- •Часть II
- •Contents
- •Unit 1 Oil exploration
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pay attention to the pronunciation the following words.
- •2. Read the text “Exploration methods” and fulfill the exercises. Exploration Methods
- •Elements of a petroleum prospect
- •Terms used in petroleum evaluation
- •3. Give definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Find English equivalents to the following Russian sentences.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •6. Pronounce the following terms. Pay attention to the letters in bold.
- •7. Scan the text “Finding oil» and answer the after-text questions Finding Oil
- •8. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •9. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.
- •10. Read the text “How to find oil” and fulfill the exercises. How to Find Oil
- •11. Form adjectives and nouns from the following verbs.
- •12. Give the Russian equivalent to the following terms.
- •13. Give the English equivalent to the Russian term.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •15. Read the text “Geological Prospecting” and fulfill the exercises. Geological Prospecting
- •16. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •17. Draw a diagram of geological prospecting and describe it.
- •Wordlist
- •Unit 2 oil extraction
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the underlined stress.
- •2. The following words and phrases appear in the text.
- •3. Complete the following table. The final column of the table should be completed by filling the word class judging by its position in relation to other words and its function in the text.
- •4. Read the text “How to Extract Oil” and fulfill the exercises. How to Extract Oil
- •10. Match the words with their definitions.
- •11. Work in pairs. Ask your partner the following questions.
- •Wordlist
- •Unit 3 reservoir rock properties
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •2. Read the text “Hydrocarbon traps” and fulfill the exercises.
- •Hydrocarbon Traps
- •3. Say whether the following statements are true or false. If false, correct them according to the text.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •5. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold and the underlined stress.
- •6. Read the text “Migration and accumulation of petroleum” and fulfill the exercises. Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum
- •7. Form adjectives and nouns from the following verbs.
- •8. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones.
- •9. Define the following terms.
- •11. Answer the following questions.
- •12. Put a preposition into the following gaps.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •13. Detailed reading. Read the text “Porosity” and fulfill the exercises. Porosity
- •14. Give the Russian equivalents to the English ones.
- •15. State the synonyms to the following terms.
- •16. Translate the following sentences.
- •17. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •18. Read the text “Permeability” and fulfill the exercises. Permeability
- •Factors affecting the magnitude of permeability
- •19. Find the words to the following definitions and translate them into Russian.
- •20. Match the word phrases in the left column with the word phrases in the right. Find them in the text and write these sentences out. Give Russian equivalent to the English ones.
- •21. Fill in the gaps with the missing words.
- •22. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •23. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold.
- •24. Read the text Wettability” and fulfill the exercises. Wettability
- •25. Give the Russian equivalents to the English ones.
- •26. Read the sentences and decide whether they are True (t) or False (f). If false, correct the statement.
- •27. Answer the following questions and find the proof in the text.
- •28. Complete the sentences using the terms of the text.
- •29. Work in pairs. Compose dialogues describing primary and secondary hydrocarbon migration using the terminology of the text and communicative formulae (pg. 19).
- •30. You have to give a lecture on reservoir rock properties. Two groups work out presentations on this topic. Wordlist
- •Unit 4
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Read the text “Coring” and fulfill the exercises. Coring
- •Drill Stem Tests
- •2. Define the following terms with their similar meaning in Russian.
- •3. Give the Russian equivalent to the following terms.
- •4. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •5. Read the text “(Wire) Well Logging Techniques” and fulfill the exercises.
- •7. Give the English equivalents to the Russian words.
- •8. Complete the sentences using the following terminology.
- •Several types of measurements produce information on formation rock ______ _______, density, radioactivity, porosity, ______ , _______, fluid saturation and permeability.
- •______ _______ Invades the rock surrounding the wellbore, affects the logging of the hole and must be accounted for.
- •______ _______ Measure formation radioactivity.
- •9. Answer the following questions.
- •11. Scan the text “Well stimulation”. Find the particular information:
- •Well Stimulation
- •Acidizing
- •12. Groupwork. Discuss the above given task. Use the communicative formulae (pg. 19)
- •13. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •14. Read the text “Drive Mechanisms” and fulfill the exercises. First study the following specific term definitions to help you understand the text.
- •Drive Mechanisms
- •1. Water drive; 2. Dissolved – gas drive 3. Gas – cap drive
- •15. Give synonyms to the following words.
- •16. Define the following terms.
- •17. State whether the following statements are true or false.
- •18. Answer the following questions.
- •19. In pairs discuss advantages and disadvantages of drive mechanisms you know.
- •Wordlist
- •Appendix using oil
- •References
- •Часть II
Factors affecting the magnitude of permeability
Permeability of petroleum reservoir rocks may range from 0.1 to 1000 or more millidarcies. The quality of a reservoir as determined by permeability in mD, may be judged as:
K < 1 = poor
1 < K = fair
10 < K < = moderate
50 < K < 250 = good
K > 250 = very good
Reservoirs having permeability below 1mD are considered “tight”. Such low permeability values are generally found in limestone matrices and also in tight gas sands of western United States.
The factors affecting the magnitude of permeability in sediments are:
shape and size of sand grains: if the rock is composed of large and flat grains uniformly arranged with the longest dimension horizontally - its horizontal permeability (kH) will be very high, whereas, the vertical permeability (kv) will be medium-to-large. If the rock is composed mostly of large and uniformly rounded grains, its permeability will be considerably high and of the same magnitude in both directions. Permeability of reservoir rocks is generally lower, especially in the vertical direction, if the sand grains are small and of irregular shape. Most petroleum reservoirs are in this category. Reservoirs with directional permeability are called anisotropic. Anisotrophy greatly affects fluid flow characteristics. The difference in permeability measured parallel and vertical to the bedding plane is a consequence of the origin of that sediment. Subsequent compaction of the sediment increases the ordering of the sand grains so that they generally lie in the same direction.
cementation: of both permeability and porosity sedimentary rocks are influenced by the extent of cementation and the location of the cementing material within the pore space.
fracturing and solution: in sandstones, fracturing is not important cause of secondary permeability, except where sandstones are interbedded with shales, limestones and dolomites.
Capillary pressure
Capillary pressure is the difference in pressure between two immiscible fluids across a curved interface at equilibrium. Curvature of the interface is the consequence of preferential wetting of the capillary walls by one of the phases.
(F.K. North, Petroleum Geology, London, 1985)
19. Find the words to the following definitions and translate them into Russian.
1. |
A. the ability to flow through interconnected pores |
2. |
B. sorting |
3. |
C. a fluid flow equation |
4. |
D. a single fluid |
5. |
E. matrix permeability |
6. |
F. to grow |
7. |
G. movement |
8. |
H. “tight” reservoirs |
9. |
I. a rock formed from material derived from pre-existing rocks by the accumulation and cementation of mineral grains transported by wind, water, or ice to the site of deposition or by chemical precipitation at the depositional site. |
10. |
J. a medium – grained clastic rock formed from sand on a beach, in a river bed or in a desert. |
11. |
K. chemical compound formed only of carbon and hydrogen. |
12. |
L. the difference in pressure between two immiscible fluids across a curved interface at equilibrium |
13. |
M. induced porosity |
14. |
N. hardening |