Tuberculosis in young children. Anatomo-physiological features in young children:

1. Immaturity of cellular and humoral immunity.

2. Retarded and reduced migration of blood cells to the site of inflammation.

3. Incomplete phagocytosis (absorption phase developed, digestion phase reduced).

4. Deficiency of the main components of the complement.

5. Upper airways and trachea short and wide, other airways narrow and long.

6. Relative sheathing of glands, low bronchial amount of secretion.

7. Acini are poor in elastic fiber.

8. Insufficient amount of surfactant leads to easy development of atelectasi.

9. Virtually undeveloped intersegmental pleura, poorly developed interlobular pleura; Not all layers of the pleura are formed.

10. Poorly developed cough reflex.

11. Lymph nodes have little lymphoid tissue, weak valve apparatus, and possible lymphatic backflow.

12. many anastomoses between mediastinal lymph nodes.

13. Many anastomoses between blood and lymph vessels.

14. Immaturity of the thermoregulatory center.

in young childrenis .

Tuberculosis detected mainly

on demand (the most common diagnosis is pneumonia, and the ineffectiveness of nonspecific antibiotic therapy forces a differential diagnosis with tuberculosis). In children with tuberculosis at the age under 1 year, tuberculosis contact is diagnosed in 100% of Two thirds of infants suffering from tuberculosis have not been vaccinated against BCG or have no post-vaccination markings. The most frequent complications are bronchopulmonary lesions, hematogenous dissemination to the lungs and brain membranes, decay of lung tissue.

FEATURES OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS INCHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

1. Secondary forms of tuberculosis in children occur only in high school age, coinciding with puberty (13-14 years).

2. For adolescents the secondary forms of primary genesis (on the background of widespread pulmonary process there are affected intrathoracic lymph node tuberculosis).

Tuberculosis in adolescents. Anatomic and physiological features of

adolescence:

1. Reorganization of the neuroendocrine apparatus takes place.

2.lung segments grow intensively.

3.The level of metabolism and the level of energy expenditure change.

4. elastic fibers in alveoli and interalveolar spaces develop intensively.

.

5. There is a discrepancy between anatomic structure of organs (incomplete development of the functioning part, weakness of connective structures) and increased functional needs of the body.

6. There is a psychological restructuring, breaks the child's stereotype of life, a new social situation is formed, there are many new contacts, changing diet, acquired new habits, including harmful alcohol, smoking)

A peculiarity of tuberculosis in adolescence is the tendency to a progressive course, alterative. and necrotic reactions.The decay of lung tissue comes relatively often and quickly (tendency to decay is more pronounced than in adults); secondary forms of tuberculosis, characteristic of adults (infiltrative, focal, cavernous tuberculosis) develop, while retaining the features of the primary period (high general sensitization). Adolescents living in TB contact fall ill with tuberculosis twice as often as children of other ages (except infants); late diagnosis, inadequate treatment, missed late diagnosis, inadequate treatment, missed "virage", late diagnosis, inadequate treatment, missed "virage", absence of Late diagnosis, inadequate treatment, missed "virage" and absence of preventive treatment in the "virage" period leads to chronicity of the tuberculosis process.

THE LIKELIHOOD OF ILLNESSINCREASES IN THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:

1. In the first years after infection.

2. During puberty.

3. During reinfection with mycobacteria (exogenous superinfection).

4. In case of HIV infection (up to 8 - 10% per year).

5. In the presence of concomitant diseases (diabetes, FMD and duodenal ulcers, pregnancy, alcoholism).

6. In the course of therapy.

THREE MAIN GROUPS OF FACTORS THAT

DETERMINE AN INCREASED RISK OF

TUBERCULOSIS:

1. Close contact with TB patients (domestic or industrial).

2. Various diseases and conditions which decrease body resistance and create conditions for tuberculosis development.

3. Socio-economic, social and economic, household, ecological, production и other factors.