The American Press
Most daily papers in the USA are of the ‘quality’ rather than ‘the popular’ variety. Among the 20 newspapers with the largest circulation only two or three regularly feature crime, sex and scandal.
It is often said that there is no national press in the United States as there is in Great Britain, for instance. In one sense this is true. There are no official or government-owned newspapers in the USA. There is no state censorship, that is, courts or judges cannot stop a story from being published or printed. Most daily newspapers are distributed locally or regionally.
However, the influence of a few large metropolitan newspapers, most notably the New York Times and the Washington Post, has increased so that these papers come close to constituting a national press. Both papers syndicate their staff-written stories to regional newspapers all over the country.
The Wall Street Journal was the country’s first national daily and is the largest. It specializes in economic and financial issues.
The New York Times is a journal with a relatively long and respected history. It is read by about one million people in the US and is ranked as ‘the world’s top daily’.
USA Today was launched not long ago, in 1982. This paper claims over five and a half million readers.
Two other newspapers also representing American journalism in the areas of national and international news and mentioned among papers of international excellence are the Christian Science Monitor and the International Herald Tribune. The former is smaller in size and readership than the other papers. The latter is partly owned by the New York Company and the Washington Post Company. About 40% of its articles come directly from those two American papers, and its main office is in Paris. Printed simultaneously in ten major cities in the world, it calls itself ‘The Global Newspaper’. It offers political and financial news about many countries, especially the United States, Western Europe, and the Far East.
Most American newspapers rely heavily on wire copy from the two world’s largest news agencies, the Associated Press (AP) and the United Press International (UPI). Neither of them is owned, controlled or run by the government. They have thousands of subscribers – newspapers, radio and television stations and other agencies, which pay to receive and use the news and photographs in more than 100 countries in the world.
The trend toward concentration of ownership is defended on the ground that large-scale organizations can provide the funds, know-how, and management to keep a newspaper profitable and competitive.
The American press, especially in recent decades, has insisted on objectivity and detachment in news reports. Opinion is excluded from news columns and is presented on separate editorial pages, which feature unsigned editorials and include opinions signed by readers, contributors, and syndicated columnists.
Government and media often engage in confrontations when reporters disclose classified information or pursue investigative reporting to uncover injustices and corruption within American institutions.
(from The American Institutions)
Exercise 11
Discuss the following:
Is there any difference between the British and American press? Where does it mainly lie? Speak about the types, readership, ownership, independence of the state, interdependence as for the news obtained.
What does profitability and competitiveness of a newspaper depend on?
Why are editorials generally published unsigned?
How much should journalists be involved in investigative reporting?
Exercise 12
Find the sentences in which the following word combinations are used in the text above and explain them in English.
government-owned newspapers; state censorship; metropolitan newspapers; to syndicate stories; to claim readership; wire copy; subscriber; to keep a newspaper profitable and competitive; detachment; to feature an editorial; syndicated columnists; classified information; to pursue investigative reporting; to uncover injusticies and corruption.
Exercise 13
Suggest the English for the following:
освещать события; распространять газеты; представлять собой национальную прессу; специализироваться по экономическим и финансовым проблемам; претендовать на читательскую аудиторию; первый и последний (из перечисленных); печатать одновременно в нескольких крупных городах; в основном полагаться на что-то; поддерживать на том основании, что..; предоставлять /оказывать финансовую помощь; поддерживать газету и прибыльном и конкурентоспособном состоянии; последние десятилетия; конфликтовать; вскрывать факты несправедливости и коррупции;
Exercise 14
Sum up the information about the British and American newspapers focusing on the similarities and differences between the two in writing. Be ready to speak about them in class.
Exercise 15
Read the text about newspaper headlines and take the rules concerning their structure into consideration when putting headlines in plain English.