книги / English for Aerospace Engineering

The website of Space X is definitely more detailed and contains more

(5) _____ plans for the future of space travel. While they discuss private space travel for the purpose of leisure: “Fly over your hometown, famous landmarks and other places meaningful to you”, they also talk about Earth to Earth transportation via space, the habitability of the moon, and plans to create a human colony on Mars.

VII. Write a short essay (180—200 words).

Today, we’ll explore the advantages and disadvantages of space tourism, raise questions about the billionaire space race. Think about whether space tourism is the beginning of a new future or an environmental catastrophe?

Progress Check

I. Choose the appropriate translation of the words.

1)	arcing		a)	враждебный
2)	assemblage		b) давление
3)	competitiveness		c)	двигательная установка
4)	debris		d) дугообразный
5)	deflection		e)	задержка
6)	delay		f)	искусственный спутник
7)	equation		g) исследование
8)	exploration		h) конкурентоспособность
9)	fatigue		i)	обломки
10)		findings	j)	обслуживание
11)		hostile	k)	отклонение
12)		maintenance	l)	подвергать
13)		medium	m) полезная нагрузка
14)		missile	n) полученные данные
15)		payload	o) представлять собой
16)		poses	p) реактивный снаряд
17)		satellite	q) сборка
18)		stress	r)	тех. усталость (материала)
19)		subject	s)	уравнение
20)		thruster	t)	физ. среда

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II.What words and phrases do not fit the chain?

1)aviation, aeronautics, avionic

2)within earth’s atmosphere, beyond earth’s atmosphere, outer space

3)rocket, turbojet, missile

4)guided missile, ballistic missile, strategic missile

5)launch vehicle, transponder, satellite

6)Delta, Soyuz, Proton

7)launch pad, launch tower, launch vehicle

8)thruster, receiver, transmitter

9)exploration, maintenance, station keeping

10)leisure, pleasure, treasure

III. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

shutdown	costs	propellant	stage	fuel
pressure	velocities	capability	injected	time

Liquid propellant rocket engines

Liquid propellant systems carry the (1) _____ in tanks external to the combustion chamber. Most of these engines use a liquid oxidizer and a liquid

(2) _____, which are transferred from their respective tanks by pumps. The pumps raise the (3) _____, and the propellants are then (4) _____ into the engine in a manner that assures atomization and rapid mixing. Liquid propellant engines have certain features that make them preferable to solid systems in many applications. These features include higher attainable effective exhaust (5) _____, higher mass fractions, and control of operating level in flight, sometimes including stop and restart (6) _____ and emergency (7) _____. Also, in some applications it is an advantage that propellant loading is delayed until shortly before launch

(8) _____, a measure that the use of a liquid propellant allows.

Liquid systems also have been used extensively as first (9) _____ launch vehicles for space missions, as, for example, in the Saturn (U.S.), Ariane (European), and Energia (Soviet) launch systems. The relative merits of solid and liquid propellants in large launch vehicles are still under debate and involve not only propulsion performance but also issues related to logistics, capital and operating (10) _____ of launch sites.

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IV. Choose the correct option.

1.Interplanetary or interstellar space.

a)confined space

b)outer space

c)space flight

2.Research, development, and manufacture of flight vehicles.

a)aerospace industry

b)engineering

c)preliminary design phase

3.A firework consisting of a case partly filled with a combustible composition and propelled through the air by the rearward discharge of the gases.

a)rocket

b)vehicle

c)launch vehicle

4.A rocket used to launch a satellite or spacecraft.

a)flight vehicle

b)crewed spacecraft

c)launch vehicle

5.A manufactured object or vehicle intended to orbit the earth.

a)satellite

b)rocket

c)spacecraft

6.Produced by the forwardly directed forces of the reaction resulting from the rearward discharge of a jet of fluid.

a)liquid propellants

b)jet propulsion

c)engine

7.Fuel plus oxidizer used by a rocket engine.

a)a gas kept under pressure in a bottle or can

b)propellant

c)fuel

8.A technique used in many missions to minimize the size of the takeoff vehicle.

a)multiple factor

b)multiple point

c)multiple staging

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9.Newton's Third Law of Motion

a)the rocket experiences a decrease in momentum proportional to the momentum carried away in the exhaust

b)the rocket experiences a decrease in momentum disproportionate to the momentum carried away in the exhaust

c)the rocket experiences an increase in momentum proportional to the momentum carried away in the exhaust

10.Capable of being thrown or projected to strike a distant object.

a)satellite

b)missile

c)weapon

11.They carry nuclear warheads.

a)strategic missiles

b)guided missile

c)launch vehicle

12.The load carried by an aircraft or spacecraft consisting of things (such as passengers or instruments) necessary to the purpose of the flight.

a)weight

b)mass

c)payload

13.The purpose for which something is predetermined or destined.

a)destination

b)place

c)aim

14.An integrated receiver and transmitter of radio signals.

a)radio

b)transponder

c)communications system

15.Maintenance of a satellite’s orbital position.

a)station keeping

b)station cleaning

c)station renovation

16.A branch of dynamics that deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids and with the forces acting on bodies in motion relative to such fluids.

a)a branch of physics

b)hydrodynamics

c)aerodynamics

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17.A nonflammable platform from which a rocket, launch vehicle, or guided missile can be launched.

a)launch pad

b)start platform

c)launch tower

18.A rising from a surface at the start of a flight (as of a rocket).

a)landings

b)liftoffs

c)drive

19.The most prominent crater on the far side of the moon bears the name.

a)Isaac Newton

b)Hermann Oberthand

c)Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

20.The experience of observing the Earth from space.

a)Overview Effect

b)Effect on the lives

c)Beautiful view

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SUPPLEMENTARY READING

Module 1. Aviation

FIRST AIRPLANE

First airplane flies

Near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first successful flight in history of a self propelled, heavier than air aircraft on December 17, 1903. Orville piloted the gasoline powered, propeller driven biplane, which stayed aloft for 12 seconds and covered 120 feet on its inaugural flight.

Orville and Wilbur Wright grew up in Dayton, Ohio, and developed an interest in aviation after learning of the glider flights of the German engineer Otto Lilienthal in the 1890s. Unlike their older brothers, Orville and Wilbur did not attend college, but they possessed extraordinary technical ability and a sophisticated approach to solving problems in mechanical design. They built printing presses and in 1892 opened a bicycle sales and repair shop. Soon, they were building their own bicycles, and this experience, combined with profits from their various businesses, allowed them to pursue actively their dream of building the world’s first airplane.

After exhaustively researching other engineers’ efforts to build a heavier than air, controlled aircraft, the Wright brothers wrote the U.S. Weather Bureau inquiring about a suitable place to conduct glider tests. They settled on Kitty Hawk, an isolated village on North Carolina’s Outer Banks, which offered steady winds and sand dunes from which to glide and land softly. Their first glider, tested in 1900, performed poorly, but a new design, tested in 1901, was more successful. Later that year, they built a wind tunnel where they tested nearly 200 wings and airframes of different shapes and designs. The brothers’ systematic experimentations paid off–they flew hundreds of successful flights in their 1902 glider at Kill Devils Hills near Kitty Hawk. Their biplane glider featured a steering system, based on a movable rudder, that solved the problem of controlled flight. They were now ready for powered flight.

In Dayton, they designed a 12 horsepower internal combustion engine with the assistance of machinist Charles Taylor and built a new aircraft to house it. They transported their aircraft in pieces to Kitty Hawk in the autumn of 1903, assembled

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it, made a few further tests, and on December 14 Orville made the first attempt at powered flight. The engine stalled during take off and the plane was damaged, and they spent three days repairing it. Then at 10:35 a.m. on December 17, in front of five witnesses, the aircraft ran down a monorail track and into the air, staying aloft for 12 seconds and flying 120 feet. The modern aviation age was born. Three more tests were made that day, with Wilbur and Orville alternately flying the airplane. Wilbur flew the last flight, covering 852 feet in 59 seconds.

During the next few years, the Wright brothers further developed their airplanes but kept a low profile about their successes in order to secure patents and contracts for their flying machines. By 1905, their aircraft could perform complex maneuvers and remain aloft for up to 39 minutes at a time. In 1908, they traveled to France and made their first public flights, arousing widespread public excitement. In 1909, the U.S. Army’s Signal Corps purchased a specially constructed plane, and the brothers founded the Wright Company to build and market their aircraft. Wilbur Wright died of typhoid fever in 1912; Orville lived until 1948.

The historic Wright brothers’ aircraft of 1903 is on permanent display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

https://www.history.com/this day in history/first airplane flies

SOVIET UNION’S FOREMOST AIRCRAFT DESIGNERS

Andrey Tupolev

Andrey Nikolayevich Tupolev, (born October 29 [November 10, New Style], 1888, Pustomazovo, Russia—died December 23, 1972, Moscow), one of the Soviet Union’s foremost aircraft designers, whose bureau produced a number of military bombers and civilian airliners—including the world’s first supersonic passenger plane.

In 1909 Tupolev entered the Moscow Imperial Technical School (now Bauman Moscow State Technical University), where he became a student and disciple of Nikolay Y. Zhukovsky, widely considered the father of Russian aviation. In 1918 they organized the Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute, of which Tupolev became assistant director in 1918. He became head of the institute’s design bureau in 1922 and supervised the work of various designers—including Pavel O. Sukhoy (see Sukhoy design bureau), Vladimir M. Myasischev, and Vladimir M. Petlyakov—who later became notable in their own right. This bureau, in producing military and civilian planes that were designated by Tupolev’s initials, ANT, made all metal construction a standard feature of Soviet aviation.

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In 1937 Tupolev, in common with many Soviet designers at the time, was arrested on charges of activities against the state. Following his imprisonment, he was placed in charge of a team that was to design military aircraft. From this came the Tu 2, a twin engine bomber that saw wide use in World War II and, in 1943, earned Tupolev his freedom and a Stalin Prize. Near the end of the war he was given the job of copying the U.S. B 29 Superfortress, three of which had force landed in the Soviet Far East. This project resulted in the Tu 4 (NATO designation “Bull”), which first flew in 1947 and was the U.S.S.R.’s principal strategic bomber until the mid 1950s.

After adapting jet propulsion to several piston engine airframes, Tupolev in 1952 introduced the Tu 16 (“Badger”), a medium range bomber that featured swept wings and light alloy construction. A team under Aleksandr A. Arkhangelsky, Tupolev’s longtime associate, designed the Tu 95 (“Bear”), a huge turboprop bomber that first flew in 1954 and became one of the most durable military aircraft ever built. Two civilian aircraft were derived from these—the Tu 104, which appeared in 1955 and became one of the first jet transports to provide regular passenger service, and the Tu 114 long range passenger plane, the largest propeller driven aircraft ever in regular service.

In 1963 Tupolev’s son Alexey became chief designer of a team that produced the Tu 144 supersonic transport. The Tu 144 broke the sound barrier— the first passenger plane to do so—on a test flight in 1969 and reached twice the speed of sound a year later, but it was plagued by design problems and mismanagement and had only a short life as a passenger jet in 1977–78.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrey Nikolayevich Tupolev

Oleg Antonov

Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov, 07(19).02.1906–04.04.1984 was a General Designer of Aircraft (1962), Hero of the Socialist Labor (1966), Lenin (1962) and State Prize winner (1952), academician of the Academy of Science of Ukraine (1967) and of the USSR (1981), Doctor of Science, Eng. (1960), Professor (1978), Honored Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1976), deputy of the USSR Supreme Soviet of the 5th – 11th convocations; bearer of the Order of Lenin (1957, 1975), October Revolution (1971), the Red Banner of Labor (1944), of the Patriotic War First Class (1945), Resurgence of Poland (1967), decorated with the Great Patriotic War Partisan First Class medal and the A.N. Tupolev Gold medal (1984).

Since 1923, O. Antonov was active in the Saratov Branch of the Air Fleet Friends Society. Here Oleg started constructing gliders of his own design. In 1924,

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he designed and built the OKA 1 Golub (The Dove), which was awarded with a diploma for original design at the Second All Union Gliding Tests in the Crimea. During the period of his university studies, Antonov constructed training gliders: OKA 2, OKA 3, Standart, Standart 2 (OKA 5) at the Osoaviakhim (Aviation Public Assistance Organization). Having graduated from the institute in 1930, Oleg Antonov was working as head of design bureau of the glider workshops and as engineer of Factory No. 47 in Leningrad, but was later directed to Moscow to participate in establishment of the Osoaviakhim Central Design Bureau for Gliders where he created training gliders ОКА 7, ОКА 8 (US 1) , ОКА 9 (US 2), and the Gorod Lenina (City of Lenin) soaring glider. In 1933, O.K. Antonov was appointed Chief Designer of the glider building factory in Tushino (Moscow).

In 1938, O. Antonov was appointed leading designer of A.S. Yakovlev’s Design Bureau (Plant No. 115). In 1940 41 he headed design bureau of Plants No. 23 and No. 380 in Leningrad, designing the ОКА 38 Aist (The Stork) communications airplane (CA). In 1941 he becomes Chief Designer of Plant No. 465 in Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR, and in July – Chief Designer in Moscow and Tyumen, designing and constructing the А 2 twin seat training glider and the KT (Winged Tank) glider.

Starting from May 1946, O.K. Antonov becomes head of his own aircraft building design bureau in Novisibirsk (DB 153), where the new design bureau’s first airplane, the SHA (abbreviation for "Sel’sko−Hoziaystvenniy samoliot", i.e. "agricultural airplane"), took off for its first flight on the 31st of August 1947. In 1948 the airplane was launched in series production at Kyiv Aviation Plant under the designation AN 2. It is the only biplane in the world which has been continuously manufactured and still remains in mass operation these days. In the USSR the aircraft was produced at aircraft manufacturing plants in Kyiv and Dolgoprundyi (Russian Federation). It was also manufactured under license in China (since 1956) and Poland (since 1959). Originally designed as an agricultural aircraft, the AN 2 was produced in six official modifications and dozens of specialized versions.

In 1952, Oleg Antonov and his design bureau team move to Kyiv, where they had to re establish the office team and the production facility practically from scratch. During that period of time, the design bureau team was joined by a large group of graduates of Kharkiv Aviation Institute, as well as aviation specialists from Kyiv, Moscow, Leningrad and other cities. Further research and scientific activities of Oleg Antonov were basically focused on the development and construction of the military transport, cargo, passenger, and multi purpose airplanes. During the 1950s, Antonov was at the head of the development and construction of the AN 8

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transport airplane (1956), AN 10 Ukraina (Ukraine) passenger airplane, AN 12 military airlifter (1957), AN 14 Pchiolka (Little Bee) multipurpose short takeoff and landing aircraft (1958), and AN 24 passenger airplane (1959) with the welded/bonded elements widely used in its structure for the first time in the world.

In the period of 1960—1965, the AN 22 Antei (Antheus) world’s first super heavy wide body transport airplane was developed. The aircraft later set 41 world aviation records. One of the fundamental principles of the Antonov Design Bureau’ creative activity was the aircraft structural commonality. Thus, the AN 14М and AN 28 airplanes were developed on the basis of the AN 14 (in 1973), the AN 30 aerial photography airplane was designed on the basis of the AN 24 (in 1967), as well as the AN 24Т (1965) and AN 26 (1969) transport airplanes and the AN 32 transport for hot and high operating conditions(1976). Airplanes of the Antonov family were built at a number of manufacturing facilities in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Irkutsk, Voronezh, Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk, Arsenyev, Dolgoprudnyi, Omsk, Tashkent, Ulan Ude, Mieleс (Poland), Shijiazhuang and Nanchang (PRC). The last airplane developed under the guidance of Oleg Antonov was the AN 124 Ruslan – the world’s largest production military transport airplane (1982) designed to carry 150 tons of cargo. In November 1965, Antonov signed an open letter to the CPSU Central Committee protesting against political repressions against representatives of the artistic intelligentsia of Ukrainian SSR and discrimination of the Ukrainian literature. As long as he lived, Antonov was putting incredible effort in restoring the memory of Igor Sikorsky in the history of Ukrainian aviation.

https://antonov.com/en/biography

Sergey Ilyushin

Sergey Vladimirovich Ilyushin, (born March 30 [March 18, Old Style], 1894, Dilyalevo, Vologda province, Russia—died Feb. 9, 1977, Moscow), Soviet aircraft designer who created the famous Il 2 Stormovik armoured attack aircraft used by the Soviet air force during World War II. After the war he designed civil aircraft: the Il 12 twin engined passenger aircraft (1946), the Il 18 Moskva four engined turboprop transport (1957), the Il 62 turbojet passenger carrier (1962), and the Il 86 airbus, which made its first flight in 1976.

Ilyushin was mobilized in the Russian army in 1914. He transferred to the army air arm and received a pilot’s certificate in 1917. He later joined the Red Army, and in 1922 he entered the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy, Moscow, graduating in 1926. He then served as chief of design at various military and civilian aviation institutes. On April 21, 1938, while commuting by plane, he

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