. A
117 Pharyngeal branch. Ramus pharyngealis
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(pharyngei). Branch radiating into the pharyngeal |
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8Pharyngeal plexus. Plexus pharyngealis. Nerve plexus below the middle pharyngeal constrictor
13formed by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and the cervical sympathetic trunk. A
149 Superior cervical cardiac branches. Rami cardi-
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10 Superior laryngeal nerve. N. laryngealis superior.
16Nerve that arises from the inferior ganglion and passes downward medial to the internal carotid artery to supply the larynx. A
1711 External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
(external laryngeal nerve). Ramus externus.
18Nerve that branches to the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and then, covered by the infrahyoid musculature, passes to the cricothyroid muscle.
19A
12 Internal branch (internal laryngeal nerve).
20Ramus internus. Together with the superior laryngeal artery, it penetrates the thyrohyoid membrane and emerges below the mucosa of the
21piriform recess. It supplies the mucosae of the epiglottic valleculae, the epiglottis and the larynx as far down as the level of the vocal folds.
22A
13 Branch communicating with the recurrent laryngeal
23nerve. Ramus communicans [cum. n. laryngeali recurrenti]. A
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15Recurrent laryngeal nerve. N. laryngealis recurrens. On the right, it loops around the subclavian artery whereas, on the left, it curves around the arch of the aorta before ascending in the groove between the trachea and esophagus. Its terminal branch penetrates the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and enters the larynx, where it supplies the mucosa up to the vocal folds and all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid. It also provides a communicating branch to the internal laryngeal nerve. A
16Tracheal branches. Rami tracheales. A
17Esophageal branches. Rami oesophageales. A
17 a Rami pharyngeales. Pharyngeal branches to the inferior pharyngeal constrictor.
18Inferior laryngeal nerve. [[N. laryngeus inferior]]. Term sometimes used to denote the terminal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyoid and projects a communicating branch to the internal laryngeal nerve. A
19[[R. communicans [cum ramo laryngeo interno]].
Communicating branch of the inferior (recurrent) laryngeal nerve to the internal laryngeal nerve. A
20Thoracic cardiac branches. Rami cardiaci thoracici. Rami to the thoracic inlet. A
21Bronchial branches. Rami bronchiales. Rami projected to the hilum of the lung below the recurrent laryngeal nerve. A
22Pulmonary plexus. Plexus pulmonalis. Nerve plexus located anterior and posterior to the hilum of the lung for innervation of bronchi, vessels and visceral pleura. A
23Esophageal plexus. Plexus oesophagealis. Nerve plexus around the esophagus formed directly by the two vagus nerves and superiorly also by the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. A
24Anterior vagal trunk. Truncus vagalis anterior. Weak anterior plexus emerging from the esophageal plexus and containing fibers from the both vagi. A
25Posterior vagal trunk. Truncus vagalis posterior. Better developed posterior nerve plexus arising from the esophageal plexus and containing fibers from both vagi. A
26Anterior gastric branches. Rami gastrici anteriores. Rami extending from the anterior vagal trunk to the anterior surface of the stomach. A
27Posterior gastric branches. Rami gastrici posteriores. Rami extending from the posterior vagal trunk to the posterior surface of the stomach. A
28Hepatic branches. Rami hepatici. Rami to the hilum of the liver. A
29Celiac branches. Rami coeliaci. Rami to the celiac plexus. A
30Renal branches. Rami renales. Rami to the renal plexus. A
31ACCESSORY NERVE (XI). N. accessorius [XI]. Eleventh cranial nerve. Its two roots unite in the skull and pass through the jugular foramen together with the IX and X nerves. B
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Cranial nerves |
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Cranial roots (vagal part). Radices craniales |
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33 Spinal roots (spinal part). Radices spinales (pars |
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34 Accessory nerve trunk. Truncus nervi accessorii. |
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It is formed by the union of both roots. B |
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35 |
Internal branch. Ramus internus. Fiber tract as- |
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36 |
External branch. Ramus externus. United spinal |
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37 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Branches |
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muscles. B |
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34 35
32
33
36
33
33
37
B Accessory nerve
22
23
25
24
29 27
26 28 28
30
30
A Vagus nerves with branches
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
334
1 |
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1 |
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (XII). N. hypoglossus |
15 Posterior (dorsal) branches. Rami posteriores. |
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[XII]. Twelfth cranial nerve. Formed by numer- |
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Posterior branches of the spinal nerve that |
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ous roots emerging from the brain between the |
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supply the nuchal muscles and the skin lateral |
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2 |
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pyramid and olive. It passes through the hypo- |
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to the nuchal region and near the occiput. A |
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glossal canal and descends between the inter- |
16 |
Medial branch of posterior ramus. Ramus |
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3 |
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nal jugular vein and internal carotid artery. At |
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medialis. Branch with motor and sensory fibers |
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the level of the angle of the mandible it then |
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supplying the muscles and skin. A |
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proceeds anteriorly above the posterior margin |
17 |
Lateral branch of posterior ramus. Ramus |
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4 |
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of the floor of the mouth to enter the tongue. B |
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lateralis. Purely motor branch passing obliquely |
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2 Lingual branches. Rami linguales. Rami begin- |
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laterad into the muscles. A |
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5 |
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ning lateral to the hyoglossus muscle and sup- |
18 |
Suboccipital nerve. N. suboccipitalis. Poste- |
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plying the styloglossus, hyoglossus and genio- |
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rior branch of the first cervical spinal nerve. It |
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glossus muscles as well as the intrinsic muscles |
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exits between the vertebral artery and poste- |
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of the tongue. B |
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6 |
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rior arch of the atlas and supplies the short |
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3 |
SPINAL NERVES. Nervi spinales. They are |
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muscles of the neck. D |
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7 |
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formed by two roots and, in contrast to the |
19 |
Greater occipital nerve. N. occipitalis major. |
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cranial nerves, they exit through the interverte- |
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Posterior branch of the second cervical spinal |
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bral foramina. A C |
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nerve. It emerges between the axis and ob- |
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4 |
Root filaments. Fila radicularia. Fine root fibers |
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8 |
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liquus capitis inferior muscle, pierces the |
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emerging from the spinal cord within the ante- |
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trapezius and supplies the nuchal muscles and |
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9 |
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rior and posterior roots of the individual spinal |
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skin of the occipital region. D |
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nerves. A |
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20 |
Third occipital nerve. N. occipitalis tertius. |
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5 Anterior (ventral) root. Radix anterior (mo- |
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Posterior branch of the third cervical spinal |
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10 |
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toria). Motor root. A |
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nerve. It supplies the skin of the nuchal region |
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6 Posterior (dorsal) root. Radix posterior (sen- |
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close to the midline. D |
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11 |
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soria). Sensory root. A |
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21 Anterior (ventral) branches. Rami anteriores. |
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7 |
Spinal (dorsal root) ganglion. Ganglion spinale |
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Anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves. They |
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(sensorium). Ganglion situated in the inter- |
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form the cervical and brachial plexuses. A |
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12 |
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vertebral foramen, composed of pseudo-uni- |
22 Cervical plexus. Plexus cervicalis. Nerve plexus |
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polar cells. It lies in the posterior root just in |
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formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves |
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13 |
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front of the site where it joins the anterior root. A |
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C1−4. They supply the skin and muscles of the |
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8 |
Spinal nerve trunk. Truncus nervi spinalis. |
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neck. |
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Segment between the union of the two roots |
23 Nerve loop from C1−3. Ansa cervicalis [hypo- |
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14 |
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and the first branch of the spinal nerve. A C |
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glossi]. A nerve loop in the neck (C1-C3) that |
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9 |
Anterior (ventral) branch. Ramus anterior. |
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supplies the infrahyoid muscles. B |
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15 |
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Larger anterior branch of a spinal nerve. It com- |
24 |
Anterior (ventral) root. Radix anterior. The |
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municates with adjacent anterior rami to form |
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anterior root, part of which supplies the genio- |
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large plexuses. In the thoracic region it be- |
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hyoid and thyrohyoid muscles via the hypo- |
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16 |
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comes continuous with an intercostal nerve. A |
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glossal nerve. B |
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10 |
Posterior (dorsal) branch. Ramus posterior. |
25 |
Posterior (dorsal) root. Radix posterior. Pos- |
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17 |
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Weaker branch supplying the skin of the back |
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terior root. B |
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and autochthonous back muscles. A |
26 |
Thyrohyoid branch of the ansa cervicalis. |
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18 |
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11 |
Rami |
communicantes. |
Communicating |
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Ramus thyrohyoideus. Branch supplying the |
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branches connecting the spinal nerve and the |
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thyrohyoid muscle. B |
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sympathetic trunk. A |
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27 |
Lesser occipital nerve. N. occipitalis minor. |
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19 |
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11 a |
Gray communicating ramus. Ramus griseus. |
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Uppermost cutaneous branch of the cervical |
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Postganglionic part. A |
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plexus. It passes upward at the posterior mar- |
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11 b |
White communicating ramus. Ramus albus. |
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gin of the sternocleidomastoid and, at the oc- |
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20 |
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Preganglionic part. A |
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ciput, ramifies as a lateral communicating |
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12 Meningeal branch. Ramus meningeus. Deli- |
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nerve of the greater occipital nerve. D |
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21 |
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cate, recurrent ramus. It passes in front of the |
28 Great auricular nerve. N. auricularis magnus. It |
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spinal nerve to re-enter the vertebral canal |
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courses to the ear, thereby crossing the sterno- |
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through the intervertebral foramen and supply |
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cleidomastoid vertically somewhat above its |
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22 |
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the meninges of the spinal cord, where it unites |
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middle. D |
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with other meningeal rami to form a plexus. It |
29 |
Posterior (dorsal) branch. Ramus posterior. It |
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23 |
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contains sensory and sympathetic fibers. A |
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supplies the skin of the posterior surface of the |
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13 Cauda equina. Collection of all spinal nerve |
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pinna and the adjacent area. D |
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roots extending from L1−2 caudally in addition |
30 |
Anterior (ventral) ramus. Ramus anterior. It |
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24 |
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to the filum terminale. C |
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supplies the skin of the anterior surface of the |
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14 |
CERVICAL NERVES. Nervi cervicales. Eight spi- |
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ear up to the angle of the mandible. D |
25nal nerves emerging from the cervical spinal cord. B
Spinal nerves 335
3;8
1
14
26
25
24
23
3;8
13
4
16
6
17
5
4 |
7 |
10;15 |
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12
11a 11b 9;21
ASpinal nerve with roots and branches
B Hypoglossal nerve
2and ansa cervicalis
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18 |
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19 |
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29 |
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30 |
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27 |
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28 |
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C |
Cauda equina |
D |
Nerves of the nape of the neck |
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
336 Spinal nerves
1Transverse cervical (colli) nerve. N. transversus
1 colli. Arises from C3 and is the third nerve occupying the “nerve point” at the posterior margin
2of the middle third of the sternocleidomastoid
muscle where it turns anteriorly and passes beneath the platysma to supply the skin. It re-
3ceives motor fibers for the platysma from the cervical branch of the facial nerve. B
4 |
2 |
Superior branches. Rami superiores. They as- |
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cend to the suprahyoid region. B |
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3 Inferior branches. Rami inferiores. They de-
5scend to the infrahyoid region. B
4Supraclavicular nerves. Nn. supraclaviculares.
6Cutaneous branches from C3−4. They spread out fanlike to the shoulder and clavicular regions. B
5 Medial supraclavicular nerves. Nn. supra-
7claviculares mediales. They pass over the middle third of the clavicle and supply the skin of the
8neck in this region and the thorax as far as the sternal angle, as well as the sternoclavicular joint. B
9 6 Intermediate supraclavicular nerves. Nn. supraclaviculares intermedii. They descend beneath the platysma and over the middle third
10 of the clavicle to supply the skin up to the 4th rib. B
11 7 Lateral (posterior) supraclavicular nerves.
Nn. supraclaviculares laterales (posteriores). Posterior group of nerves supplying the skin over
12the acromion, deltoid muscle and the acromioclavicular joint. B
138 Phrenic nerve. N. phrenicus. It arises from C4
with additional rami from C3 and C5, extends on the scalenus anterior muscle, then passes
14through the middle mediastinum to the diaphragm. Some of its fibers extend further into the
15peritoneum. A C
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9 |
Pericardial branch. Ramus pericardiacus. |
16 |
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Slender branch to the anterior surface of the peri- |
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cardium. A |
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10 |
Phrenicoabdominal branches. Rami phreni- |
17 |
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coabdominales. Fibers supplying the peritoneum |
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up to the gallbladder and pancreas. On the right |
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side they pass through the foramen for the vena |
18 |
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cava, on the left side further anteriorly through |
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the diaphragm near the left margin of the heart. A |
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19 |
11 |
Accessory phrenic nerves. Nn. phrenici acces- |
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sorii. Frequent additional roots of the phrenic |
20 |
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nerve from C5 and C6 via the nerve to the sub- |
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clavius. A C |
12 BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Plexus brachialis. Nerve
21plexus formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5−T1. Supplying the arm and part of the shoulder girdle, it passes between the scalenus
22anterior and medius extending as far as the head of the humerus. C
2312 a Nerve roots. Radices.
13 Trunks. Trunci. Three primary trunks make up the brachial plexus and each is usually formed
24from one or two anterior rami of spinal nerves.
14 Upper trunk. Truncus superior. Formed by the
25union of C5 and C6 spinal nerves, it generally arises lateral to the scalenus gap. C
15Middle trunk. Truncus medius. A continuation of C7 spinal nerve itself. C
16Lower trunk. Truncus inferior. Formed by the union of C8 and T1 spinal nerves; it lies within the scalenus gap posterior to the subclavian artery. C
17Anterior divisions. Divisiones anteriores. Portions of brachial plexus formed by the anterior branches of the three trunks. They supply the flexor muscles.
18Posterior divisions. Divisiones posteriores. Portions of brachial plexus formed by the posterior branchesofthethreetrunks.Theyunitetoformthe posterior cord and supply the extensor muscles.
18 a Cords. Fasciculi. Three nerve bundles formed by the union of branches (anterior and/or posterior) from the three trunks.
19SUPRACLAVICULAR PART. Pars supraclavicularis. Part of brachial plexus extending up to the superior margin of the clavicle. C
20Dorsal scapular nerve. N. dorsalis scapulae. Nerve that arises from C5 directly lateral to the intervertebral foramen, penetrates the scalenus medius and then courses below the levator scapulae and the two rhomboid muscles, which it innervates. C
21Long thoracic nerve. N. thoracicus longus. Nerve that arises from C5−7, penetrates the scalenus medius and travels on the serratus anterior, which it supplies. C
22Nerve to subclavius. N. subclavius. Slender nerve from the upper trunk with fibers from C4−6 for the subclavius muscle. It frequently sends a branch (11) to the phrenic nerve. C
23Suprascapular nerve. N. suprascapularis. Nerve that arises from C5−6, passes over the brachial plexus to the scapular notch and then goes under the superior transverse ligament of the scapula to innervate the supraand infraspinatus muscles. C
24INFRACLAVICULAR PART. Pars infraclaviculares. Portion of brachial plexus below the clavicle. It extends from the upper margin of the clavicle to the level where the cords divide into the individual nerves. C
25Lateral cord. Fasciculus lateralis. Located lateral to the axillary artery, it is formed by the union of the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks, thus from C5−7. C
26Medial cord. Fasciculus medialis. Cord located medial to the axillary artery. It is formed solely by the anterior division of the lower trunk, thus from C8−T1. C
27Posterior cord. Fasciculus posterior. Cord located posterior to the axillary artery; it is formed by the union of the posterior divisions of all three trunks, thus from C5−T1. C
28Medial pectoral nerve. N. pectoralis medialis. Nerve formed by fibers from the medial cord, thus from C8−T1. It supplies the pectoralis major and minor muscles. C
29Lateral pectoral nerve. N. pectoralis lateralis. Fibers from C5−7 that supply the two pectoral muscles. C
Spinal nerves 337
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B |
Nerves forming the “nerve point” |
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20 |
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C V |
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A |
Phrenic nerve |
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26 |
12 |
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C |
Brachial plexus |
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
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338 |
Spinal nerves |
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1 |
Musculocutaneous nerve. N. musculocu15 |
Common digital nerves. Nn. digitales com- |
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1 |
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taneus. Nerve that arises from the lateral cord |
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munes. Nerves that run in the spaces between |
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(C5−7), penetrates the coracobrachialis and |
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the first four fingers and then divide. A |
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2 |
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supplies it as well as the biceps and brachialis |
16 |
Proper palmar digital nerves. Nn. digitales |
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muscles. It ends as the lateral antebrachial cu- |
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palmares proprii. Terminal branches of com- |
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taneous nerve. A |
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3 |
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mon palmar digital nerves. They supply the |
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2 |
Muscular branches. Rami musculares. |
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palmar aspect of the skin of the radial 31/2 fin- |
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Branches to the coracobrachialis, biceps and |
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gers and dorsal aspect of the skin of the radial |
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4 |
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brachialis muscles. A |
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21/2 distal phalanges. A |
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3 |
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. N. cu- |
17 |
Ulnar nerve. N. ulnaris. Nerve that arises from |
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5 |
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taneus antebrachii lateralis. Terminal branch of |
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the medial cord (C8, T1). It initially lies in the |
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musculocutaneous nerve. It penetrates the fas- |
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medial bicipital groove, breaks through the me- |
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cia at the bend of the elbow and supplies the |
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dial intermuscular septum and then, after pas- |
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6 |
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skin of the lateral forearm. A |
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sage in the groove for the ulnar nerve, pene- |
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trates the flexor carpi ulnaris. C |
4Medial brachial cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus
7 |
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brachii medialis. Nerve that arises from the me- |
18 |
Muscular branches. Rami musculares. They |
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dial cord (C8, T1) and supplies the skin of the |
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supply the flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar |
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8 |
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medial upper arm together with the interco- |
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part of the flexor digitorum profundus. C |
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stobrachial nerve. A |
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19 |
Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve. Ramus dorsalis |
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5 Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve. N. cu- |
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n. ulnaris. Cutaneous branch passing between |
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9 |
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the distal |
and middle |
third of |
the forearm |
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taneus antebrachii medialis. Nerve that arises |
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from the medial cord (C8, T1) and penetrates |
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beneath the flexor carpi ulnaris to innervate the |
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10 |
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dorsum of the hand. B C |
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the fascia at about the middle of the upper arm |
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and accompanies the basilic vein. It supplies |
20 |
Dorsal digital nerves. Nn. digitales dorsales. |
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11 |
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the skin on the medial side of both the distal |
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Individual branches to the little finger, ring fin- |
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upper arm and the forearm. A |
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ger and the ulnar side of the middle finger. This |
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6 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. It supplies |
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area of innervation can be displaced by the |
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12 |
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radial nerve. B |
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the medial flexor side of the forearm. A |
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7 |
Posterior (ulnar) branch. Ramus posterior [[ul- |
21 Palmar branch of ulnar nerver. Ramus pal- |
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13 |
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maris nervi ulnaris. Nerve that arises in the dis- |
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naris]]. It supplies the medial upper 2/3 of the |
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tal third of the forearm, penetrates the deep |
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posterior aspect of the forearm. A B |
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fascia and supplies the skin on the palmar sur- |
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14 |
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8 |
Median nerve. N. medianus. Nerve formed by |
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face of the hand. C |
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the union of medial and lateral roots from the |
22 |
Superficial |
branch. |
Ramus |
superficialis. |
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15 |
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medial and lateral cords (C6−T1). A |
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Branch that courses beneath the palmar |
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9 Medial root. Radix medialis. Part of the median |
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aponeurosis and divides to form the common |
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16 |
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nerve coming from the medial cord with fibers |
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palmar distal nerves and a fine branch to the |
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from C8 and T1. A |
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palmaris brevis. C |
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10 |
Lateral root. Radix lateralis. Part of the median |
23 |
Common palmar digital nerves. Nn. digitales |
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17 |
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nerve arising from the lateral cord with fibers |
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palmares communes. Usually only one branch |
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from C6−7. A |
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which runs in the region between the ring and |
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18 |
11 |
Anterior interosseous nerve of forearm. N. in- |
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little fingers. C |
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24 |
Proper palmar digital nerves. Nn. digitales pal- |
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terosseus |
(antebrachii) |
anterior. |
Nerve that |
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19 |
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arises from the bend of the elbow from the |
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mares proprii. Cutaneous nerves to the little |
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finger and the ulnar side of the ring finger. They |
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posterior side of the median nerve, runs on the |
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interosseous membrane and supplies the |
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also supply the dorsal aspect of the middle and |
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20 |
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distal phalanges of the 11/2 ulnar fingers. C |
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radiocarpal joint, intercarpal joints, flexor polli- |
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cis longus, flexor digitorum profundus (radial |
25 |
Deep branch (of ulnar nerve). Ramus profun- |
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21 |
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part) and pronator quadratus. A |
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dus. Branch that curves around the hamulus to |
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12 |
Muscular |
branches. |
Rami |
musculares. |
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supply the |
muscles of |
the hypothenar emi- |
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nence, the interossei, the two ulnar lumbricals, |
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22 |
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Branches that supply the pronator teres, flexor |
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the adductor pollicis and the deep head of the |
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carpi radialis, palmaris longus and flexor digi- |
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flexor pollicis brevis. C |
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torum superficialis muscles. A |
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2313 Palmar branch of median nerve. Ramus palmaris n. mediani. Nerve that arises in the distal
24third of the forearm and supplies the skin of the lateral palm. A
2514 Communicating branch to the ulnar nerve.
Ramus communicans [cum nervo ulnari]. A
Spinal nerves 339
1
2
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9 |
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10 |
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3 |
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4 |
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8 |
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17 |
4 |
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2
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6 |
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7 |
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7
9
10
11
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6 |
18 |
12 |
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19 |
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11 |
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12 |
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19 |
13 |
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3 |
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14 |
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21 |
15 |
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20 |
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16 |
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15 |
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22 |
17 |
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13 |
25 |
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18
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23 |
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19 |
B |
Cutaneous nerves |
24 |
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of forearm |
20 |
16 |
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21
22
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Nerves of upper limb, frontal view |
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Ulnar nerve |
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A |
C |
23 |
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24 |
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25 |
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340 |
Spinal nerves |
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1 Radial nerve. N. radialis. Nerve that originates |
13 Axillary nerve. N. axillaris. Nerve that arises |
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1 |
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from the posterior cord (usually with fibers |
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from the posterior cord (C5−6) and passes to- |
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from C5−T1), takes a spiral course around the |
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gether with the posterior circumflex humeral |
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2 |
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posterior aspect of the humerus while within |
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artery through the axilla to the teres minor and |
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the groove for the radial nerve, then proceeds |
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deltoid muscles. D |
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3 |
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laterally between the brachialis and bra- |
14 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Fibers to |
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chioradialis |
as |
well as |
both |
extensor carpi |
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radialis muscles. At the elbow it divides to form |
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the teres minor and deltoid muscles. D |
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4 |
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its deep and superficial rami. A B D |
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15 Superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve. N. |
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2 |
Posterior |
brachial cutaneous |
nerve. N. cu- |
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cutaneus brachii lateralis superior. It supplies |
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the area of the skin located somewhat over the |
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5 |
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taneus brachii |
posterior. |
Small |
cutaneous |
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deltoid muscle. D |
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branch supplying the skin on the extensor side |
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16 |
THORACIC NERVES. Nn. thoracici. Twelve |
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6 |
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of the upper arm. A |
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3 Lateral brachial cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus |
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thoracic spinal nerves emerging below thoracic |
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vertebrae 1−12, respectively. C |
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brachii laterialis inferior. Second cutaneous |
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7 |
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17 |
Posterior branches. Rami posteriores. Rami |
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branch for the lateral and dorsal surfaces of the |
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upper arm below the deltoid muscle. A |
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that pass dorsally through the autochthonous |
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8 |
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4 |
Posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve. N. |
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muscles of the back, then divide to form lateral |
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and medial cutaneous branches. C |
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cutaneus |
antebrachii |
posterior. |
Cutaneous |
18 |
Lateral/medial |
muscular branches. Ramus |
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9 |
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branch for the field between the lateral and |
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medial antebrachial cutaneous nerves. B |
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muscularis lateralis/medialis. C |
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10 |
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5 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Motor |
19 Posterior cutaneous branch. Ramus cutaneus |
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rami to the triceps, anconeus, brachioradialis |
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posterior. C |
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11 |
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and extensor carpi radialis longus muscles. A |
20 Anterior branches (intercostal nerves). Rami |
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6 Deep branch. Ramus profundus. Branch that |
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anteriores (nn. intercostales). Rami forming the |
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intercostal nerves ventrally in the thoracic re- |
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sors (except the extensor carpi radialis longus) |
21 |
Lateral cutaneous branch (pectoral/abdomi- |
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13 |
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and the abductor pollicis longus. A B |
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nal). Ramus |
cutaneus lateralis (pectoralis/ |
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7 |
Posterior interosseous nerve of forearm. N. |
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abdominalis). Nerve arising from the middle of |
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interosseus |
(antebrachii) |
posterior. Terminal |
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14 |
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trad and appears between the slips of the serra- |
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osseous membrane in the distal third of the |
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tus anterior muscle and the latissimus dorsi. C |
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15 |
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forearm beneath the extensors and extends to |
22 |
Lateral mammary branches. Rami mammarii |
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the wrist joint. A |
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laterales. Rami of lateral cutaneous branches |
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16 |
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8 |
Superficial |
branch. |
Ramus |
superficialis. |
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arising from T4−6 and passing anteriorly to the |
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mammary region. C |
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Branch that runs along the brachioradialis to- |
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17 |
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gether with the radial artery, crosses under its |
23 |
Intercostobrachial nerves. Nn. intercostobr- |
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accompanying muscle and then arrives at the |
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achiales. Lateral cutaneous rami arising usually |
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dorsum of the hand and fingers as a cutaneous |
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from T1, but also from T1−3 and passing to the |
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18 |
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nerve. A B |
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upper arm. C |
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9 Communicating branch to the ulnar nerve. |
24 Anterior cutaneous branch (pectoral/abdomi- |
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19 |
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Ramus communicans ulnaris. It joins the dorsal |
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nal). Ramus |
cutaneus anterior (pectoralis/ |
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ramus of the ulnar nerve on the dorsum and the |
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abdominalis). Branch that emerges medially |
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hand. A |
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20 |
10 |
Dorsal digital nerves. Nn. digitales dorsales. |
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lateral branches. C |
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25 |
Medial mammary branches. Rami mammarii |
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Terminal rami of the superficial branch passing |
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21 |
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on the radial and ulnar sides of the extensor |
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mediales. Medial branches from the anterior |
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aspect of the lateral 21/2, sometimes also 31/2 |
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cutaneous rami of intercostal nerves 2−4. C |
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22 |
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fingers. A |
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26 |
Subcostal nerve. N. subcostalis. Anterior |
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11 Subscapular nerves. Nervi subscapulares. Two |
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branch of the 12th thoracic nerve located below |
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to three branches from the brachial plexus (su- |
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the 12th rib. |
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23praclavicular part or posterior cord) supplying the subscapularis and teres major muscles. D
2412 Thoracodorsal nerve. N. thoracodorsalis. Longest subscapular nerve with fibers from C6−
258. It courses along the lateral margin of the scapula and supplies the latissimus dorsi. D
Spinal nerves 341
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5 |
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24 |
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11 |
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8 |
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22 |
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12 |
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7 |
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Intercostal nerves |
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C |
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14 |
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6 |
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16 |
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8 |
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Radial nerve |
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Posterior antebrachial |
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Axillary nerve |
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24 |
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B |
D |
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cutaneous nerve |
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25
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342 |
Spinal nerves |
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1 |
LUMBAR NERVES. Nn. lumbales (lumbares). 18 |
Ilioinguinal nerve. N. ilioinguinalis. Nerve aris- |
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1 |
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Five lumbar spinal nerves each emerging below |
ing from L1, possibly also T12. It appears at the |
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its respective lumbar vertebra. |
lateral margin of the psoas and courses between |
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2 |
2 |
Posterior branches. Rami posteriores. They |
the kidney and quadratus lumborum, then be- |
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supply the autochthonous back muscles and |
tween the transversus abdominis and internal |
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abdominal oblique (muscular branches) to enter |
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3 |
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the skin overlying them. C |
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the inguinal canal. C |
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3Medial branch. Ramus medialis. Weak motor
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branch in the lumbar region. C |
19 |
Anterior scrotal nerves. Nn. scrotales anteri- |
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4 |
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4 |
Lateral branch. Ramus lateralis. Predominantly |
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ores. Sensory branches to the anterior skin of the |
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scrotum, mons pubis and adjacent skin of the |
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sensory. C |
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5 |
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thigh. C |
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5 |
Superior clunial (gluteal) branches. Rami |
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20 |
Anterior labial nerves. Nn. labiales anteriores. |
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clunium (gluteales) superiores. Lateral rami of |
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Sensory rami to the labium majus, mons pubis |
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6 |
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L1−3 supplying the skin up to the greater tro- |
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and adjacent skin of the thigh. C |
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chanter (buttock region). B |
21 Genitofemoral nerve. N. genitofemoralis. Nerve |
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7 |
6 |
Anterior branches. Rami anteriores. Ventral |
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that arises from L1−2, penetrates the psoas |
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branches forming the lumbar plexus. C |
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major and courses on top of it. C |
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7SACRAL NERVES AND COCCYGEAL NERVE. Nn.
8sacrales et n. coccygeus. Five sacral and one 22 Genital branch. Ramus genitalis. Branch that
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coccygeal nerve. |
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courses through the inguinal canal and supplies |
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9 |
8 |
Posterior branches. Rami posteriores. Sensory |
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the cremaster muscle, skin of scrotum (labium |
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majus) and adjacent skin of the thigh. C |
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and motor rami emerging from the posterior |
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23 |
Femoral branch. Ramus femoralis. Branch that |
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10 |
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sacral foramina. A B |
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9 |
Medial branch. Ramus medialis. It supplies the |
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passes through the vascular lacuna (between |
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femoral artery and iliopectineal arch), then |
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multifidus and the skin over the sacrum and |
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11 |
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through the saphenous hiatus to supply the skin |
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coccyx. A B |
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10 Lateral branch. Ramus lateralis. Sensory branch |
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located there. C |
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12 |
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24 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus |
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for the skin over the coccyx formed by the union |
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femoris lateralis. Nerve that arises from L2−3. It |
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of sensory fibers from the posterior rami of S1−3. |
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appears at the lateral margin of the psoas and |
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13 |
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A B |
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courses beneath the iliac fascia and through the |
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11 |
Medial |
clunial |
(gluteal) |
nerves. Rami |
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lateral part of the muscular lacuna into the thigh, |
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clunium (gluteales) mediales. Sensory nerves |
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14 |
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where it proceeds below or above the sartorius |
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from S1−3. They penetrate the gluteus maximus |
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to the lateral skin of the thigh. C |
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and supply the skin of the medial, upper gluteal |
25 |
Obturator nerve. N. obturatorius. Nerve that |
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15 |
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region. B |
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12 |
Anterior branches. Rami anteriores. They pass |
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arises from L2−4. It passes beneath the psoas, be- |
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hind the internal iliac artery and lateral to the |
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16 |
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through the anterior sacral foramina and form |
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ureter, then through the obturator canal to the |
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the sacral plexus. A C |
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adductor group and to the medial skin of the |
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13 |
LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS. Plexus lumbosacralis. |
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thigh. C |
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17 |
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Collective term for the combined lumbar and |
26 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. Nerve that |
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sacral plexuses joined together by fibers from L4 |
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courses on top of the adductor brevis and obtura- |
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18 |
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and mutually supplying the lower limb. C |
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tor externus muscles and beneath the adductor |
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14 |
LUMBAR PLEXUS. Plexus lumbalis (lumbaris). |
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longus and pectineus muscles. It supplies these |
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Nerve network formed by spinal nerves L1−4 |
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and the gracilis muscles. C |
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19 |
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which lie at the anterior side of the leg. |
27 |
Cutaneous branch. Ramus cutaneus. Variable |
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15 |
Iliohypogastric nerve. N. |
iliohypogastricus. |
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20 |
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terminal branch which appears between the ad- |
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Nerve that contains sensory and motor fibers |
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ductor longus and gracilis muscles and supplies |
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from T12 and L1 for the abdominal muscles. It |
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the distal 2/3 of the skin of the thigh. C |
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21 |
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traverses the psoas major, then courses between |
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28 |
Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. It pierces |
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the transversus abdominis and internal abdomi- |
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nal muscles and pierces the latter medial to the |
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the obturator externus and supplies it and the |
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22 |
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anterior superior iliac spine. C |
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adductor magnus and brevis. Via a sensory |
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16 |
Lateral |
cutaneous |
branch. Ramus cutaneus |
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branch it extends as far as the posterior wall of |
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the knee joint. C |
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23 |
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lateralis. It can reach as far as the lateral gluteal |
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29 |
Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Branches |
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region. C |
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24 |
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17 |
Anterior cutaneous branch. Ramus cutaneus |
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supplying the previously named muscles. C |
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30 |
Accessory obturator nerve. N. obturatorius ac- |
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anterior. It frequently penetrates the aponeuro- |
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sis of the external oblique just above the superfi- |
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cessorius. It frequently arises as an additional |
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25 |
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cial inguinal ring and supplies the skin in this |
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obturator nerve from L3−4 to supply the pec- |
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area. C |
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tineus and hip joint. |
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Spinal nerves |
343 |
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12 |
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1 |
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L III |
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3 |
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4 |
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8 |
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8 |
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A |
Exit of a sacral nerve |
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3 |
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B |
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Middle and superior |
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clunial nerves |
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28 |
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24 |
C Lumbosacral plexus
25
344 Spinal nerves
1Femoral nerve. N. femoralis. Nerve arising from 1 L2−4. It appears at the lateral margin of the psoas and runs between the iliac and psoas major
2 |
muscles to pass through the muscular lacuna. A |
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2 Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Branches |
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to the sartorius, pectineus and quadriceps
3femoris muscles. A
3Anterior cutaneous branches. Rami cutanei anteriores. Main branches for the distal 3/4 of the
4 |
anterior surface of the thigh up to the patella. A |
4Saphenous nerve. N. saphenus. Longest, purely
5sensory ramus of the femoral nerve. It begins in the femoral triangle, passes beneath the ”vasto-
adductor membrane”, which it pierces, arrives 6 beneath the skin between the sartorius and gracilis muscles and, together with the great
7saphenous vein, proceeds as far as the medial side of the foot. A
5 Infrapatellar branch. Ramus infrapatellaris. It
8penetrates the sartorius and arrives at the skin below the patella. A
6 Medial cutaneous branches of the leg. Rami
9 cutanei cruris mediales. Branches of saphenous nerve to skin of the lower leg and foot. A
107 Lumbosacral trunk. Truncus lumbosacralis. Connection to the lumbar plexus formed by L5 and a part of L4. A
118 SACRAL PLEXUS. Plexus sacralis. Plexus arising from L5−S3 and a part of L4 and S4, lying anterior
12to and beneath the fascia of the piriformis muscle beneath its fascia. Its nerves pass to the posterior side of the lower limb. A
139 Nerve to obturator internus muscle. N. musculi obturatorii interni. Nerve that arises from L5−S2 and passes through the greater sciatic foramen
14into the ischioanal fossa from which it extends to the obturator internus muscle.
1510 Nerve to piriformis muscle. N. musculi piriformis. Nerve that arises from S1−2 and proceeds to the anterior side of the piriformis.
1611 Nerve to quadratus femoris. N. musculi quadrati femoris. Nerve that arises from L4−S1, passes
17through the greater sciatic foramen and proceeds down to the quadratus femoris and the hip joint.
12 Superior gluteal nerve. N. gluteus superior.
18Nerve that arises from L4−S1, passes through the greater sciatic foramen cranial to the piriformis [[“suprapiriform foramen”]] and then between
19the gluteus medius and minimus as far as the tensor fasciae latae. It supplies all of the above-
20mentioned muscles except the piriformis. B
13Inferior gluteal neve. N. gluteus inferior. Nerve that arises from L5−S2, passes through the in-
21frapiriform foramen and supplies the gluteus maximus. B
2214 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus
femoralis posterior. Nerve that arises from S1−3, passes through the greater sciatic foramen below
23the piriformis [[“infrapiriform foramen”]] and supplies the skin on the posterior side of the thigh and proximal portion of lower leg. B
2415 Inferior clunial (gluteal) rami. Rami clunium
(gluteales) inferiores. Cutaneous branches pass-
25ing upward around the lower margin of the gluteus maximus. B
16Perineal branches. Rami perineales. Branches that arise from the lower margin of the gluteus maximus and pass beneath the ischial tuberosity medially to the scrotum (labia). One of the branches ascends as far as the coccyx. B
16 a Perforating cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus perforans. Ramus of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve supplying the skin of the anus. B
17Sciatic nerve. N. ischiadicus (sciaticus). Nerve that arises from L4−S3. It is the thickest nerve of the body. It leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis [[infrapiriform foramen]] and passes downward lateral to the ischial tuberosity, beneath the gluteus maximus and the long head of the biceps. B
18Common peroneal (fibular) nerve. N. fibularis communis. Nerve that arises from L4−S2, branches off from the sciatic nerve at a variable level, passes in company with the biceps tendon as far as the posterior aspect of the head of the fibula and then crosses obliquely forward between the skin and fibula. B
19Lateral sural cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus surae lateralis. It usually arises in the popliteal fossa and supplies the skin on the lateral aspect of the proximal 2/3 of the posterior side of the lower leg. A B
20Communicating branch of common peroneal (fibular) nerve. Ramus communicans fibularis. It passes beneath the fascia over the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and joins the medial sural cutaneous nerve to form the sural nerve. B
21Superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve. N. fibularis superficialis. One of the terminal branches of the common fibular nerve. It descends between the peroneal muscles and extensor digitorum longus. A B
22Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Branches to the peroneus longus and brevis.
23Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis. It runs over the extensor retinacula and supplies the skin of the dorsum of the foot, the medial side of the big toe and the halves of the 2nd and 3rd toes facing one another. A
24Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius. Lateral cutaneous branch of the superficial fibular nerve to the middle and lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot. A
25Dorsal digital nerves of foot. Nn. digitales dorsales pedis. Branches for all toes except the distal phalanges. A
26Deep peroneal (fibular) nerve. N. fibularis profundus. It proceeds beneath the peroneus longus, then lateral to the tibialis anterior muscle to supply the dorsum of the foot. A B
27Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Rami passing to the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and brevis, and extensor digitorum longus and brevis muscles. A
28Dorsal digital nerves of lateral surface of great toe and of medial surface of second toe. Nn. digitales dorsales, hallucis lateralis et digiti secundi medialis. Sensory branches. A
Spinal nerves 345
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27
4
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24
27 B Nerves of lower limb from behind
28
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A Nerves of lower limb from front
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346 |
Spinal nerves |
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Tibial nerve. N. tibialis. Nerve arising from L4− |
14 |
Common plantar digital nerves. Nn. digitales |
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S3. It is the second terminal branch of the sci- |
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plantares communes. Two branches, one pass- |
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atic nerve. It passes through the popliteal fossa, |
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ing to the little toe and giving off a branch to the |
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soleus muscle and proceeds, accompanied by |
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the posterior tibial artery, around the medial |
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A |
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malleolus to the sole of the foot. A |
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Proper plantar digital nerves. Nn. digitales |
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Muscular branches. Rami musculares. Rami to |
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the gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus and the |
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tibial sides of the little toe as well as to the fibu- |
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deep flexors at the lower leg. A |
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lar side of the 4th toe. A |
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Interosseous nerve of leg. N. interosseus |
16 |
Deep branch. Ramus profundus. Muscular |
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cruris. It is accompanied by the anterior tibial |
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biofibular joint. A |
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lateral three lumbrical muscles. A |
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Medial sural cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus |
17 |
Pudendal nerve. N. pudendus. Arising from |
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surae medialis. Nerve that arises from the tibial |
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S2−4, it passes through the greater sciatic fora- |
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men below the piriformis [[”infrapiriform fora- |
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men”]] to the ischioanal fossa. C |
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joins the communicating branch of the com- |
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Inferior rectal nerves. Nn. rectales (anales) in- |
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mon fibular nerve to form the sural nerve. A B |
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feriores. Fibers from S3−4 for the external anal |
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Sural nerve. N. suralis. Continuation of the |
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medial sural cutaneous nerve after its union |
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Perineal nerves. Nn. perineales. Collective |
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term for the nerves of the perineum. |
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mon fibular nerve. B |
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Posterior scrotal (labial) nerves. Nn. |
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Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve. N. cutaneus |
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dorsalis lateralis. It passes to the lateral aspect |
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scrotum (labium majus) from behind. C |
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of the dorsum of the foot and anastomoses with |
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Muscular |
branches. Rami musculares. They |
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the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve. B |
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7 Lateral calcaneal branches. Rami calcanei later- |
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Dorsal nerve |
of |
penis. N. dorsalis penis. |
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ales. Lateral branches to the calcaneus. B |
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Paired nerves lying on the dorsum of the penis |
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Medial calcaneal branches. Rami calcanei |
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penis. C |
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bial nerve. They pass to the medial aspect of the |
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Dorsal nerve of clitoris. N. dorsalis clitoridis. |
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calcaneus. B |
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Smaller nerve corresponding to the dorsal |
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Medial plantar nerve. N. plantaris medialis. |
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nerve of the penis. C |
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The larger terminal branch of the tibial nerve. It |
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Coccygeal |
nerve. N. coccygeus. Last spinal |
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nerve. It |
emerges |
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the abductor hallucis to the sole of the foot |
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sacrum and anastomoses with S4−5 nerves. C |
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which it supplies, as well as the skin and the |
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Coccygeal plexus. Plexus coccygeus. Nerve |
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flexor hallucis brevis and flexor digitorum |
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brevis. A |
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10 |
Common plantar digital nerves. Nn. digitales |
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plantares communes. They course in the inter- |
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Anococcygeal nerves. Nn. anococcygei. Several |
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proper plantar digital nerves. A |
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Proper plantar digital nerves. Nn. digitales plan- |
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tares proprii. Cutaneous nerves passing on the |
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21tibial and fibular sides of the flexor aspect of the medial 31/2 toes. They supply the distal
phalanges, including their dorsal aspect. A
22
12Lateral plantar nerve. N. plantaris lateralis. Smaller terminal branch of the tibial nerve. It
23passes beneath the flexor digitorum brevis medial to the lateral plantar artery as far as the
24base of the 5th metatarsal bone. A
13 Superficial branch. Ramus superficialis. Perdom-
25inantly sensory branch of lateral plantar nerve. A
Spinal nerves 347
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10 |
11 |
13 |
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15 |
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22 |
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18 |
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A |
Nerves of leg |
C |
Pudendal nerve |
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and foot from behind
25